This document discusses robust control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using a genetic algorithm and PID controller. It begins with an introduction to PMSM modeling and control challenges. It then describes a proposed technique using an H-infinity controller with genetic algorithm optimization of parameters to improve stability. The H-infinity controller is compared to a PID controller. Finally, the document provides details on PMSM mathematical modeling, standard H-infinity design methodology, genetic algorithm based parameter optimization, and implementation of the robust PID and H-infinity control scheme.
Robust control of pmsm using genetic algorithm analysis with pideSAT Journals
Abstract In recent years, a remarkable evolution has been achieved by control systems in different application in Robot and many other Areas. One of the significant applications of developing control systems is the Acceleration control in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. Control operations are performed statically even after the proposal of diverse techniques in the literature. In addition, H∞ controllers are hardly ever utilized to accomplish this. As a result of this, delayed stability problem occurs in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor while controlling the acceleration or velocity. In this paper, a graphical-based acceleration stabilization technique is proposed to accomplish effective stability in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor controlling operations. the proposed technique is compared with PID Controller to obtain the best performance specifications such motors with large stability margins with robust control can be effectly used in the field of robot application. Keywords: H∞ Controller, PMSM, Stability, Acceleration, Optimisation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document presents the dynamic modeling of a zeta converter using state-space averaging technique. It describes developing state-space models for the two switching states of the converter and averaging them to obtain an overall state-space model. The converter is modeled with equivalent series resistances on the capacitors and inductors. Full-state feedback control is then implemented on the converter model to regulate the output voltage. Simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and performance under input/load disturbances.
Simulation, bifurcation, and stability analysis of a SEPIC converter control...IJECEIAES
This article presents some results of SEPIC converter dynamics when controlled by a center pulse width modulator controller (CPWM). The duty cycle is calculated using the ZAD (Zero Average Dynamics) technique. Results obtained using this technique show a great variety of non-linear phenomena such as bifurcations and chaos, as parameters associated with the switching surface. These phenomena have been studied in the present paper in numerical form. Simulations were done in MATLAB.
Comparative Study of the Success of PI and PI-Fuzzy Controller for Induction ...inventionjournals
Asynchronous motors have a wide range of applications in the industry.Therefore, speed control of asynchronous motors is of great importance.Speed control of asynchronous motors based on vector control techniques to achieve high performance.The vector control technique, motor flux and moment variables can be controlled independently of each other.Because of the nonlinear and complex model of asynchronous motors, the speed control applications of these motors are not provided with great efficiency by classical control methods.Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC), which were successful in many areas, present great performance in speed control of an asynchronous motor.In this study, a simulation study regarding speed control of a threephase squirrel cage asynchronous motor was carried out with a PI-Fuzzy type FLC and a conventional PI type controller.The data obtained by simulation are evaluated and the performances of the control methods are compared.
Oscillatory Stability Prediction Using PSO Based Synchronizing and Damping To...journalBEEI
This paper presents the assessment of stability domains for the angle stability condition of the power system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. An efficient optimization method using PSO for synchronizing torque coefficients Ksand damping torque coefficients Kd to identify the angle stability condition on multi-machine system. In order to accelerate the determination of angle stability, PSO is proposed to be implemented in this study. The application of the proposed algorithm has been justified as the most accurate with lower computation time as compared to other optimization techniques such as Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Immune System (AIS). Validation with respect to eigenvalues determination, Least Square (LS) method and minimum damping ratio ξmin confirmed that the proposed technique is feasible to solve the angle stability problems.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
State space vector based advanced direct power control of matrix converter as...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Robust control of pmsm using genetic algorithm analysis with pideSAT Journals
Abstract In recent years, a remarkable evolution has been achieved by control systems in different application in Robot and many other Areas. One of the significant applications of developing control systems is the Acceleration control in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. Control operations are performed statically even after the proposal of diverse techniques in the literature. In addition, H∞ controllers are hardly ever utilized to accomplish this. As a result of this, delayed stability problem occurs in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor while controlling the acceleration or velocity. In this paper, a graphical-based acceleration stabilization technique is proposed to accomplish effective stability in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor controlling operations. the proposed technique is compared with PID Controller to obtain the best performance specifications such motors with large stability margins with robust control can be effectly used in the field of robot application. Keywords: H∞ Controller, PMSM, Stability, Acceleration, Optimisation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document presents the dynamic modeling of a zeta converter using state-space averaging technique. It describes developing state-space models for the two switching states of the converter and averaging them to obtain an overall state-space model. The converter is modeled with equivalent series resistances on the capacitors and inductors. Full-state feedback control is then implemented on the converter model to regulate the output voltage. Simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and performance under input/load disturbances.
Simulation, bifurcation, and stability analysis of a SEPIC converter control...IJECEIAES
This article presents some results of SEPIC converter dynamics when controlled by a center pulse width modulator controller (CPWM). The duty cycle is calculated using the ZAD (Zero Average Dynamics) technique. Results obtained using this technique show a great variety of non-linear phenomena such as bifurcations and chaos, as parameters associated with the switching surface. These phenomena have been studied in the present paper in numerical form. Simulations were done in MATLAB.
Comparative Study of the Success of PI and PI-Fuzzy Controller for Induction ...inventionjournals
Asynchronous motors have a wide range of applications in the industry.Therefore, speed control of asynchronous motors is of great importance.Speed control of asynchronous motors based on vector control techniques to achieve high performance.The vector control technique, motor flux and moment variables can be controlled independently of each other.Because of the nonlinear and complex model of asynchronous motors, the speed control applications of these motors are not provided with great efficiency by classical control methods.Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC), which were successful in many areas, present great performance in speed control of an asynchronous motor.In this study, a simulation study regarding speed control of a threephase squirrel cage asynchronous motor was carried out with a PI-Fuzzy type FLC and a conventional PI type controller.The data obtained by simulation are evaluated and the performances of the control methods are compared.
Oscillatory Stability Prediction Using PSO Based Synchronizing and Damping To...journalBEEI
This paper presents the assessment of stability domains for the angle stability condition of the power system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. An efficient optimization method using PSO for synchronizing torque coefficients Ksand damping torque coefficients Kd to identify the angle stability condition on multi-machine system. In order to accelerate the determination of angle stability, PSO is proposed to be implemented in this study. The application of the proposed algorithm has been justified as the most accurate with lower computation time as compared to other optimization techniques such as Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Immune System (AIS). Validation with respect to eigenvalues determination, Least Square (LS) method and minimum damping ratio ξmin confirmed that the proposed technique is feasible to solve the angle stability problems.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
State space vector based advanced direct power control of matrix converter as...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper presents a nonlinear Integral backstepping control approach based on field oriented control technique, applied to a Double Star Induction Machine ‘DSIM’ feed by two power voltage sources. We present this technique of integral backstepping by using reduced and complete Model of DSIM. The objective is to improve the robustness of machine under internal parameter variation with nonlinear Integral backstepping control. The robustness test results obtained by simulation prove the effectiveness of control with using complete model of DSIM.
The Neural Network-Combined Optimal Control System of Induction MotorIJECEIAES
This research aims to propose the optimal control method combined with the neuron network for an induction motor. In the proposed system, the induction motor is a nonlinear object which is controlled at each working point. At these working-points, the state equation of the induction motor is linear, so it is possible to apply the linear quadratic regular algorithm for the induction motor. Therefore, the parameters of the state feedback controller are the functions. The output-input relationships of these functions are set through the neural network. The numerical simulation results show that the quality of the control system of the induction motor is very high: The response speed always follows the desired speed with the short transition time and the small overshoot. Furthermore, the system is robust in the case of changing the load torque, and the parameters of the induction motor are incorrectly defined
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Based on Switching Schemes wit...IJAAS Team
This paper presents a simplified control strategy of SVPWM with a three segment switching sequence and 7 segment switch frequency for high power multilevel inverter. In the proposed method, the inverter switching sequences are optimized for minimization of device switching sequence frequency and improvement of harmonic spectrum by using the three most derived switching states and one suitable redundant state for each space vector. The proposed 3-segment sequence is compared with conventional 7-segment sequence similar for five level Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with various values of switching frequencies including very low frequency. The output spectrum of the proposed sequence design shows the reduction of device switching frequency and states current and line voltage. THD this minimizing the filter size requirement of the inverter, employed in industrial applications. Where sinusoidal output voltage is required.
Effects of Different Parameters on Power System Transient Stability StudiesPower System Operation
The transient stability studies plays a vital role in
providing secured operating configurations in power systems.
This paper shows an analysis of the effects of various parameters
on the transient stability studies of power system. The various
parameters for which the analysis is presented include the Fault
Clearing Time (FCT), Fault location, load increasing, machine
damping coefficient D, and Generator Armature Resistance
GAR. Under the condition that the power system is subjected to a
three-phase short-circuit fault, the Critical Clearing Time (CCT)
is calculated using numerical integration method. The analysis
has been carried out on the IEEE 30-bus test system. From this
analysis, we can conclude the importance of these different
parameters on power system transient stability studies.
Dynamic model of zeta converter with full state feedback controller implement...eSAT Journals
Abstract Zeta converter is a fourth order dc-dc converter that can increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) the input voltage. By considering dynamic model of the converter, the accuracy of the converter’s modeling and simulation are increased thus make it easier to produce the hardware version of the converter. State-space approach is a time-domain method for modeling, analyzing, and designing a wide range of systems which can be described by differential equations or difference equations. This gives great advantages because it particularly suited for digital computer implementation for their time-domain approach and vector-matrix description. The converter needs feedback control to regulate its output voltage. This paper presents the dynamic model of zeta converter. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging (SSA) technique. Full-state feedback controller is implemented on the converter to regulate the output voltage. The simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the steady-state performance subjected to input and load disturbances. Index Terms: Modeling, Zeta converter, SSA technique, Full-state feedback controller
Iaetsd estimation of damping torque for small-signalIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to accurately estimate the damping torque coefficient for assessing small-signal stability in a single machine infinite bus power system. PSO is applied to optimize the damping torque coefficient to maximize damping ratio and improve stability. Time domain simulations were performed under various loading conditions and PSO provided better damping, reducing peak overshoots compared to estimating the coefficient randomly. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of PSO for stability assessment by optimizing the damping torque coefficient.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
This document provides a review of power system state estimation techniques. It discusses both static and dynamic state estimation algorithms. For static state estimation, it covers weighted least squares, decoupled, and robust estimation methods. Weighted least squares is commonly used but can have numerical instability issues. Decoupled state estimation approximates the gain matrix for faster computation. Robust estimation uses M-estimators and other techniques to handle outliers and bad data. Dynamic state estimation applies Kalman filtering, leapfrog algorithms, and other methods to continuously monitor system states over time.
This document presents a comparative study of using a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and an induction machine damping unit (IMDU) to dampen subsynchronous resonance (SSR) oscillations in a series compensated power transmission system. The study develops linearized mathematical models of the system components including the generator, transmission line, TCSC, and IMDU. Eigenvalue analysis is performed on the models with and without the TCSC and IMDU to evaluate their effectiveness in damping torsional vibration modes. Time domain simulations under large disturbances also show that the IMDU provides better damping than the TCSC, though the TCSC is also effective and has the added capability of controlling active power flow.
This document summarizes a journal article that proposes a fuzzy logic approach for sensorless vector control of an induction motor using an efficiency optimization technique. It presents the following:
1) A dynamic model and state space model of the induction motor in a synchronous reference frame for vector control without sensors.
2) A fuzzy logic based online efficiency optimization controller that interfaces with the drive system to minimize power consumption.
3) The controller decrements the flux in steps until the measured input power is minimized. Membership functions and rules for the fuzzy controller are provided.
4) Performance of the drive is analyzed with and without the fuzzy controller using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. The fuzzy approach is found to improve efficiency
Fpga implementation of run length encoding with new formulated codeword gener...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Multi-Machine Stability Using Dynamic Inversion Technique IJECEIAES
Stability studies of multi machine system are a major concern to power system engineers due to the increasing complexity involved. This paper deals with the application of a nonlinear technique called Dynamic Inversion, to TCSC for the improvement of stability of multi-machine system. The transient stability studies for various cases: without any controller, with 75% line compensation and with Dynamic Inversion technique, are compared. The critical clearing time as well as the maximum loading ability is also discussed. The result for the nonlinear controller is found to be better than all the other cases.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Nonlinear control of WECS based on PMSG for optimal power extraction IJECEIAES
This document presents a study that proposes an integral backstepping control strategy to optimize power extraction from a wind energy conversion system based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control regulates the generator's rotational speed to track the optimal speed for maximum power point tracking. Simulation results show that the integral backstepping control achieves better performance than a conventional PI vector control in regulating speed during stochastic and step changes in wind speed, allowing for more effective maximum power point tracking.
Modified sub-gradient based combined objective technique and evolutionary pro...IJECEIAES
This document presents a modified sub-gradient based combined objective technique and evolutionary programming approach (MSGBCAEP) to solve an economic dispatch problem involving valve-point loading, prohibited zones, and ramp rate constraints. The problem is formulated as a non-convex optimization model that minimizes total fuel cost and emission levels, subject to constraints. Inequality constraints are converted to equality constraints for use in the feasible modified sub-gradient algorithm. The MSGBCAEP approach uses λ as the decision variable and cost function as the fitness function, and is tested on the IEEE 30-bus 6 generator system. Results show the proposed approach can find global optimal solutions by judiciously modifying population initialization, offspring generation, and selection compared to other algorithms
Optimization of the Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer Using PSO...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes an article that investigates optimizing the placement and sizing of a Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) combination on a 30-bus power system using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The PSO algorithm was used to determine the optimal location and ratings of the TCPST-TCSC devices to minimize power losses. Implementing the optimized TCPST-TCSC combination resulted in a 46.47% reduction in power losses, outperforming the use of capacitor banks alone which achieved a 42.03% reduction. The TCPST-TCSC solution found with PSO also performed
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Applications of layered theory for the analysis of flexible pavementseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a study on implementing field oriented control of a three-phase induction motor drive using a digital signal processor. The control algorithm is developed using Code Composer Studio and implemented on a TMS320F2812 digital signal processor board. Field oriented control is achieved using an indirect vector control scheme with an inner current control loop and outer speed control loop using PI controllers. Space vector pulse width modulation is used to generate switching signals for the voltage source inverter driving the motor. Experimental results show the motor speed is able to track different speed commands while responding well to load disturbances.
This document discusses a study on determining safety zones for wireless cellular towers. It presents a model developed to calculate the safe distance from a cellular tower's radiation based on received power, transmitted power, and transmitter gain. Field measurements were taken of power density at various distances from two cellular towers in Tanzania using a selective radiation meter. Equations were derived to calculate power density as a function of distance from a single tower and from multiple towers. Plots showed power density decreasing with distance and comparisons to international safety limits. The study aims to help ensure safety for those living near cellular towers.
This paper presents a nonlinear Integral backstepping control approach based on field oriented control technique, applied to a Double Star Induction Machine ‘DSIM’ feed by two power voltage sources. We present this technique of integral backstepping by using reduced and complete Model of DSIM. The objective is to improve the robustness of machine under internal parameter variation with nonlinear Integral backstepping control. The robustness test results obtained by simulation prove the effectiveness of control with using complete model of DSIM.
The Neural Network-Combined Optimal Control System of Induction MotorIJECEIAES
This research aims to propose the optimal control method combined with the neuron network for an induction motor. In the proposed system, the induction motor is a nonlinear object which is controlled at each working point. At these working-points, the state equation of the induction motor is linear, so it is possible to apply the linear quadratic regular algorithm for the induction motor. Therefore, the parameters of the state feedback controller are the functions. The output-input relationships of these functions are set through the neural network. The numerical simulation results show that the quality of the control system of the induction motor is very high: The response speed always follows the desired speed with the short transition time and the small overshoot. Furthermore, the system is robust in the case of changing the load torque, and the parameters of the induction motor are incorrectly defined
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simplified Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Based on Switching Schemes wit...IJAAS Team
This paper presents a simplified control strategy of SVPWM with a three segment switching sequence and 7 segment switch frequency for high power multilevel inverter. In the proposed method, the inverter switching sequences are optimized for minimization of device switching sequence frequency and improvement of harmonic spectrum by using the three most derived switching states and one suitable redundant state for each space vector. The proposed 3-segment sequence is compared with conventional 7-segment sequence similar for five level Cascaded H-Bridge inverter with various values of switching frequencies including very low frequency. The output spectrum of the proposed sequence design shows the reduction of device switching frequency and states current and line voltage. THD this minimizing the filter size requirement of the inverter, employed in industrial applications. Where sinusoidal output voltage is required.
Effects of Different Parameters on Power System Transient Stability StudiesPower System Operation
The transient stability studies plays a vital role in
providing secured operating configurations in power systems.
This paper shows an analysis of the effects of various parameters
on the transient stability studies of power system. The various
parameters for which the analysis is presented include the Fault
Clearing Time (FCT), Fault location, load increasing, machine
damping coefficient D, and Generator Armature Resistance
GAR. Under the condition that the power system is subjected to a
three-phase short-circuit fault, the Critical Clearing Time (CCT)
is calculated using numerical integration method. The analysis
has been carried out on the IEEE 30-bus test system. From this
analysis, we can conclude the importance of these different
parameters on power system transient stability studies.
Dynamic model of zeta converter with full state feedback controller implement...eSAT Journals
Abstract Zeta converter is a fourth order dc-dc converter that can increases (step-up) or decreases (step-down) the input voltage. By considering dynamic model of the converter, the accuracy of the converter’s modeling and simulation are increased thus make it easier to produce the hardware version of the converter. State-space approach is a time-domain method for modeling, analyzing, and designing a wide range of systems which can be described by differential equations or difference equations. This gives great advantages because it particularly suited for digital computer implementation for their time-domain approach and vector-matrix description. The converter needs feedback control to regulate its output voltage. This paper presents the dynamic model of zeta converter. The converter is modeled using state-space averaging (SSA) technique. Full-state feedback controller is implemented on the converter to regulate the output voltage. The simulation results are presented to verify the accuracy of the modeling and the steady-state performance subjected to input and load disturbances. Index Terms: Modeling, Zeta converter, SSA technique, Full-state feedback controller
Iaetsd estimation of damping torque for small-signalIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to accurately estimate the damping torque coefficient for assessing small-signal stability in a single machine infinite bus power system. PSO is applied to optimize the damping torque coefficient to maximize damping ratio and improve stability. Time domain simulations were performed under various loading conditions and PSO provided better damping, reducing peak overshoots compared to estimating the coefficient randomly. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of PSO for stability assessment by optimizing the damping torque coefficient.
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
This document provides a review of power system state estimation techniques. It discusses both static and dynamic state estimation algorithms. For static state estimation, it covers weighted least squares, decoupled, and robust estimation methods. Weighted least squares is commonly used but can have numerical instability issues. Decoupled state estimation approximates the gain matrix for faster computation. Robust estimation uses M-estimators and other techniques to handle outliers and bad data. Dynamic state estimation applies Kalman filtering, leapfrog algorithms, and other methods to continuously monitor system states over time.
This document presents a comparative study of using a thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) and an induction machine damping unit (IMDU) to dampen subsynchronous resonance (SSR) oscillations in a series compensated power transmission system. The study develops linearized mathematical models of the system components including the generator, transmission line, TCSC, and IMDU. Eigenvalue analysis is performed on the models with and without the TCSC and IMDU to evaluate their effectiveness in damping torsional vibration modes. Time domain simulations under large disturbances also show that the IMDU provides better damping than the TCSC, though the TCSC is also effective and has the added capability of controlling active power flow.
This document summarizes a journal article that proposes a fuzzy logic approach for sensorless vector control of an induction motor using an efficiency optimization technique. It presents the following:
1) A dynamic model and state space model of the induction motor in a synchronous reference frame for vector control without sensors.
2) A fuzzy logic based online efficiency optimization controller that interfaces with the drive system to minimize power consumption.
3) The controller decrements the flux in steps until the measured input power is minimized. Membership functions and rules for the fuzzy controller are provided.
4) Performance of the drive is analyzed with and without the fuzzy controller using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. The fuzzy approach is found to improve efficiency
Fpga implementation of run length encoding with new formulated codeword gener...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Multi-Machine Stability Using Dynamic Inversion Technique IJECEIAES
Stability studies of multi machine system are a major concern to power system engineers due to the increasing complexity involved. This paper deals with the application of a nonlinear technique called Dynamic Inversion, to TCSC for the improvement of stability of multi-machine system. The transient stability studies for various cases: without any controller, with 75% line compensation and with Dynamic Inversion technique, are compared. The critical clearing time as well as the maximum loading ability is also discussed. The result for the nonlinear controller is found to be better than all the other cases.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Nonlinear control of WECS based on PMSG for optimal power extraction IJECEIAES
This document presents a study that proposes an integral backstepping control strategy to optimize power extraction from a wind energy conversion system based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control regulates the generator's rotational speed to track the optimal speed for maximum power point tracking. Simulation results show that the integral backstepping control achieves better performance than a conventional PI vector control in regulating speed during stochastic and step changes in wind speed, allowing for more effective maximum power point tracking.
Modified sub-gradient based combined objective technique and evolutionary pro...IJECEIAES
This document presents a modified sub-gradient based combined objective technique and evolutionary programming approach (MSGBCAEP) to solve an economic dispatch problem involving valve-point loading, prohibited zones, and ramp rate constraints. The problem is formulated as a non-convex optimization model that minimizes total fuel cost and emission levels, subject to constraints. Inequality constraints are converted to equality constraints for use in the feasible modified sub-gradient algorithm. The MSGBCAEP approach uses λ as the decision variable and cost function as the fitness function, and is tested on the IEEE 30-bus 6 generator system. Results show the proposed approach can find global optimal solutions by judiciously modifying population initialization, offspring generation, and selection compared to other algorithms
Optimization of the Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer Using PSO...IJECEIAES
This document summarizes an article that investigates optimizing the placement and sizing of a Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) combination on a 30-bus power system using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The PSO algorithm was used to determine the optimal location and ratings of the TCPST-TCSC devices to minimize power losses. Implementing the optimized TCPST-TCSC combination resulted in a 46.47% reduction in power losses, outperforming the use of capacitor banks alone which achieved a 42.03% reduction. The TCPST-TCSC solution found with PSO also performed
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Applications of layered theory for the analysis of flexible pavementseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document presents a study on implementing field oriented control of a three-phase induction motor drive using a digital signal processor. The control algorithm is developed using Code Composer Studio and implemented on a TMS320F2812 digital signal processor board. Field oriented control is achieved using an indirect vector control scheme with an inner current control loop and outer speed control loop using PI controllers. Space vector pulse width modulation is used to generate switching signals for the voltage source inverter driving the motor. Experimental results show the motor speed is able to track different speed commands while responding well to load disturbances.
This document discusses a study on determining safety zones for wireless cellular towers. It presents a model developed to calculate the safe distance from a cellular tower's radiation based on received power, transmitted power, and transmitter gain. Field measurements were taken of power density at various distances from two cellular towers in Tanzania using a selective radiation meter. Equations were derived to calculate power density as a function of distance from a single tower and from multiple towers. Plots showed power density decreasing with distance and comparisons to international safety limits. The study aims to help ensure safety for those living near cellular towers.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document describes an FPGA-based address generator for the deinterleaver used in WiMAX systems. It proposes algorithms to generate addresses for the deinterleaver that support different modulation schemes like QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM without using a floor function. The algorithms are implemented using VHDL on a Xilinx FPGA. Simulation results show the address generation for different modulation types matches the output of a MATLAB program. The FPGA implementation provides better performance and resource utilization than a conventional LUT-based approach.
This document describes a study that measured the color of electroplated gold films on hull cell panels using CIELAB color scales. Control charts of color difference (ΔE*ab) were developed to establish color tolerances. The acceptable color match range was found to be 2.59 to 5.74 ΔE*ab. Average L*, a*, and b* values across a panel should be reported. Control charts indicated color variations between locations were within process limits.
Product quality improved using triz a case study in increasing innovative opt...eSAT Publishing House
1. The authors applied TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) to solve a quality issue of particulate matter remaining in engine block pockets after cleaning.
2. Using TRIZ tools like contradiction matrix and Su-Field analysis, the authors determined that the rust preventive oil used in machining was causing dust to adhere in pockets.
3. The authors proposed using a lighter, less viscous oil at the machining stage to reduce adhesion. This solution eliminated manual cleaning and achieved the quality standard of less than 70mg particulate matter after machine cleaning alone.
An innovative way for computerized smith chart generation and transmission li...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a computer program that was developed to generate and interact with the Smith chart, a graphical tool used to solve transmission line problems. The program allows users to input transmission line parameters and see how they are represented on the Smith chart. It then demonstrates how to use the program to solve common transmission line problems by calculating reflection coefficients, impedances, admittances, and stub locations. The program is intended to help explain concepts of the Smith chart to students in an interactive way using a computer.
A novel way of verifiable redistribution of the secret in a multiuser environ...eSAT Publishing House
This document proposes a novel method for verifiably redistributing secrets in a multi-user environment using threshold secret sharing and group keys. It involves a dealer distributing shares of a secret to authorized users, and a group manager who verifies members and notifies the dealer of any changes. If the group changes, the dealer generates new shares without involving old members, encrypts them using group members' public keys, and sends them to the group manager. The manager distributes the shares to the group using a group key. Members can verify their shares against hash values from the dealer. This allows secret redistribution without private channels or involvement of old members in generating new shares.
Application of ibearugbulem’s model for optimizing granite concrete mixeSAT Publishing House
This document presents a mathematical model for predicting the compressive strength of granitic concrete using Ibearugbulem's regression model. 45 concrete cubes were cast using different mix ratios and tested to determine compressive strength. The first 11 mixes were used to determine the regression model coefficients, and the full 15 mixes were used to validate the model. A t-test found the model results adequately predicted the experimental compressive strengths at a 95% confidence level. The developed model can predict compressive strength or mix proportions for granitic concrete given one is known.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Intelligent traffic regulation system for roads using car two way communicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Economical placement of shear walls in a moment resisting frame for earthquak...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes different configurations of shear wall placement in a 5-story reinforced concrete building to determine the optimal configuration for earthquake resistance. Five frames with different shear wall layouts are modeled and analyzed. Frame 2, with shear walls at the building core, performed best with significant reductions in lateral displacement, bending moment, shear force, and axial force compared to the frame without shear walls. For economic feasibility, the top 1-2 stories were removed from Frames 2 and 3. This curtailment further reduced lateral displacement, inter-story drift, bending moment, and shear force, particularly for Frames 7-9. In conclusion, curtailing the top 1-2 stories of Frames 2 or 3 provided the best
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An enhancing security for mobile sinks by providing location privacy in wsneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Secure intrusion detection and countermeasure selection in virtual system usi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Steady state stability analysis and enhancement of three machine nine bus pow...eSAT Journals
This document presents an analysis of steady state stability for the IEEE 3-machine 9-bus test power system. It first describes the mathematical modeling of the system using linearization and state space representation. Eigenvalue analysis shows the system is purely oscillatory without damping. A thyristor controlled phase shifter (TCPS) FACTS device-based controller is then modeled to enhance stability. The system is analyzed with and without the controller. Results show the controller provides damping, improving stability as seen in eigenvalue analysis and time domain simulations following a disturbance.
Load frequency control in co ordination with frequency controllable hvdc link...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this paper decentralized load frequency control (LFC) for suppression of oscillations in multi-area power systems using fuzzy logic
controller was studied. A three area system is considered in which areas 1 and 2 and areas 1 and 3 are connected by HVDC
transmission links and areas 2 and 3 are connected by normal AC tie-line. The performance of the fuzzy logic controller is compared
with the conventional PI controller and the simulation results shows that fuzzy logic controller is very effective enhancing better
damping performance in non-linear conditions.
Keywords: Load Frequency Control, High Voltage Direct Current transmission Link, Proportional Integral Controller,
Fuzzy Logic Control.
Explicit model predictive control of fast dynamic systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Explicit Model Predictive Control approach provides offline computation of the optimization law by Multi Parametric Quadratic Programming. The solution is Piece wise affine in nature. It is explicit representation of the system states and control inputs. Such law then can be solved using binary search tree and can be evaluated for fast dynamic systems. Implementing such controllers can be done on microcontroller or ASIC/FPGA. DC Motor Speed Control - one of the benchmark systems is discussed here in this context. Its PWA law obtained, simulation of closed loop e-MPC is presented and its implementation approach using MPT toolbox and other such toolboxes is shown in brief. Index Terms: Model Predictive Control, explicit, Piece-wise Affine, and Multi Parametric Toolbox
Design and analysis of robust h infinity controllerAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses the design and analysis of an H-infinity controller. H-infinity control guarantees robustness and good performance through high disturbance rejection.
2) It presents a simplified step-by-step procedure for designing an H-infinity controller for a given system using H-infinity loop shaping. This technique allows performance requirements to be incorporated into the design through the use of performance weights.
3) The generalized plant model is augmented with weight functions to shape the closed-loop response to meet design specifications such as uncertainty attenuation and required bandwidth. The H-infinity controller is then synthesized to minimize sensitivity and complementarity weights.
Evaluation the affects of mimo based rayleigh network cascaded with unstable ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
OPTIMAL TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL OF ASYNCHRONOUS DRIVE USING INTELLIGENT CONTROL...elelijjournal
This document summarizes a research paper on optimizing torque ripple in an asynchronous drive using intelligent controllers. It describes using a hybrid controller combining PI and fuzzy logic control with direct torque control and space vector modulation of a three-level cascaded inverter to power an induction motor drive. Simulation results showed the hybrid controller approach minimized torque ripple compared to using just PI or fuzzy logic control alone under no-load and loaded conditions. The optimized torque control method provides benefits for general purpose induction motor applications.
Autotuning of pid controller for robot arm and magnet levitation planteSAT Journals
Abstract
One of the most essential work of the control engineer is tuning of controller. Majority of the controller used in industry are of the
PID type. An auto tuning is one of the method of controller tuning in which tuning of the parameters of controller is done
automatically and possibly, without any user interaction expect from initiating the operation. Present study emphasis on the relay
based auto tuning of PID controller. An auto-tuning method is implemented based on a relay experiment to determine the ultimate
gain and the ultimate period, with which the PID parameters are obtained using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning rules. An auto tuning
of robot arm model and magnet levitation model are carried out. Performance of relay based auto tuning on the basis of integral
square error is better than artificial neural network.
Keywords: Relay auto tuning, PID, FOPDT, SOPDT, Integral square error.
Neural – Adaptive Control Based on Feedback Linearization for Electro Hydraul...IOSR Journals
This document presents a neural adaptive control method based on feedback linearization for an electro hydraulic servo system (EHSS) to control velocity and regulate pressure in the presence of nonlinearities. The proposed controller consists of four parts: a PID controller, a feedback linearization controller, a neural network controller, and a neural network identifier. The feedback linearization controller is used to keep the system state within a region where the neural network can be accurately trained for optimal control. Simulation results show that the combination of controllers can stabilize the system and adapt to changing conditions. The performance of the proposed neural adaptive controller is compared to feedback linearization, backstepping, and PID controllers.
Iaetsd design of a robust fuzzy logic controller for a single-link flexible m...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design of a fuzzy logic controller for a single-link flexible manipulator. A fuzzy-PID controller is used to control an uncertain flexible robotic arm and its internal motor dynamics parameters. The controller is tested against conventional integral and PID controllers in simulations. The results show the proposed fuzzy PID controller has better robustness under variations in motor dynamics compared to the other controllers.
APPLICATION OF D-K ITERATION TECHNIQUE BASED ON H∞ ROBUST CONTROL THEORY FOR ...cscpconf
This document summarizes a study applying the D-K iteration technique based on H-infinity robust control theory to design a power system stabilizer (PSS) for a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system. The D-K iteration method combines H-infinity synthesis to ensure robustness and mu-analysis to account for parametric uncertainties, yielding a robust controller. A PSS was designed for the SMIB system using this technique. Simulation results showed the proposed PSS effectively damped low-frequency oscillations over a wide range of operating conditions.
Performance analysis of a single phase ac voltage controller under induction ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The paper presents the controllers to regulate the system frequency. The performance of the controller like PI and Fuzzy Logic are proposed and compared on two area of power system. Fuzzy Logic controllers are found better than the conventional method. Simulations have been performed using Matlab. Key words: Two area frequency power system, PI controller, and Fuzzy logic controller
Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A novel p q control algorithm for combined active front end converter and shu...eSAT Journals
This document presents a novel P-Q control algorithm for a combined active front end converter and shunt active filter (AFE+SAF). The AFE+SAF can compensate for reactive power, harmonic power, and unbalanced power produced by nonlinear and unbalanced loads, while maintaining sinusoidal source currents. The P-Q control algorithm meets the goals of load compensation and three-phase AC to DC power conversion for drives. The performance of the AFE+SAF was verified through simulation under different load conditions, including unbalanced linear loads, nonlinear loads, and combinations of these. Source current distortion was measured using %THD and found to comply with IEEE standards.
LMI based antiswing adaptive controller for uncertain overhead cranes IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an adaptive anti-sway controller for uncertain overhead cranes. The state-space model of the 2D overhead crane with the system parameter uncertainties is shown firstly. Next, the adaptive controller which can adapt with the system uncertainties and input disturbances is established. The proposed controller has ability to move the trolley to the destination in short time and with small oscillation of the load despite the effect of the uncertainties and disturbances. Moreover, the controller has simple structure so it is easy to execute. Also, the stability of the closed-loop system is analytically proven. The proposed algorithm is verified by using Matlab/ Simulink simulation tool. The simulation results show that the presented controller gives better performances (i.e., fast transient response, no ripple, and low swing angle) than the state feedback controller when there exist system parameter variations as well as input disturbances.
Real coded-genetic-algorithm-for-robust-power-system-stabilizer-designCemal Ardil
This document summarizes a research paper that uses a real-coded genetic algorithm to optimize the design of power system stabilizers. The algorithm is applied to both single-machine and multi-machine power systems. The goal is to minimize rotor speed deviations and improve stability under disturbances. Simulation results show the proposed controller provides effective damping of low frequency oscillations across different operating conditions.
Effect of stability indices on robustness and system response in coefficient ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In Control systems, designing a robust controller such that a desired system response is obtained despite plant parameter
variations is ubiquitous problem. In this context, Coefficient diagram method is an effective method and one of the recent design
methods based on the polynomial approach introduced by Shunji Manabe. In CDM, stability indices, stability limits and time
constant are the main design parameters. The stability indices and stability limits are indicative of stability and equivalent time
constant is indicative of speed of system response. A semi-log diagram known as coefficient diagram is the design tool using
which one can analyse the important features of a design such as stability, speed of response and robustness, all in one diagram.
The right choice of the stability indices is of paramount importance in the controller design. This paper deals with the effect of
variation in the stability indices upon the system response and robustness. A type 2 fourth order plant has been considered as an
example to analyse the effects of stability indices. The stability indices are varied one by one relative to the standard Manabe form
and in each case response is observed. The transient response of the system is sensitive to lower order indices. Also, robustness in
the design is analysed by coefficient diagrams of the perturbed plant.
Keywords: Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM), robustness; Stability Indices, Coefficient Diagram
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Security constrained optimal load dispatch using hpso technique for thermal s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Security constrained optimal load dispatch using hpso technique for thermal s...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) technique to solve the Optimal Load Dispatch (OLD) problems with line flow constrain, bus voltage limits and generator operating constraints. In the proposed HPSO method both features of EP and PSO are incorporated, so the combined HPSO algorithm may become more effective to find the optimal solutions. In this paper, the proposed Hybrid PSO, PSO and EP techniques have been tested on IEEE14, 30 bus systems. Numerical simulation results show that the Hybrid PSO algorithm outperformed standard PSO algorithm and Evolution Programming method on the same problem and can save considerable cost of Optimal Load Dispatch.
Similar to Robust control of pmsm using genetic algorithm (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Robust control of pmsm using genetic algorithm
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 287
ROBUST CONTROL OF PMSM USING GENETIC ALGORITHM
ANALYSIS WITH PID
T S Vishwanath1
, Subhash S K2
, Shivshankreppa B3
1
Professor, Dept. of ECE, BKIT Bhalki Karnataka, India
2
Principal, JPNCE Mahabob Nagar (AP), India
3
Associate Professor, GND Engg. College, Bidar India
tsvrec1@rediffmail.com, subhashsk@gmail.com
Abstract
In recent years, a remarkable evolution has been achieved by control systems in different application in Robot and many other Areas.
One of the significant applications of developing control systems is the Acceleration control in Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor. Control operations are performed statically even after the proposal of diverse techniques in the literature. In addition, H∞
controllers are hardly ever utilized to accomplish this. As a result of this, delayed stability problem occurs in Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Motor while controlling the acceleration or velocity. In this paper, a graphical-based acceleration stabilization
technique is proposed to accomplish effective stability in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor controlling operations. the proposed
technique is compared with PID Controller to obtain the best performance specifications such motors with large stability margins
with robust control can be effectly used in the field of robot application.
Keywords: H∞
Controller, PMSM, Stability, Acceleration, Optimisation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Dc motors are generally controlled by conventional
proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. Since they
can be designed easily and can be built with low cost in
expensive maintenance and effectiveness. It is necessary to
know system mathematical model or to make some
experiments for tuning PID parameters. However, it has been
known that conventional PID controller generally do not work
well for non-linear systems, and practically complex and vague
systems that have no precise mathematical models to overcome
these difficulties. Various types of modified conventional
controllers such as auto-tuning and adaptive PID controllers
can be used for this kind of problems. When compared to the
conventional controller.
In this paper the combined solution we have proposed and
designed a robust controller. We have used PID outer loop in
controller, the gains of the H∞
and PID are tuned on-line by use
of genetic algorithm. The paper investigates the design of H∞
controller for a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive
system, the robust PID and H∞
techniques have been applied to
design the controller. This paper proposes a technique to
develop a optimal robust PI and PID controller for PMSM to
achieve Robustness and performance.
1.1 Mathematical Modelling of a DC motor
DC motors are widely used in industrial and domestic
equipment, the control of speed/ position of a motor with high
accuracy in required the equivalent circuit of field and armature
circuit with its rotation mechanical models as shown in figure1.
Fig1: Separately Exicied DC Drive
Nomenclature:
The following are the physical parameters
Ea: Input/excitation voltage (v);
Eb: Back emf (v);
Ra: Resistance of armature winding (Ω);
Ia: Armature current (A);
La: Inductance of armature winding;
J: M.I of the motor rotor and load kg m2
/s2;
T: Motor torque (Nm);
W: The speed of shaft and the load (angular velocity);
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 288
Φ: shaft position (rad);
ß: Damping ratio of mech.sys (Nm);
Tk: Torque factor constant (Nm/A);
Bk: The motor constant (V-S/rad );
A desired speed may be tracked when a desired shaft position is
also required. Single controller is enough to control both
position and speed of the reference signal in the form of voltage
determines the desired position and speed.
The controller is selected so that the error between the
synchronous and reference signal eventually tends to zero.
There are many DC motors depending upon the type of DC
motor may be controlled by varying the input voltage while for
some other motor speed can be controlled by controlling the
input current. In this work the DC motor is controlled by
varying input voltage. The control design for current is also
same.
For simplicity, a constant value as a reference signal is injected
to the synchronous to obtain a desired position. However the
method works successfully for any reference signal,
particularly for any stepwise continuous time function. This
signal may be a periodic signal or any signal to get a desired
shaft position.
Equations describing the dynamics of the input circuit are
expressed as follows
" ′
∅
The dynamic equation in the lap less domain and open loop
transfer function of DC motor
(1)
(2)
! 2
#$ / &'
()*
The structure of the control system has the standard form.
Fig2: Standard Control Structure
The transfer function of the PID controller is
+ ,- . / & ,
&
' 0
1
0 1
All the design criteria cannot be met well PID controller as
other shoot increases drastically with increase in proportional
gain constant. This proportional cannot meet all the design
requirements derivative or integral controller must be added to
the controller.
2. STANDARD H∞
DESIGN:
A standard H-infinity problem [5] which introduces a weight
function to output the error is depicted in Fig. 1. The closed
loop transfer function can be represented as,
Where, W(s) is the weight function and S(s)is the sensitivity
function. In order to make the system internally stable and to
( ) ( ) ( )sSsWsTzw =
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 289
minimize the H∞
norm of Tzw(s), an optimum feedback
controller K(s) is found out by formulating an optimal H∞
control problem, as follows,
0)(min γα
=sTzw
k (3)
To minimize the H∞
norm, the controller parameters has to be
optimized. Here, the optimization is done by determining the
system parameters through GA. The GA based system
parameters optimization is detailed below.
2.1 Parameters Optimization
The GA plays a major role in optimizing the system and
controller parameters and in obtaining an optimal H∞
controller.
Let NT be the number of system parameters to be optimized.
The parameters are considered to be multi-objective parameters.
Assuming the target parameters to be the gene of the
chromosomes, arbitrary chromosomes of length NT are
generated. The generated chromosomes can be represented as,
[ ])(
1
)(
1
)(
0
i
N
ii
i T
xxxX −
= L
; ,
10 −≤≤ TNj (4)
Where, xj
(i)
is the jth
gene of ith
chromosome, NP is the
population pool and NT is the number of target parameters.
Here, the target parameters considered for optimization are Lq,
m,Rv, α and θ i.e. NT=5. Every gene of the chromosome is
generated arbitrarily within their corresponding minimum and
maximum intervals
i.e.
[ ]minmin)(
0 , qq
i
LLx ∈
,
[ ]maxmin)(
1 , vv
i
RRx ∈
,
[ ]maxmin)(
2 ,mmx i
∈
,
[ ]maxmin)(
3 ,αα∈i
x
and
[ ]maxmin)(
4 ,θθ∈i
x
.
The generated gene values are subjected to check whether it
satisfies the controllability constraints or not. If any of the
chromosomes does not satisfy the controllability constraints, a
new chromosome is generated repeatedly until it is satisfied.
The controllability constraints are checked by generating a state
space model using the gene values of the generated
chromosome. For the state space model, the controllability
matrix H is then determined. The constraint can be expressed as
N1-Hrank≤HT, where, N1 is the row size of the matrix H, Hrank is
the rank of the matrix H and HT is the controllability threshold.
Thus, Np chromosomes are generated and the population pool is
filled up.
The fitness of the chromosomes that are in the population pool
is determined. To determine the fitness of the chromosomes,
initially, matrices of dimensions A and B are determined as
follows
⋅−−
−−
⋅
=
000
0
2
3
1
)(
0
)(
3
)(
2
)(
0
)(
3
)(
2
)(
3
)(
2
)(
1
)(
3
)(
2
)(
i
ii
i
p
ii
iipi
ii
i
x
xxR
x
xx
xxx
xx
A
τ
ϕπ
τ
πϕ
(5)
=
0
1
0
1
)(
0
)(
i
i
x
B
(6)
With the matrices of dimension and the other system
parameters, the system and the process P(s) are developed as
follows
=
DC
BA
sP
ii
i
)()(
)(
)(
(7)
Where, D=0. Considering the system parameters and the plant
function, the fitness can be determined as
iNi
i
P
f
γ
1
minarg
]1,0[ −∈
=
(8)
From the fitness function, the chromosomes that have
maximum fitness are placed in the selection pool and the
optimal solution for the H∞
control problem can be determined
as
γ=∞||)(||minarg sTzw (9)
The fittest Np/2chromosomes that are present in the arbitrary
population pool are selected and they are subjected to the
genetic operations, crossover and mutation.
In the crossover operation, an exchange of genes is performed
between the two parent chromosomes. The crossover is
10 −≤≤ PNi
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 290
performed with a crossover rate of Cr i.e.Cr.NT genes are
exchanged between two parent chromosomes. Hence, a child
chromosome Xchild is obtained for a pair of parent chromosomes.
In this manner, Np/2 parent chromosomes are selected in
sequence from the selection pool and the crossover operation is
performed on them. Hence, new Np/2 child chromosomes are
obtained from the crossover operation. After crossover
operation, the chromosomes are subjected to the next genetic
operation called mutation.
Mutation is an operation that mutates the genes of the
chromosomes to obtain new chromosomes. In our approach, an
adaptive mutation is performed for fast convergence of the
solution with a mutation rate of Mr. The mutation rate decides
the number of genes to be mutated. The mutation operation
performed over a child chromosome is described as follows
• A fittest chromosome, say Xfit
, is selected from the
selection pool i.e. the chromosome which has the
maximum fitness among all the chromosomes that are
present in the selection pool
Based on the gene values of Xfit
, the remaining chromosomes
that are
• present in the selection pool are modified as follows
>−
=
<+
=
fit
j
k
jk
j
k
j
fit
j
k
j
k
j
fit
j
k
jk
j
k
j
new
j
xxif
x
x
xxifx
xxif
x
x
x k
)(
)(
)(
)()(
)(
)(
)(
;
1
;
;
1
(10)
• The genes of the obtained new chromosomes are
modified such that the following criterion is satisfied.
… (11)
In Eq. (10), xj
fit
, and xj
newk
are the genes of children
chromosomes that are obtained after performing crossover,
genes of the fittest chromosome and genes of the newly
obtained chromosome, respectively. Hence, all the genes
present in the chromosomes are modified as per the fitness
function. As this process relies on the fittest chromosome,
quick convergence can be accomplished. At the end of
mutation, Np/2 new chromosomes Xnew are obtained. For the
Np/2 new chromosomes, fitness is determined using the Eq.10.
The entire process is repeated for Imax iterations. Once it reaches
Imax iterations, the process is terminated. The chromosome with
maximum fitness present in the selection pool is chosen as the
best system parameters. On the basis of these parameters the
system and the controller are developed. The obtained optimal
H∞
controller can work satisfactorily for all the given system
parameters. Hence, the system can offer a good stabilization
over the velocity, which is considered as the system output.
From the obtained velocity, the acceleration can be determined
as
( ) bestvm mRfFdtdv // −−= (11)
Where, Fm is the output electromagnetic thrust, f is the total
friction, Rv is the damper coefficient, v is the velocity output
obtained from the system and mbest is the best mass value
obtained from the proposed technique.
3. PID
Integral term reduces the steady state error and adding
derivative term reduces the overshoot. PID controls which
small KD and Ki in this case the time required in large to go to
steady state. Design PID with appropriate Kp, kD & kI will
give satisfactory results. PID is used to get rid of the steady
state error due to disturbance. MATLAB provides tools for
automatically choosing optimal PID gains which makes to trial
and process.
The transfer function of the PI control
2 &
1
1
2 4
1
5 &
The simplified dynamic model of the pm synchronous system is
as shown below.
The pm synchronous motor and the +inverter need to be
designed to obtain a mathematical model on which it design of
the robust controller is based the inverter output current closely
follow the reference current commands owning to the closed
current loop control.
The actual motor line currents are in d-q coordinates. zq and zd
are thus assumed to be equal to their reference commands z*
q
and z*
d respectively. The vector control loop places the stator
current vector is on the q-axis and the rotor flux on the d-axis
this implies that,
z*d = zd =0 and λq=0
>
<
=
otherwisex
xxifx
xxifx
x
new
j
j
new
jj
j
new
jj
new
j
;
;
;
maxmax
minmin
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 291
The mathematical model of pm synchronous motor can be
designed in the d-q synchronous rotating reference frame by the
following three-state non-linear differential equation.
4. ROBUST –CONTROL SCHEME
Fig.3
Thus the closed loop transfer function W to Z is given by
67 '8 9 :8
;<
8 =8
The resulting closed-loop system is internally stable if and if
only the Eigen values of.
4.1 Mathematical Model Of PMSM
Research has indicated that the permanent magnet motor drive,
which include the PM synchronous Motor have became serious
competitors to the indication motor for servo applications the
PMSM has a sinusoidal back emf and require sinusoidal stator
currents to produce constant torque, PMSM is very similar to
the wound rotor synchronous M/c except that the PMSM that is
used for servo applications tends not to have any damper
windings and excitation is provided by the permanent magnet
instead of a field winding. Hence the d, q model of the PMSM
can be designed from the well known model of the synchronous
m/c with the equations of the damper windings and field
current-dynamics removed.
> ? @ ?@ AB ?B >C
>@ @? @?@ B?B >@
>B B? B?@ B?B >'
, @, B are the self inductances of the stator a-b-c phases
respectively. a-b-c phases respectively,
@, @B, B Are mutual inductances, hence three phases, based
on the rotor angle position the flux linkages can be expressed as,
>$ EC ')
> EC ') 120°
>' EC ') 120°
> HI Or max value of flux.
The electrical dynamic equations in terms of phase variables
can be written as,
J KL J#KLJ6KL
8
8
J∆ L ---- (12)
When the three phase system is symmetrical the voltage form a
balanced three phase set of sequences the sum of the set is zero
hence the phase the voltage can be expressed in state model on.
The voltage can be expressed in state model on
N O
P
Q #K N
?8
?O
?P
Q C R
0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
S N
>8
>O
>P
Q 0 N
>8
>O
>P
Q
The d-q voltage model for the PMSM in matrix form,
8
O
#K *8, *O7
*8T #K *O0
?8
?O
>C U
0
1
V
Where 8& O are the d-q axis armature voltages r = R phase
resistance.
8X
8
In electrical analysis velocity =
YZ
[
Where, 0)*& 01 ']
V= velocity of moving part
Now electromagnetic thrust is given by,
!^_ `a
3
2
!c d
e
2
f Jg8 O g868L
If C
h _ij. Ca is the mechanical rotor speed in rad/sec.
Now electromechanical torque
!k8
8 k8 K O6O
8
!k̅8
8 k8 K O6O Kg m
O
-a
3
2
!ng o O n 8 Op686Op
! C C
Where ! d
8
8
f
C, K are frequency rotor speed. P is number of pole pairs.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 292
Final the motion equation can be written as
8q
8
rj;o;sq
a
The inverter o/p currents are assumed to be very close to the
reference current commands. In the d-q co0ordinates, the motor
line currents Zq and Zd are approximated to the reference
commands Z*
q and Z*
d. Maximum torque can be obtained by
means of field oriented per ampere when the stator current is
properly placed on the q-axis and rotor flux on the d-axis.
When Zd ≈ Z*
d the maximum flux is constant. Hence torque is
directly proportional to q-axis current. The mathematical model
of PMSM is simuslated and simulation program is written in
MATLAB and used to verify the basic operation.
The mathematical model is capable of simulating the steady
state as well as dynamic respectively.
8kO
8 O kO >$m / O (13)
# - t _C
- 6O Where
uhv
If the PMSM is driven by const-current-source inverter the zq is
known as acts as excitation current.
Here the internal motor characteristics and current feedback
control play an important role in establishing.
A simplified
To obtain the max torque/amp than the three phase current
command can be determined as follows.
N
?∗
?@
∗
?B
∗
Q R
') 1+
') 120° 1+ 120°
') 120° 1+ 120°
S
?8
∗
?O
∗
(14)
?∗
, ?@
∗
, ?B
∗
are stationary frame a, b, c axis currents. ?8
∗
, ?O
∗
are
stationary frame d-q axis current commands.
5. DESIGN OF H∞
CONTROLLER
H∞
optimization has emerged on a unfair tool for Robust
control system design. The H∞
theory has sound back ground
for handling model uncertainties. And diff system operating
conditions, H∞
control design can early combine several
specifications such as disturbance attenuation, tracking,
Bandwidth, and Robust stabilizes into a single minimum
frequency domain probe using with mixed sensitivity
approaches loop shaping design procedure by mc far lane [7] in
this approach H∞
controller band on mix sensitivity approach is
synthesized for a plant transfer function designed for PMSM.
Using robust control tool box of MATLAB software the
optimization problem is solved by using this genetic algorithm
approach, selecting weights to obtain better performance and
robustness.
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 11 | Nov-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 293
CONCLUSIONS
The performance of H∞
controller in stabilizing the
accelarattion and velocity of PMSM has considerabaly
improved as compared with PID controller. All the time
domain specificaitons have been met with a broader margin.
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