Infection Control and Patient Safety
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Brief definition of Multi-modality Diagnostic facility, Teleradiology, PACS, RIS, Quality Assurance Programme
Explanation of the Quality assurance Committee
Introduction to Chest X-ray technology and CR cassette
Quality Control Tests for Chest x-ray Technology
Introduction to Fluoroscopy Technology
Quality Control test for Fluoroscopy
Quality Assurance Program Review Test
Quality Assurance Drawback
Brief definition of Multi-modality Diagnostic facility, Teleradiology, PACS, RIS, Quality Assurance Programme
Explanation of the Quality assurance Committee
Introduction to Chest X-ray technology and CR cassette
Quality Control Tests for Chest x-ray Technology
Introduction to Fluoroscopy Technology
Quality Control test for Fluoroscopy
Quality Assurance Program Review Test
Quality Assurance Drawback
Overview of safe use of Class 3B and Class 4 lasers. Topics include: Introduction, Hazards (Biological and Non-Beam), Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, Work Practices, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
All medical personnel share same thing in common, they all serve the patients. no one of them is entirely independent of others. the patient is a reason for existence in whole organisation. hence, the duty of RADIOGRAPHER must be seen in relation to the patient in particular and hospital as a whole.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Radiation Dose Units and Dose Limits- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Describes different units of radiation dose and the dose limits in diagnostic radiology imaging. Discuses different radiation units described by ICRU. Describes different radiation dose limits given by different organizations like ICRP, NCRP, AERB.
This ppt is all about dosimetry used in radiology department.
it also consist of history of dosimetry ,conventional dosimeters like Film badge,TLD , OSLD ,Pocket dosimetry.
Further it is all about the latest advancements in dosimetry mailny by MIRION technologies.
Overview of safe use of Class 3B and Class 4 lasers. Topics include: Introduction, Hazards (Biological and Non-Beam), Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, Work Practices, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
All medical personnel share same thing in common, they all serve the patients. no one of them is entirely independent of others. the patient is a reason for existence in whole organisation. hence, the duty of RADIOGRAPHER must be seen in relation to the patient in particular and hospital as a whole.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Radiation Dose Units and Dose Limits- Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
Describes different units of radiation dose and the dose limits in diagnostic radiology imaging. Discuses different radiation units described by ICRU. Describes different radiation dose limits given by different organizations like ICRP, NCRP, AERB.
This ppt is all about dosimetry used in radiology department.
it also consist of history of dosimetry ,conventional dosimeters like Film badge,TLD , OSLD ,Pocket dosimetry.
Further it is all about the latest advancements in dosimetry mailny by MIRION technologies.
Semmelweis - hand hygiene scanner to prevent HAI infectionsFerenc Nagy
UNIQUE CAPABILITIES
Immediate evaluation of hand rubbing
technique
Software-based, objective, personalized feedback on hand hygiene
Validated, evidence-based technology
Personalized training and audit service
Fully customizable reporting system
Fostering technologically-induced behavioral change
Infection Control Guidelines for Physiotherapy Services[compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Physiotherapy Services
Infection Prevention in Physiotherapy Services
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Visual inspection guide for blood compopnentsqueueup
This guide has been produced for use by both Canadian
Blood Services and hospital personnel.
This guide is divided into four sections covering the
four blood components. Each section begins with a
brief explanation of the component, a description of the
variations in appearance for that component and criteria for
acceptability.
Infection is caused by pathogens ('bugs') such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa or fungi getting into or onto the body.
It can take some time before the microbes multiply enough to trigger symptoms of illness, which means an infected person may unwittingly be spreading the disease during this incubation period.
Infection control in the workplace aims to prevent pathogens from coming into contact with a person in the first place.
Employers are obliged under the Occupational Health and Safety Act (2004) to provide a safe workplace for their employees, including the provision of adequate infection control procedures and the right equipment and training.
Crew Resource Management Slides - including Handoffs - from 2008 National Pat...Noel Eldridge
Presentation on Crew Resource Management and Team Training in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Dr. Dunn did most of the presentation, and I covered the handoffs portion. (Afterward someone from NPSF told me that this was the highest-rated breakout session at the conference.) One related video is on Youtube at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYZx1l8rkXA . A story on the software tool we developed for handoffs is at this website, see pages 12-13. http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/vanguard/09janfebVG.pdf
An article on the tool in the Joint Commission Journal is on-line at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/jcaho/jcjqs/2010/00000036/00000002/art00003 Sorry it's not a full-text freebie. If you would like a pdf copy of it you can email me at neldridge202@yahoo.com.
Diagnosis and Management of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection in Adults and Children: Guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 50:133–64
Patient safety is the absence of preventable harm to a patient during the process of health care and reduction of risk of unnecessary harm associated with health.
Infection Prevention and Control in Hospitals by Dr DeleKemi Dele-Ijagbulu
Infection prevention and control is everybody's business! It is an essential, though often under-recognised and under supported part of the infrastructure of health care. However it saves lives and prevents avoidable morbidity and mortality. This presentation highlights the importance and the practical components of infection prevention and control in the hospital setting.
International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG) help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in some of the most problematic areas of patient safety.
International-Patient-Safety-GoalsGoal 1: Identify patients correctly
Goal 2: Improve effective communication
Goal 3: Improve the safety of high-alert medications
Goal 4: Ensure safe surgery
Goal 5: Reduce the risk of health care-associated infections
Goal 6: Reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls
This presentation has the measures to be taken for the safety of patients. It covers the 6 goals
Goal 1: Identify patients correctly
Goal 2: Improve effective communication
Goal 3: Improve the safety of high-alert medications
Goal 4: Ensure safe surgery
Goal 5: Reduce the risk of health care-associated infections
Goal 6: Reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls
Safety Monitoring and Reporting in Clinical Trials DIA Poster 2015KCR
How to get the plausible and precise safety data, maintaining the highest ethical standards
during clinical development?
KCR’s article presents critical points in safety monitoring and reporting at different stages of the clinical trial, as well the main difficulties faced by medical personnel and clinical team during their everyday practice.
In the presentation, a summary of initiatives to be taken by hospitals in different areas for patient safety have been described for the knowledge, practices and implementation of patient safety initiative by hospital managers/Administrators.
Prevention of Surgical Site Infection- SSI [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection- SSI
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Employee's' health clinic orientation [compatibility mode]drnahla
Employee's' health clinic orientation
Infection Control Guidelines for Staff Health Clinic
Dr. Nahla Abdel Kader.MD, PhD. Infection Control Consultant, MOH Infection Control Surveyor, CBAHI Infection Control Director,KKH.
Barrier technique personal protective equipment [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for appropriate use of personal protective equipment Barrier technique personal protective equipment
Dr. Nahla Abdel Kader.MD, PhD. Infection Control Consultant, MOH Infection Control Surveyor, CBAHI Infection Control Director,KKH.
Infection prevention & control general orientation [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection prevention & control general orientation
Dr. Nahla Abdel Kader, MD, PhD.
Infection Control Consultant, MOH
Infection Control CBAHI Surveyor
Infection Prevention Control Director
KKH.
Infection Control Guidelines for Sharp Injuries Prevention
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Sharp injuries and needle stick post exposure prophylaxis [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Sharp injuries and needle stick post exposure prophylaxis
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Prevention of Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection (CLABSI )[compa...drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection (CLABSI )
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Infection Control Guidelines in Tuberculosis [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines in Tuberculosis
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Guidelines for Management of Outbreak in Healthcare Organizationdrnahla
Guidelines for Management of Outbreak in Healthcare Organization
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Infection control guidelines for Prevention of Peripheral Venous Catheter (PV...drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Prevention of Peripheral Venous Catheter (PVC) Associated Infections
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Infection Control Guidelines for Ophthalmology Clinic [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Ophthalmology Clinic
Infection Prevention in Ophthalmology Clinic
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Infection Control Guidelines for Respiratory Therapy Services[compatibility m...drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Respiratory Therapy Services
Infection Prevention in Respiratory Therapy Services
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Infection Control Guidelines for Nutrition Services [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Nutrition Services
Infection Prevention in Dietary Department
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Infection Control Guidelines for Pharmacy [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Pharmacy
Infection Prevention in Pharmacy
Dr. NAHLA ABDEL KADERوMD, PhD.
INFECTION CONTROL CONSULTANT, MOH
INFECTION CONTROL CBAHI SURVEYOR
Infection Control Director, KKH.
Infection Control Guidelines for Laundry Services [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for Laundry Services
Infection Prevention in Laundry
Dr. Nahla Abdel Kader.MD, PhD. Infection Control Consultant, MOH Infection Control Surveyor, CBAHI Infection Control Director,KKH.
Ic guidelines for mortuary care [compatibility mode]drnahla
Infection Control Guidelines for mortuary care
Dr. Nahla Abdel Kader.MD, PhD. Infection Control Consultant, MOH Infection Control Surveyor, CBAHI Infection Control Director,KKH.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. What is Patient Safety?
In its simplest form,
patient safety is
“prevention of harm to
patients.”
٢
3. Infection Control
• Infection control (IC) is a quality
standard that is essential for the well
being and safety of patients.
• It affects most departments of the
hospital and involves issues of quality,
risk management, clinical governance
and health and safety.
٣
7. IPSG.1
Identify Patients Correctly
A collaborative process is used to develop policies and/or
procedures that address the accuracy of patient identification
Use at least two (2) ways to identify a patient:
•
•
•
•
•
giving medications
giving blood and blood products
taking blood samples
taking other samples for clinical testing
providing treatment or procedure
The patient’s Room Number cannot be used as an identifier
٧
8. Verification Process
Correct Patient (Identification)
Scope: All radiology procedures
Ask the patient
“What is your FULL NAME?”
“What is the name of the PROCEDURE you are having
today?”. Also ask SITE/SIDE if required
Never state patient’s Name
“Do not tell the patient… the patient tells you”
E.g. Call “Mr. Abdullah”, then ask the above questions
including additional questions related to clinical history as
outlined on Request Form
٨
9. Correct Patient (Identification)
Cont.
Inpatients
1. Ask patient to state Full Name/ Procedure
2. Check responses against Referral Form & Patient ID Band
(wrist/ankle) including MRN– MANDATORY
Do Not Proceed if :
Patient ID Band is absent. Call Ward Nurse to personally ID
patient and complete Time Out Verification sticker (all
personnel sign).
Patient can not verbalise identity. Nurse Escort must verify
patient identity. Complete Time Out Verification sticker (all
personnel sign).
٩
10. Verification Process - Cont.
Outpatients
1.Ask patient to state Full Name/ Procedure
2.Check responses against Referral Form
Do Not Proceed if :
Patient can not verbalise identity.
Proceed only after :
Identity is verified by accompanying relative, family
member, friend or healthcare interpreter.
١٠
11. Reinforcing the Message
Displayed at all
imaging consoles
Have you checked the
Patient ID ?
- Prior to the Procedure Asked patient their:
• Name
• (Procedure)
Are you
sure !
Checked response &
MRN against ID Band &
Request Form
١١
13. IPSG 2: Improve Effective
Communication
A collaborative process is used to develop policies and/or
procedures that address the accuracy of verbal and telephone
communications
Person receiving the following:
• Verbal order
• Telephone order
• Reporting of critical test results
Must use a verification “read back” of complete order or test
result
The order or test result is confirmed by the individual who gave
the order or test result
١٣
14. Critical Test Results
Ensure that there is collaborative
process to determine what they
are
Clinical Laboratories
Bedside testing
Imaging Studies
Electrocardiogram
Pulmonary Function Testing
other
١٤
15. “Do Not Use” list:
u
IU
qd
qod
Leading decimal point
(always use a Leading
zero)
Trailing zero
١٥
16. Medication Safety
Improve the Safety of High-alert
Medications
Remove concentrated electrolytes
from patient care units
١٦
17. IPSG 3: Improve Safety of High Alert
Medications
A collaborative process is used to develop policies and/or
procedures that address the location, labeling and
storage of concentrated electrolytes
Concentrated electrolytes are not present in patient care
units unless clinically necessary and actions are taken to
prevent inadvertent administration in those areas where
permitted by policy
Remove concentrated electrolytes from
patient care units
١٧
18. Eliminate
Eliminate Wrong-site, Wrongpatient, Wrong-procedure
Surgery
Use a checklist, including a “timeout,” before surgery
Verify that documents and equipment
are correct and functioning properly
before surgery
Mark precise site where surgery will
be performed
١٨
١٨
19. IPSG 4: Ensure Correct-site, Correctprocedure, Correct-patient Surgery
Collaborative process used to develop P&P
Mark the precise site in clearly understood way
and involve patient in doing this
Develop process or checklist to verify correct
documents and functioning equipment
Use a Checklist including “Time-Out” just before
surgical procedure
١٩
20. Team Time Out –
Interventional (invasive) Radiology
(All invasive procedures covering CT / Ultrasound / Angiography / Mammography
and selective Screening procedures)
In procedure room, with patient present.
Confirm patient ID, request/consent forms, image data all correct.
Site marked by interventional doctor.
Team Leader calls Time Out immediately prior to procedure
commencement (patient draped) to confirm:
Verification of patient identity (Full Name/MRN/ID Band)
Agreement on the intended procedure
Verification of correct position i.e level & side
Verification of the visible marked site
Availability of correct implants/equipment/medication
– DO NOT proceed until resolve discrepancies (document)
٢٠
22. Infections
Reduce the Risk of Health Careacquired Infections
A collaborative process is used to develop P&P
that address reducing the risk of health
care–associated infections
Comply with current published and
distributed hand hygiene guidelines
IPSG 5: Reduce the Risk of Health
Care-Associated Infections.
٢٢
24. Falls
Reduce the Risk of Patient Harm
Resulting from Falls
Assess and periodically reassess
each patient’s risk for falling
٢٤
25. FALLS
Falls
are a common cause of
morbidity and the leading cause of
nonfatal injuries and traumarelated hospitalizations.
Falls occur in all types of healthcare
institutions and to all patient
populations.
In hospitals, falls consistently make
up the largest single category of
reported incidents.
٢٥
26. IPSG 6: Reduce the Risk of Patient
Harm resulting from Falls
Develop P&P using collaborative process
Assess and periodically Reassess each
patient’s risk for falling, including the
potential risk associated with the patient’s
medication regime,
Take action to decrease or eliminate any
identified risks.
A fall can be prevented by thoughtful strategies designed for
the individual patient (e.g., a low bed).
٢٦
28. WHO Patient Safety
WHO Patient Safety was launched in October
2004
with the mandate to reduce the adverse health
and social consequences of unsafe health care
An essential element of WHO Patient Safety is
the formulation of a Global Patient Safety
Challenge:
a topic that covers a significant aspect of risk
to patients receiving health care, relevant to
every WHO Member State
The First Global Patient Safety Challenge was
launched in 2005
٢٨
29. Through the promotion of best
practices in hand hygiene, the
First Global Patient Safety
Challenge aims
to reduce health care-associated
infection (HCAI) worldwide
٢٩
30. HCAI rates reported
from developing countries
Type of survey
Prevalence
Incidence
(%)
(%)
Incidence
(per 1000
patient-days)
Hospital-wide
4.6–19.1
2.5–5.1
9.7–41.0
Adult ICU
18.4–77.2
4.1–38.9
18.2–90.0
Neonatal ICU
2.9–57.7
2.6–62.0
SSI
Incidence
(per 1000
device-days)
1.2–38.7
VAP
2.9–23.0
CR*-BSI
1.7–44.6
CR*-UTI
3.2–51.0
WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care (2009)
٣٠
31. Device-associated infection rates in ICUs in
developing countries compared with NHSN rates
Surveillance network,
study period, country
Setting
N°
patients
CLA-BSI*
VAP*
CR-UTI*
INICC, 2002–2007,
18 developing countries†1
PICU
1,808
6.9
7.8
4.0
NHSN, 2006–2007, USA2
PICU
/
2.9
2.1
5.0
INICC, 2002–2007,
18 developing countries†1
Adult
ICU #
26,155
8.9
20.0
6.6
NHSN, 2006–2007, USA2
Adult
ICU#
/
1.5
2.3
3.1
* Overall (pooled mean) infection rates/1000 device-days
INICC = International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium; NHSN = National Healthcare Safety
Network; PICU = paediatric intensive care unit; CLA-BSI = central line-associated bloodstream infection; VAP
= ventilator-associated pneumonia; CR-UTI = catheter-related urinary tract infection.
Rosenthal V et al. Am J Infect Control 20081
rgentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador,
NHSN report. Am J Infect Control 2008† 2
Nigeria, Peru, Philippines, Turkey, Uruguay
India, Kosova, Lebanon, Macedonia, Mexico, Morocco,
Medical/surgical ICUs #
٣١
32. Most frequent sites of infection
and their risk factors
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Urinary catheter
Urinary invasive procedures
34%
13%
Advanced age
Severe underlying disease
Urolitiasis
Pregnancy
Diabetes
Most common
sites LACK OF
of health careassociated infection
HAND
and the risk factors
SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS
underlying the
HYGIENE
Inadequate antibiotic prophylaxis
occurrence of
Incorrect surgical skin preparation
infections
Inappropriate wound care
Surgical intervention duration
Type of wound
Poor surgical asepsis
Diabetes
Nutritional state
Immunodeficiency
Lack of training and supervision
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Mechanical ventilation
Aspiration
Nasogastric tube
Central nervous system depressants
Antibiotics and anti-acids
Prolonged health-care facilities stay
Malnutrition
Advanced age
Surgery
Immunodeficiency
BLOOD INFECTIONS
Vascular catheter
Neonatal age
Critical care
Severe underlying disease
Neutropenia
Immunodeficiency
New invasive technologies
Lack of training and supervision
17%
14%
٣٢
41. What is the KKH Multimodal Hand
Hygiene Improvement Strategy?
ONE System change
Based on the
evidence and
recommendati
ons from the
WHO
Guidelines on
Hand Hygiene
in Health Care
(2010), a
number of
components
make up an
effective
multimodal
strategy for
hand hygiene
Access to a safe, continuous water supply as well as
to soap and towels; readily accessible alcohol-based handrub
at the point of care
TWO Training / Education
Providing regular training to all health-care workers
THREE Evaluation and feedback
Monitoring hand hygiene practices, infrastructure, perceptions
and knowledge, while providing results feedback to healthcare workers
FOUR Reminders in the workplace
Prompting and reminding health-care workers
FIVE Institutional safety climate
Creating an environment and the perceptions that facilitate
awareness-raising about patient safety issues
٤١
42. So Why All the Fuss About Hand
Hygiene?
Most common mode of transmission
of pathogens is via hands!
Infections acquired in
healthcare
Spread of antimicrobial
resistance
٤٢
46. The inanimate environment is a
reservoir of pathogens
X represents a positive Enterococcus culture
The pathogens are ubiquitous
~ Contaminated surfaces increase cross-transmission ~
Abstract: The Risk of Hand and Glove Contamination after Contact with a VRE (+)
Patient Environment. Hayden M, ICAAC, 2007, Chicago, IL.
٤٦
47. The inanimate environment is a
reservoir of pathogens
Recovery of MRSA , VRE & ACINITOBACTER.
Devine et al. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2007;43;72-75
Lemmen et al Journal of Hospital Infection. 2004; 56:191-197
Trick et al. Arch Phy Med Rehabil Vol 83, July 2006
Walther et al. Biol Review, 2007:849-869
٤٧
49. Colonized or Infected:
What is the Difference?
People who carry bacteria without
evidence of infection (fever,
increased white blood cell count)
are colonized
If an infection develops, it is
usually from bacteria that colonize
patients
Bacteria that colonize patients can
be transmitted from one patient to
another by the hands of healthcare
workers
٤٩
52. Types of Hand Hygiene
Normal
hand washing
Antiseptic hand washing
Alcohol-based hand rub
Can be used instead of hand
washing , if hands are not
visibly soiled with blood or
any other patient body fluids
Surgical hand wash
٥٢
56. Efficacy of Hand Hygiene Preparations
in Killing Bacteria
Good
Plain soap
Better
Antimicrobial
soap
Best
Alcohol-based
hand rub
Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings MMWR,2010. vol. 51, no. RR-16.
٥٦
57. Hand Hygiene Options
Wet hands, apply
soap and rub for
>10 seconds.
Rinse, dry & turn
off faucet with
paper towel.
Apply to palm; rub
hands until dry
~ Use soap and water for visibly soiled hands ~
~ Do not wash off alcohol handrub ~
٥٧
62. Hand Hygiene
Compliance
Hand Hygiene
Comment
Typical
Compliance
Observational studies of hand hygiene
report compliance rates of 5-81%
Common
Reported
Barriers To
Compliance
Insufficient time, understaffing, patient
overcrowding, lack of knowledge of hand
hygiene guidelines, skepticism about hand
washing efficacy, inconvenient location of
sinks and hand disinfectants and lack of
hand hygiene promotion by the institution
٦٢
64. Skin
irritation
Inaccessible hand washing
facilities
Wearing gloves
Too busy
Lack of appropriate staff
Being a physician
(“Improving Compliance with Hand Hygiene in Hospitals” Didier
Pittet. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. Vol. 21 No. 6
Page 381)
٦٤
65. Why Not?
Working
in high-risk areas
Lack of hand hygiene
promotion
Lack of role model
Lack of institutional priority
Lack of sanction of noncompliers
٦٥
66. Successful Promotion
Education
Routine observation & feedback
Engineering controls
Location of hand basins
Possible, easy & convenient
Alcohol-based hand rubs
available
Patient education
(Improving Compliance with Hand Hygiene in Hospitals. Didier Pittet.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. Vol. 21 No. 6 Page 381)
٦٦
67. Successful Promotion
Reminders
in the workplace
Promote and facilitate skin care
Avoid understaffing and
excessive workload; Nursing
shortages have caused
٦٧
68. Clean Care is Safer Care
The First Global Patient Safety Challenge
SAVE LIVES: Clean Your Hands
5 May 2009–2020
Through an annual day focused on
hand hygiene improvement in
health care, this initiative
promotes continual, sustainable
best practice in hand hygiene at
the point of care in all health-care
settings around the world
٦٨
70. Hand Care
Nails
Rings
Hand
creams
Cuts & abrasions
“Chapping”
Skin Problems
٧٠
71. Fingernails & Artificial Nails
Keep fingernails short
Allows thorough cleaning and prevents
glove tears
Long nails make glove placement more
difficult and may result in glove
perforation
٧١
72. Fingernails & Artificial Nails
Follow MCH policy regarding artificial
fingernails; use of artificial
fingernails is not allowed.
USAF Guidelines for Infection Control in Dentistry, 2004.
٧٢
73. What is the Story on Moisturizers
and Lotions?
ONLY USE facility-approved and supplied lotions
Because:
Some lotions may make medicated
soaps less effective
Some lotions cause breakdown of latex
gloves
Lotions can become contaminated with
bacteria if dispensers are refilled
~ Do not refill lotion bottles ~
٧٣
74. Gloves are not substitute for
Gloves are not a a substitute for
handwashing!
handwashing!
≠
٧٤
75. Wearing gloves does not replace the
need for hand hygiene
Small, inapparent
defects
Frequently torn during
use
Hands frequently
become contaminated
during removal
DeGroot-Kosolcharoen 2004, Korniewicz 1999, Kotilainen 2001, Olsen 1998, Larson 2005,
Murray 2001, Burke 2005, Burke 1990, Nikawa 1994, Nikawa 2006, Otis 2007
٧٥
76. What is the single most important reason
for healthcare workers to practice good
hand hygiene?
1. To remove visible soiling from hands
2. To prevent transfer of bacteria from
the home to the hospital
3. To prevent transfer of bacteria from
the hospital to the home
4. To prevent infections that patients
acquire in the hospital
٧٦
77. How often do you clean your hands
after touching a PATIENT’S INTACT
SKIN (for example, when measuring
a pulse or blood pressure)?
pressure)?
1.
Always
2.
Often
3.
Sometimes
4.
Never
٧٧
78. Estimate how often YOU clean your
hands after touching a patient or a
contaminated surface in the hospital?
1.
25%
2.
50%
3.
75%
4.
90%
5.
100%
٧٨
79. Which hand hygiene method
is best at killing bacteria?
1. Plain soap and water
2. Antimicrobial soap and
water
3. Alcohol-based hand rub
٧٩
80. Which of the following hand hygiene
agents is LEAST drying to your skin?
1. Plain soap and water
2. Antimicrobial soap and
water
3. Alcohol-based hand rub
٨٠
81. It is acceptable for healthcare workers to supply
their own lotions to relieve dryness of hands in
the hospital.
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. Don’t know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
٨١
83. When a healthcare worker touches a patient who is
COLONIZED, but not infected with resistant
organisms (e.g., MRSA or VRE) the HCW’s hands
are a source for spreading resistant organisms to
other patients.
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. Don’t know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
٨٣
84. A co-worker who examines a patient with VRE,
then borrows my pen without cleaning his/her
hands is likely to contaminate my pen with VRE.
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. Don’t know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
٨٤
85. How often do you clean your hands after touching an
ENVIRONMENTAL SURFACE near a patient (for
example, a countertop or bedrail)?
1. Always
2. Often
3. Sometimes
4. Never
٨٥
86. Use of artificial nails by healthcare
workers poses no risk to patients.
1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. Don’t know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree
٨٦
88. Glove use for all patient care contacts is a
useful strategy for reducing risk of
transmission of organisms.
3. Don’t know
4. Disagree
5. Strongly
disagree
٨٨
92. Each Healthcare Provider is like a piece of a jigsaw
puzzle: each piece needs to fit together to form a best
Infection Control Practices!
Respiratory
Therapists
Physicians
Paramedics
Nurses
Patient/
Family
Administrative
Staff
Pharmacists
Patient Care
Assistant
Non Clinical
Staff
Dieticians
Phlebotomists
٩٢