ENDOGENOUS EXOGENOUS

1. QUESTION 1
What is Earth Science?
- Earth science is the study of the Earth's
structure, properties, processes, and four and a
half billion years of biotic evolution.
Answer:
REVIEW

2. QUESTION 2
What is Life Science?
- is the study of living organisms and life
processes.
Answer:
REVIEW

3. It presents the history of the Earth through
geologic time. It discusses the Earth’s
structure, composition, and processes.
Issues, concerns, and problems pertaining to
natural hazards are also included. It also
deals with the basic principles and
processes in the study of biology. It covers
life processes and interactions at the
cellular, organism, population, and

4. QUESTION 3
How old is the universe?
- AT least 13.8 billion of years old
Answer:
REVIEW

5. QUESTION 4
What are the different
theories about the formation
of the Earth?
?
- Bigbang Theory , Steady State Theory , Cosmic Inflation
Theory
Answer:
REVIEW

6. Bigbang Theory
- The universe was once very small and very
hot and it expanded over time until it reached
its peak.
Steady State Theory
- the universe is always expanding in a
constant density. Because of this, matter is
continuously created to form cosmic or celestial
force such as stars and galaxies.

7. Cosmic Inflation Theory
- The early universe was a rapid
expansion of space time. After the
expansion and cooling arising from this
inflation the potential energy to kinetic
energy of matter and radiation.

8. 1 2 3

9. WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE
THESE?
WHAT DO YOU THINK THESE ARE
MADE OF?
WHAT ARE THE USE OF THESE?

10. Activity 1: Where do I belong?
Objective: Classify the following properties of rocks-
forming mineral as physical or chemical.
crystal habit solubility luster cleavage hardness
color radioactivity streak specific gravity
fluorescence phosphorescence reaction to acid
fracture reacts with air
Physical Chemical

11. MINERALS AND
ROCKS
SENIOR HIGH
• Physical and Chemical properties of
Minerals

12. About minerals
Physical Properties of
Mineral
Chemical Properties How Minerals form
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01
What is Mineral?
02
03 04
You can describe the
topic of the section here

13. MINERAL
- A mineral is a naturally
occurring inorganic solid with a
definite chemical composition
and a crystalline structure.

14. Element
is a fundamental component of matter that
cannot be broken into simpler particles by
ordinary chemical processes. Most common
minerals consist of a small number usually two to
five- of different chemical elements.

15. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS

16. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Crystal habit – refers to the
characteristic shape of an
individual crystal and the
manner in which aggregates
of crystals grow.
Cleavage – is the tendency
of some minerals to break
along flat surfaces. The
surfaces are planes of weak
bonds in the crystal.

17.  Fracture – the manner
in which mineral breaks
other than along planes
of cleavage.
Quartz has conchoidal fracture.
Asbestos has splintery or fibrous fracture

18. Hardness – the
resistance of a
mineral to
scratching,
controlled by the
bond strength
between its atoms
To measure hardness more
accurately, geologists use a scale
based on 10 minerals, numbered 1
through 10 (Table 1). Each mineral is
harder than those with lower numbers
on the scale - so 10 (diamond) is the
hardest and 1 (talc) is the softest. The
scale is known as the Mohs hardness
scale.

19. Table 1. Minerals of the Mohs Hardness Scale
Minerals of Mohs Scale Common Objects with
Similar Hardness
1.talc
2. gypsum Fingernail
3. calcite Copper penny
4. fluorite
5. apatite Knife blade, window glass
6. orthoclase Steel file
7. quartz
8. topaz
9. corundum
10. diamond

20. Specific gravity – is the weight of the substance
relative to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Color – is the most obvious property of a mineral,
and it is often used in identification. It is a result of the
way minerals absorb light.
Tenacity- is the level of resistance or reaction of
minerals to stress such as crushing, bending, or
tearing. It can tell if a mineral is brittle, malleable,
elastic etc.

21. Odor
Is a distinct smell of a mineral that is usually released from
a chemical reaction when subjected
To water, heat, air or friction. Sulfur, for example smells like
a lit match. The strength of this smell increases when
mineral is heated or struck giving off odor.
Magnetism
Indicates the ability of a ineral to attract or repel other
minerals.

22. Streak – refers to the color of the fine powder of a
mineral, usually obtained by rubbing the mineral on an
unglazed, porcelain streak plate.

23. Luster – is the quality
and intensity of light
reflected from the
surface of a mineral.

24. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS

25. Geologists classify minerals according to their
chemical elements. Although more than 3,500
minerals are known in Earth’s crust, only a small
number – between 50 and 100 – are common or
valuable, and only nine rocks- forming minerals
make up most of the crust. Seven of the rocks-
forming minerals are silicate materials while the
other two, calcite and dolomite, are carbonates.

26. Silicates are minerals
whose chemical elements
include silicon and
oxygen and whose crystal
structures contain silicate
tetrahedral. Silicates
make up about 92
percent of the Earth’s
crust.

27. Carbonates are minerals
whose chemical elements
include carbon and oxygen
as a major part of their
chemical composition.
Minerals belonging to this
group are formed from the
shells of dead plankton and
other marine organisms.

28. Sulphate class
- forms in areas with high evaporation
rates and where salty waters slowly
evaporate.
Halide Class
- contains natural salts and include
fluorite, halite, sylvite and salammoniac
components. These minerals usually
form
In lakes, ponds and other landlocked seas
such as The Dead Sea and the Great Salt
Lake.

29. Oxide Class
Is a diverse class. These minerals are
important as they carry histories of
changes in Earth’s magnetic field. They
are formed as precipitates close to
Earth’s surface or as oxidation products
of minerals during the process of
weathering.
Weathering describes the breaking
down or dissolving of rocks and
minerals on the surface of the
Earth.

30. Sulphide class
- Has important metals such as copper, lead and silver, which are
considered economically significant. These metals are found in electrical
wires, industrial materials and other things that are needed in
construction.

31. Phosphate class
- Contains minerals with phosphorus. The phosphate class is
considered an important biological mineral found in the teeth and
bones of many animals.

32. Native element
- Contains metal and intermetallic elements (gold, silver, copper)
semimetals, nonmetals (antimony, bismuth, graphite, sulphur) or
natural alloys, and constituents of a few rare meteorites.

34. ACROSS: DOWN:
2. An uneven break in a mineral 1.Describes brightness of the
light reflected from a mineral’s
surface
2. A substance with three dimensional
plane faces
3. The feel of a surface when touched 3. A smooth break in a mineral
6. This is measured by the Mohs scale 5. A large mineral crystal
that
has brilliant color
8. Quartz is a type of 7. A test rubs a mineral
into a fine powder to show its
color.

35. ACTIVITY ANSWERS
Across
2. Fracture
3. Crystal
4. Texture
6. Hardness
8. Mineral
Down:
1. Luster
3. CLeavage
5. Gem
7. Streak

36. Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
1. Building blocks of rocks.
a. Sediments c. igneous rocks
b. Crusts d. minerals
2. A fundamental component of matter that cannot be broken into
simpler particles by ordinary chemical processes.
a. Atom c. element
b. Compound d. minerals
3. It refers to the color of the fine powder of a mineral.
a. color c. luster
b. gravity d. streak
4. Which does NOT belong to the physical properties of minerals?
a. Cleavage c. Radioactivity
b. Fracture d. Specific gravity
5. It is form when magma solidifies.
a. Igneous rock c. Sedimentary rock
b. Metamorphic rock d. Volcanic rock

37. 6. The tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces is
called .
a. Cleavage c. Fracture
b. Crystal habit d. Streak
7. A scale used to measure and express the hardness of minerals is
known as .
a. Richter scale c. Scintillometer
b. Seismograph d. Mohs hardness scale
8. The size, shape and arrangement of mineral grains or crystals in
a rock.
a. Streak c. fracture
b. Texture d. crystal face
9. A consolidated aggregate of various types of minerals or a consolidated
aggregate of multiple grains of the same kind of mineral is called .
a. Bedrock c. magma
b. Crystalline d. rock
10. The sequence of events in which rocks are formed, destroyed,
altered and reformed by geological processes.
a. Weathering c. lithification
b. rock cycle d. bedding

38. II. ESSAY
11-15: What is the importance of classifying minerals
based on their chemical and physical properties? Cite
examples to support your answer.
16-20. You are walking in the street and suddenly you
saw a bright material in the ground that you predicted
that is similar to a mineral but you are not sure what
it is. How would you investigate it? and how can you
find out what type of mineral is it?? Write down the
steps and specify your answers.

39. ASSIGNMENT:
Read in advance pp 41-50 and answer the
following questions
1. What is Rock ? (3)
2. What are the three Classification of Rocks ?
Define each (6pts)
3. What is the Process of Rock Cycle? (5pts)
4. Differentiate Exogenous from Endogenous
process? (6pts)

40. ROCKS
- Classification of Rocks
- Rock Cycle
- Exogenous Process
- - Endogenous process
2

75. ACTIVITY TITLE : ROCK FORMATIONS
Objective Classify the following rocks into Igneous,
Metamorphic and Sedimentary Rock. Plus points if you
Can guess the name of the rock.
TYPE OF ROCK (SEDIMENTARY, IGNEOUS ,
METAMORPHIC?
NAME OF ROCK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
9
10.

76. 1
2 3 4
5 6 7 8

77. 9 10

78. TYPE OF ROCK (SEDIMENTARY,
IGNEOUS , METAMORPHIC?
NAME OF ROCK
1. IGNEOUS GRANITE
2. SEDIMENTARY SANDSTONE
3. METAMORPHIC SLATE
4. SEDIMENTARY LIMESTONE
5. IGNEOUS OBSIDIAN
6.SEDIMENTARY COAL
7. METAMORPHIC MARBLE
8 METAMORPHIC GNEISS
9. SEDIMENTARY CONGLOMERATE
10. SEDIMENTARY CHALK
ANSWER KEY

79. 1. What is the difference between rocks and
minerals?
2. Name 3 types of rocks on Planet Earth.
3. How are sedimentary rocks formed?
4. How are metamorphic rocks formed?
5. How are igneous rocks formed?
ESSAY:

87. 1. Exogenous Processes
2. Endogenous Processes
GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES ON
EARTH

88. TWO CATEGORIES OF GEOLOGIC
PROCESSES ON EARTH
1. EXOGENOUS PROCESSES
2. ENDOGENOUS PROCESSES

90. The endogenous process on Earth are
responsible for earthquakes, development
of continents, mountain building, volcanic
activities, and other movements related to
earths crust.

98. HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN

99. Folding can also happen in oceans and seas. The
compressional force are strong enough to move ocean
sediments to higher or lower elevation of folds. The area won
higher elevation may eventually form land when solid
particles build up on seabeds. The area on lower elevation
may be filled with water from rivers and streams thus forming
a new type of water.

104. Seafloor Spreading
HAROLD HESS (1895- 1982) and Robert Dietz (1914-1995) the
two geologist develop the concept of seafloor spreading.
- is a continues process where tensional forces on both sides of
the plates cause them to constantly move apart.

105. BIG
IDEA
- Earth keeps its shape and volume by rock
expansion through seafloor spreading and by
shrinking plates through crustal deformation.

106. Some Endogenic process that played role in the
evolution of landforms on Earth:
1. MAGMATISM – Magma is the original material that
make up igneous rock. Originally found beneath the surface
of the earth, magma is very hot and is constantly moved by
the internal heat that reaches the mantle of the Earth.

107. 2. VOLCANISM (OR PLUTONISM)
- When magma comes out with extreme heat and pressure
and may cause destructive explosions.
As soon as magma reaches the surface o Earth, it is now
called lava.

109. 3

112. 4

114. EXOGENIC PROCESSES

115. EXOGENIC PROCESS
-Occur on or near the surface of Earth. They are usually
Influence or driven by gravity, water, wind and organisms.
These could be a destructive occurrences that leave
significant changes on the landscape.

121. - It is the process by which Earth’s surface is sworn
away by wind, water or ice.
- The process of erosion moves rock debris or soil from
one place to another. Erosion takes place whne there
is rainfall, surface run off, freezing and thawing
- Hurricanes, wind etc.

131. WHAT DRIVES THE
ENDOGENOUS PROCESSES ON
EARTH? WHERE DOES THE
FORCE COME FROM? WHY IT IS
CALLED ENDOGENOUS?

132. THE CONTINENTAL
DRIFT THEORY

133. In 1956, ABRAHAM ORTELIUS (1527-
1598) – A Flemish cartographer,
observed
that the shapes of the continents on both
sides of the Atlantic Ocean seem to fit
together. It was as if
Africa was torn away from Asia and
Europe. With the absence of valid
measurements and proofs,
The only speculation Ortelius could
provide was that earthquakes and
floodings may have made the separation

134. In 1912, ALFRED WEGENER (1880-1930)
- Developed the concept and hypothesized
the continental drift theory.
He claimed that there used to be only one
supergiant landass where all the continents
came from. He called this massive
landmass “PANGEA”.
- This continent broke apart into two
landmasses and these landmasses
moved away from each other.

135. EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
THEORY
1. Similarity of fossils found in different continents
2. Presence of tillites in areas whose present climates do
not suggest glacial formation.
3. Presence of coal seams in polar regions.
4. Continuity of rock layers found in different continents.
5. Similarity of rock types in different continents.

136. PLATE TECTONICS
Wegeners theory initially did not gain acceptance from the scientific
community Because he could not explain why the continents moved.
1929, Arthur Holmes (1890-1965), a British geologist, suggested the
idea Of thermal convection as the driving force for the movement
Of the continents.
Thermal convection - based on the fact that as a substanceis heated, its
density decreases and rises to the surface until it is cooled and then sink
again.

137. THREE MAIN TYPES OF BOUNDARIES
1. CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES – WHERE PLATES MEET.
THIS HAPPEN WHEN TECTONIC PLATES MOVE TOWARD
EACH OTHER BROUGHT BY MANTLE CONVECTION IT WILL
FORM A MOUNTAIN, VOLCANO, TRENCH.

138. Mt. Mayon Volcano Chocolate hills

140. 2. DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES
- Are where plates move away from
each other. Plates move apart because
of the magma that is being pushed
upward in boundaries of the plates.
- to form new crust on the lithosphere.

142. tourist spot in iceland ELNIDO in Palawan
DIVERGENT BOUNDARIES EFFECT

143. 3. TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
- Are where plates slide past each other. This forms
a fault

144. SAN ANDREAS FAULT Philippines fault, after the earthquake

145. DATING METHODS:
ESTABLISHING THE TIMELINE OF
THE LIFE ON EARTH

146. TWO TYPES OF DATING METHOD
1. RELATIVE DATING
- is a method used to determine the relative order
of geologic events. the process of determining if
one rock or geologic event is older or younger
than another, without knowing their specific ages.

148. 2. ABSOLUTE
DATING
- Tell which sediments were deposited first and also the
approximate age of the specimen.
- Most absolute dating use radiometric methods, where
in radioactive minerals are used to compute the age of
the rock.