This document discusses radiation and its uses in medicine. It defines radiation as energy emitted in the form of particles or waves. Radiation is useful for medical imaging and treatment. It describes different types of radiation including electromagnetic radiation, alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays. It discusses how various medical imaging techniques like CT scans, x-rays, and mammograms expose patients to radiation, but ensure doses are kept as low as reasonably achievable. The document emphasizes principles of radiation safety for both patients and workers through justification of exposures, dose optimization and limitation.

1. PRESENTING BY
ASIF KT
4TH SEMESTER
MBA HCM
JHON MATTHAI CENTER,THRISSURE

2. Radiation:
Energy in the form of particles or electromagnetic
waves
Radiation defined as the emission and propagation
of energy through space or a substance in the form of
waves or particles.

3. Radiation is useful in medicine because it allows for the
imaging and non-surgical treatment of internal structures
and diseases.
RADIATION
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVE
PARTICULATE

4. 1. COSMIC RADIATION
Extremely energetic particles (protons) On interaction
in atmosphere produces low energy particles Mainly
muons, gamma, neutrons, electrons at sea level
Range is 0.3 to 1 mSv (0.4 mSv)
(1.0 mSv)
EXTERNAL EXPOSURE

5. 2.TERRESTRIAL GAMMA RADIATION
K-40, U-238, Th-232 are available in earth’s crust
These nuclides and daughter products found in
soil, building materials
Range is 0.3 to 0.6 mSv (0.5)
High in some areas

6. • Diagnostic Radiology
• Radiotherapy
• Nuclear Medicine
• Interventional Radiology

9.  The higher frequencies of EM radiation, consisting
of x-rays and gamma rays, are types of ionizing
radiation.
 Lower frequency radiation, consisting of ultraviolet
(UV), infrared (IR),microwave (MW), Radio
Frequency (RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF)
are types of non-ionizing radiation.

10. Alpha radiation is a heavy, very short-range particle
and is actually an ejected helium nucleus. Some
characteristics of alpha radiation are:
 Most alpha radiation is not able to penetrate human
skin.
 Alpha-emitting materials can be harmful to humans
if the materials are inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed
through open wounds.
 Alpha radiation travels only a short distance (a few
inches) in air, but is not an external hazard.
 Alpha radiation is not able to penetrate clothing.

11. Beta radiation is a light, short-range particle and is actually an
ejected electron. Some characteristics of beta radiation are:
 Beta radiation may travel several feet in air and is
moderately penetrating.
 Beta radiation can penetrate human skin to the "germinal
layer," where new skin cells are produced. If high levels of
beta-emitting contaminants are allowed to remain on the
skin for a prolonged period of time, they may cause skin
injury.
 Beta-emitting contaminants may be harmful if deposited
internally.
 Clothing provides some protection against beta radiation.

12.  Gamma radiation and x rays are highly penetrating
electromagnetic radiation. Some characteristics of these
radiations are:
Gamma radiation or x rays are able to travel many feet in air
and many inches in human tissue.They readily penetrate
most materials and are sometimes called "penetrating"
radiation.
 Gamma radiation and x rays are electromagnetic radiation
like visible light, radiowaves, and ultraviolet light.These
electromagnetic radiations differ only in the amount of
energy they have. Gamma rays and x rays are the most
energetic of these.

14. 1. Fluoroscopy
2. ComputedTomography (CT)
3. Chest Examinations
4. Mammography

15. Examination Dose to patient
CT Head 2mSv
CT Abdomen 9mSv
CXR 0.05mSv
Dental X-ray 0.005mSv
Lumber spine 2mSv

16.  The amount of radiation received by persons
exposed occupationally should not exceed the
dosages specified in the North Carolina Regulations
For Protection Against Radiation:
 15A NCAC 11 Annual Dose Limits:
 Whole Body: 5,000 mrem
 Skin/Extremities: 50,000 mrem
 Lens of Eye: 15,000 mrem
 The average annual dose of a radiation worker at
UNC is about 100 millirem.

17.  The aim of radiation protection is to ensure that
radiation is used safely.
 The system of radiation protection was proposed by
International Commission of Radiological
Protection(ICRP)
 Radiation protection is based on the following
principles:
 A: Justification
 B: Optimization
 C: Dose limit

18. JUSTIFICATION
•All exposure either diagnostic or therapeutic shall be under
taken only if the benefit gained out of the detriment.
•No practice shall be adopted unless it produces a net
positive benefit.
OPTIMIZATION
•All exposures which are justified shall be under taken with a
minimum possible dose.
•Every effort shall be taken to reduce the dose to As Low As
Reasonable Achievable (ALARA), taking into account the
economic and social considerations.
DOSE LIMIT
•Exposure of radiation worker and individuals of public must
not exceed dose limit.

19. TIME
SHIELDING
DISTANCE

20. TIME
Lower the time of exposure, lower the dose to patient and
radiation worker.
For a given shielding and distance from the source,
exposure is directly proportional to time.

22. •Effective & Easy
Inverse Square Law
Doubling distance from
source, decreases dose by factor
of four
Tripling it decreases dose nine-
fold
More Distance = Less Radiation
Exposure

23. Materials “absorb” radiation
Proper shielding = Less Radiation Exposure

24. THE RADIATION SAFETY OF RADIATION WORKER :
 Use of protective clothing, lead aprons, lead lined
viewing windows, protective barriers, organ shields.
 Use of suitable imaging parameter(kV & mA) so
that repeat of same examination for a patient can
be avoided.
 Use of radiation monitoring and survey instruments.
 Training of operator.

25. THE RADIATION SAFETY OF PATIENT :
 Justification of the practice.
 Use of standard procedure and imaging
parameter.
 Use of screen-film combinations, use of fast
film.
 Limiting the field size to region of interest.
 Use of organ shield.
 Proper communication with patient

26.  Smoking, eating, and drinking are not
permitted in radionuclide laboratories.
 Food and food containers are not permitted
in the laboratory.
 Do not use refrigerators for common storage
of food and radioactive materials.
 Do not heat food or beverages in microwaves
used to conduct research.

27. •The pregnant woman who is a radiation worker can be
considered as an occupationally exposed individual, but
the foetus cannot. The total dose equivalent limit to an
embryo-foetus is 5mSv, with the added recommendation
that exposure to the foetus should not exceed 0.5 mSv in
any one month.
•Pregnant radiation worker should wear a second badge at
the waist level (under the lead apron)

28. Lead Apron
Lead collar
Lead Gonad Shield
Lead gloves,
proper monitoring
Protective Devices

29. PERSONAL MONITORING DEVICE
TLD BADGE
Guidelines for UsingTLD Badge:-
1.TLD badges are to be used only by persons directly
working in the radiation. Administrators, dark room
assistant , sweepers etc., need not be provided with TLD
badges .
2. TLD badge is used to measure the radiation dose it does
not protect the user from the radiation .

30. 3. The name, personnel number, period of use, location
on the body ( chest or wrist ) etc, should be written in the
block letters on the front side of the badge.
4. A TLD badge once issued to a person should not be
used by another person.
5. TLD badge should be worn compulsorily at the chest
level. It represent the whole body dose equivalent. If lead
apron is used, TLD badge should be worn under the lead
apron.
6. A badge without filter or damaged filter should not be
used . It is replaced by a new holder.

31. 7. Every radiation worker must ensure that the badge is
not left in the radiation field or near hot plates, ovens,
burners etc.
8.Loss or accidental exposure to the TLD badges should
immediately reported to the RSO.
9. Every new radiation worker has to fill up the personnel
data form, and should be sent to Radiological safety
officer of their respective department.

33. PERSONNEL MONITORING:
 Wear assigned monitoring device
DOSIMETERS

34.  Only persons whose presence is necessary
should be in the radiographic or
fluoroscopic room during exposures
 Protect all persons subject to direct scatter
radiation with whole body lead aprons
(such as a skirt and vest) or whole body
protective barriers

35.  Operators must stand behind protective barriers during
radiographic exposures and Remain at least 6 feet from
the patient during exposures
 Make exposures with doors to the x-ray room closed
HOLDING PATIENTS:
 Use mechanical supporting devices when a patient or
cassette must be held
 Protect holders with appropriate shielding devices
(such as a lead apron)
 Operator shall provide appropriate instructions to the
holder to maintain doses ALARA

36. EXPOSURE CONTROL ANDTECHNIQUE CHARTS:
 Keep exposure to the patient minimal practical amount
consistent with clinical objectives
 Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) feature should be
appropriately utilized for all exposures when available
 If not available, manual techniques must be utilized
 Consider using dose reduction techniques (like high tube
potential (kVp) and low current (mA)), as long as image
quality is not compromised

37.  Repeat X-ray must be avoided in order to reduce
patient dose.
 Records of all radiological examination should be
maintained.
 Personnel monitoring devices shall be used by all
radiation worker.
 Each equipment must have separate log book which
provide information about equipment
manufacturer,model, serial no., max kV & max mA.