The document is a seminar presentation discussing the roles of pH and conductivity meters in formulation development. It outlines the principles, applications, and significance of these instruments in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, food, and agriculture. Key uses include stability testing, leak detection, and monitoring in chemical processes and water treatment.

1. Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Role of pH & Conductivity meter in formulation
development
A Seminar as a part of curricular requirement for I year M.Pharmacy I
Semester
Presented by
G.GOVARDHAN REDDY
(20L81S0103)
Industrial pharmacy
Under the guidance of
Dr. C. Haranath M.Pharm, (Ph.D)
Associate Professor & HOD (B- Pharmacy)

2. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Contents
2
• Introduction
• Principle
• Applications
• References

3. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Introduction
pH meter
• The potential of hydrogen or pH is the measure of hydrogen ion
concentration in a sample used to determine the acidity or alkalinity of a
product.
• The pH scale ranges from 0-14 with 0 being acidic,7 being neutral,and 14
being alkaline
• pH=-log[H]
3

4. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Principle
 A pH meter is a specific instrument that measures the hydrogen ion
activity in a solutions, indicating its acidity or basicity(alkalinity)
expressed as pH value. The principle of pH meter is concentration of
hydrogen ions in the solution
E.g. The negative logarithm of an hydrogen ion.
4

5. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
pH meter:
5

6. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Applications of pH meter
Most producuts require a specific pH for stability, especially in the food and
beverage industry, cosmetic industry and pharmaceutical sector.
• pH meter is very crucial in agriculture industry for soil evaluation. Major
crops require alkaline environment and hence pH meter becomes necessary
• It is also used in Food industry especially for dairy products like cheese,
curds, yogurts, etc.
6

7. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
• It becomes mandatory for chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
• It becomes a significant factor in the production of detergents.
• pH level monitoring is essential in water treatment plants and RO
water purifiers.
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8. RIPER
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NAAC &
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SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Conductometer
8
Principle:
It is based on the conductance of electrical current by aqueous electrical
current by aqueous electrolyte solutions in a manner similar to that of
metallic conductor

9. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Conductometric theory:
• In conductometric titration the end point is detected by measuring the
change in the electrical conductance of the solution which is being titrated.
• Generally the conductometric titrations is based on the conduct of a
solution and depends on the concentration and conductive of the ions.
• It is also based on the substitutions of one mobility
by the ion of another mobility.
9

10. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Ex:-Addition of HCl to ammonium hydroxide
H+ Cl– + NH4
+ OH– → NH4Cl + H2O
• According to the principle of conductometric titrations for dilutions which are
infinite in nature there, ions act independently and during this process these
ions contribute towards the conductance of the solution.
• This also means that during this titration, one ion is replaced by another ion
and due to difference in ionic conductivity of these ions there occurs a
variation in conductivity of the solution during the titration.
10

11. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
Applications of conductivity meter
1.Leak detection:
Water used for cooling in heat exchangers and surface
condensers usually contains large amounts of dissolved ionic solids.
Leakage of the cooling water into the process liquid can result inpotentially
harmful contamination. Measuring conductivity in the outlet of a heat
exchanger or in the condenser hot well is an easy way of detecting leaks.
11

12. RIPER
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Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
2.Clean in place:
In the pharmaceutical and food and beverage industries,
piping and vessels are periodically cleaned and sanitized in a procedure called
clean-in-place (CIP). Conductivity is used to monitor both the concentration of
the CIP solution, typically sodium hydroxide, and the completeness of the
rinse.
12

13. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
NBA (UG)
SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
3.Interface detection:
If two liquids have appreciably different conductivity, a
conductivity sensor can detect the interface between them. Interface detection
is important in a variety of industries including chemical processing and food
and beverage manufacturing.
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14. RIPER
AUTONOMOUS
NAAC &
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SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
4.Desalination:
Drinking water desalination plants, both thermal (evaporative) and
membrane (reverse osmosis), make extensive use of conductivity to monitor
how completely dissolved ionic solids are being removed from the brackish
raw water.
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15. RIPER
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SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721
References
1.Sigel H, Zuberbühler AD, Yamauchi O. Comments on potentiometric pH titrations
and the relationship between pH-meter reading and hydrogen ion concentration.
Analytica chimica acta. 1991;255(1):63-72.
2.Cheng D-s, Rodriguez RM, Rogers J, Wagster M, Starnes DL, Light RW. Comparison
of pleural fluid pH values obtained using blood gas machine, pH meter, and pH
indicator strip. Chest. 1998;114(5):1368-72.
3.Bishnoi SW, Rozell CJ, Levin CS, Gheith MK, Johnson BR, Johnson DH, et al. All-
optical nanoscale pH meter. Nano letters. 2006;6(8):1687-92.
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SIRO- DSIR
Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Autonomous
K.R.Palli Cross, Chiyyedu, Anantapuramu, A. P- 515721 16