Revival of islam
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This document discusses several important Islamic scholars and reformers from India, including Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi, Shah Wali-Ullah, Syed Ahmed Shaheed, and Ahmed Shah Abdali. It provides biographical details and summaries of their teachings and efforts to reform religious practices and socio-political conditions in India, promote Islamic values, and resist foreign influence through non-violent means or by rallying support for military campaigns. It also examines the objectives, factors of success and failure of the movement launched by Syed Ahmed Shaheed against the Sikhs in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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The document provides an overview of the historical origins and basic beliefs of several major world religions, including:
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World war ii
The document provides background information on World War 1 and 2. It discusses the key events and consequences of WW1 including the Treaty of Versailles, establishment of the League of Nations, and dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires. For WW2, it outlines the allied and axis powers and covers the major invasions by both sides during the war. It also summarizes the Yalta Conference and consequences of WW2 such as the Cold War and establishment of the UN.
World w ar i
The document defines war as an armed contest between independent political units using military force to pursue policy goals. It discusses the causes of World War 1, including nationalism, alliances, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The key events of the war are summarized, from the Schlieffen Plan to the Christmas truce. Major consequences included the collapse of several empires, emergence of new states, and the signing of peace treaties like Versailles.
Week no 2 (5 12) international organizations
The document provides information on several international organizations including the United Nations, European Union, NATO, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Non-Alignment Movement, and other regional organizations such as the Asian Development Bank, Commonwealth, and World Trade Organization. It outlines the purpose, structure, and membership of these different intergovernmental organizations.
Week no 1 (1 4) history of pakistan
This document provides a summary of the history of Pakistan from ancient times to its independence in 1947. It discusses the arrival of various groups including Aryans, Muslims, Portuguese, and English. Key events leading to the establishment of Pakistan are highlighted such as the Minto-Morley Reforms, the Lahore Resolution of 1940, and the independence of Pakistan in 1947. The administrative units and political map of Pakistan are also briefly outlined.
Origin of universe and life
The solar system consists of the Sun and objects that orbit around it. It formed from a large cloud of gas and dust collapsing under gravity around 4.6 billion years ago. The Sun provides energy to the solar system in the form of radiation. There are 8 major planets that orbit the Sun at varying distances and speeds, with Earth being the third planet from the Sun.
Map reading, geography and geographic terms
This document provides an overview of map reading and geography of Asia. It defines key concepts in cartography like types of maps. It then discusses key geographical features of Asia like its large landmass, diverse climates and weather, and desert regions. Major countries are identified by area and population. The document outlines the major civilizations that originated in Asia and demographics on religion and population across the continent.
Cold and post cold war
The document summarizes Pakistan's foreign policy approaches during different eras of the Cold War:
1. Era of Neutrality (1947-1953): Pakistan remained neutral and did not join military alliances in the early Cold War period.
2. Era of Alliances (1954-1962): Pakistan joined anti-communist alliances like CENTO and SEATO for economic and military aid but reconsidered due to lack of US support on Kashmir.
3. Post-Cold War (1990-2001): With the Soviet Union's collapse, Pakistan faced pressure to rollback its nuclear program and was sidelined on Kashmir by the sole superpower US.
realism and idealism
The document provides an overview of realism and idealism in international relations. [1] Realism emphasizes that nation-states are motivated by national interests and pursue power, while idealism stresses peace and cooperation between states. [2] The document outlines the key assumptions and types of realism, and discusses thinkers like Thomas Hobbes and the Peloponnesian War. [3] It also defines idealism as promoting universal ethics, peace, and limiting the use of military force between states.
Final pp of ir
This document provides an overview of Marxism by discussing capitalism, socialism, and communism. It defines capitalism as an economic system where private owners control trade and industry for profit, noting consequences like income inequality and pollution. Socialism is described as a system where the population collectively owns production and wealth is distributed more equally. Finally, communism is defined as a political system with complete government control over a collectively owned economy with no private property and where people work and share resources based on their abilities and needs.
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This document provides an overview of the development of international relations in 6 stages:
1) Pre-state relations including the decline of Rome, the role of the church, and rise of monarchs and nobles
2) The age of the territorial state
3) The age of the nation state including innovations, wars, revolutions, and the modern nation state system
4) Non-Western politics including colonialism and imperialism
5) The 20th century including industrialism, World War I, and the division of the world after World War II
6) The post-Cold War world
It then provides more details on some of the subtopics within these stages, such as the political and economic impacts of
24 population policies and disease
China implemented population policies in the 1970s which reduced its fertility rate from 6 to 2.5 by 2015, while India's birth rate fell from 4.7 to 2.5 over the same period. Some states took pronatalist approaches due to lack of education and beliefs that population isn't a problem and governments can afford it, but coercive population policies limit individual freedom and have caused issues like coerced abortion, favoring male children, child brides, and tensions between communism and democracy. Infant mortality has declined while HIV/AIDS remains a major global problem, infecting and killing millions each year.
14 b wto
The document discusses the history and evolution of international trade organizations from GATT to the modern World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes how GATT was established in 1947 to promote global free trade but lacked enforcement capabilities. Key points include:
- GATT negotiations led to trade liberalization but favored developed nations.
- The WTO was established in 1995 to replace GATT and provide stronger rules and a dispute resolution process.
- The document also outlines important regional trade agreements like NAFTA, ASEAN, and EU/US negotiations on T-TIP.
- Both global and regional approaches aim to reduce trade barriers but have different impacts on developed vs. developing economies.
Lecture no. 4
This document defines disease and classifies major types as infectious, deficiency, hereditary, and physiological. It then focuses on three global diseases: HIV/AIDS, cancer, and coronavirus. For each, it discusses causes, symptoms, prevention methods, and how they spread. HIV/AIDS damages the immune system and can lead to AIDS. Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth. Coronaviruses cause illnesses like COVID-19 with symptoms like fever and cough. Prevention strategies for all three include avoiding risk factors, practicing good hygiene, and social distancing. The document also briefly mentions some other diseases.
Lecture no. 3
The document discusses several global diseases including HIV/AIDS, cancer, and coronavirus. It describes the causes, symptoms, and prevention methods for each disease. HIV/AIDS progresses to AIDS after 8-10 years of untreated infection and severely damages the immune system. Cancer refers to abnormal cell growth that can infiltrate tissues. Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause illnesses like the common cold, SARS, and MERS. The COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the importance of prevention through social distancing and hand washing. Understanding these widespread diseases helps combat their health impacts around the world.
Lecture no. 2
This document summarizes key topics related to the environment and pollution from an international relations textbook. It discusses collective goods like a sustainable natural environment and the tragedy of the commons involving resource depletion. It then covers various solutions to environmental collective action problems like regimes, international organizations, and epistemic communities. Specific issues covered include global warming, its causes from greenhouse gas emissions, and impacts like sea level rise and weather changes. The UN Environment Program and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are mentioned as responses. The Kyoto Protocol and efforts to replace it like the Paris Agreement are also summarized. Ozone depletion, the causes and impacts, and the Montreal Protocol response are briefly outlined as well.
Lecture no. 1
The document provides information about several international organizations:
The United Nations was formed in 1945 to promote international cooperation and peace. It has pillars focused on security, economic development, and human rights. The UN has programs and agencies like UNICEF, UNHCR, and autonomous bodies including the WHO.
NATO was formed in 1949 by Western countries to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. Its main purpose is to protect member allies under Article 5. The US funds three quarters of NATO's budget.
The Non-Aligned Movement was established in 1961 by countries not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It aims to promote cooperation and represent the interests of developing countries.
The Organization of Islamic
International relations recap
The document provides an overview of international relations and world wars. It defines key terms like world war and discusses the major Allied and Central powers in World War I and II. It outlines some of the major causes of each war such as nationalism, militarism, alliances, and the consequences of World War I like the Treaty of Versailles. Key events of both world wars are summarized such as invasions by the Axis powers and responses by Allied powers. The document also discusses the origins and impacts of the Cold War that followed World War II.
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The document discusses several topics related to international economics including:
1) Supply and demand factors that influence currency values such as a government printing money which can lower prices but increase inflation, and political stability influencing demand.
2) Achieving currency stability is difficult as exchange rates are unpredictable and disrupt business planning, and countries may prefer a lower value currency to promote exports.
3) Foreign direct investment can take horizontal, vertical and conglomerate forms, and has benefits like economic growth but also risks like disrupting local industries.
Lecture no. 18 currency system
This document provides an overview of global currency systems and exchange rates. It discusses different types of currencies including hard currencies from stable countries/superpowers that can be readily converted to major currencies, and soft currencies from less stable countries that carry higher investment risk. The document also outlines historic currency systems like the gold standard and Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates, as well as current floating exchange rate systems. Hyperinflation is defined as an extreme rise in prices that some developing nations have experienced.
Lecture no. 17 world trade organization and regional trade agreement
The document discusses various trade organizations and agreements including:
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was established in 1947 and became the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
- Important rounds of GATT negotiations including the Kennedy, Tokyo, and Uruguay rounds which established the WTO and expanded trade rules.
- Regional trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the US, Canada, and Mexico, and proposals for further agreements in other regions.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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Revival of islam
- 3. Tomb of Imam, Sirhindi, East Punjab, India
- 6. Fort of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
- 7. ShahWali-Ullah Date of Birth: 1703 Date of Death: 1761
- 10. Translation of Holy Quran Fiqah Carved out the necessity of Ijtihad Wrote pamphlet on the principles of Ijtihad and Taqleed
- 11. Efforts for Socio-Political integration Adl (Justice) Politics, Society, Freedom, and Govt. dependence upon it Tawazan (Equilibrium) Healthy Economic conditions dependence upon it Equal distribution of wealth-Marxim Gair-Tawazan: causes poverty, conflict, acquiring by force Irtifaqat (stage of human/ social evolution) Families Villages Cities/States Caliph/Ruler: It is highest development of society
- 12. EffortsfortheSurvivalofMughalempire Returned to India-1732 Disturbance and invasions of Nadir Shah brought the Mughgals to disaster. Wrote letter to rulers to Unite Invited Ahmed Shah Abdali Third Battle of Panipat Literary Works Hujat-ullah-al-Balegah Almasol-Mustafa Khilfatul-Khulfa and Izlatul-Khifa
- 15. و سندھ و ہند رسوم تمامی محمدی خالف کہ را روم عربی ﷺ از زیادتی یا باشد ترک شود صحابہ طریقہ
- 16. Syed Ahmed Shaheed Date of Birth: 1786-Rai Barelvi Date of Death: 1832-Balakot He made no progess at Mktab and took more interest in sports, games, and outdoor activities. In his childhood he used to say that he would wage a Jihad against the atheists.
- 17. Education FirstPhase:Islamic Education At the age of 18; joined Abdul Aziz and learnt Arabic and Persian SecondPhase:MilitaryTraining Joined Nawab Amir Khan of Tong and left him after 7 years
- 18. Teaching of Syed Ahmed Shaheed Fight against corrupt practice and innovations Attitude towards Taqleed (conformity) and Ijtihad (Individual Judgement) Reforms of Sufism Political Aims and Objects
- 19. The Mystic Order & …
- 21. Factorsfavorableforthis movement The leaders possessed high spiritual, moral and physical qualities His companions were sincere, faithful, and brave He had with him, good scholar to convince public for Jihad Shah Wali-ullah’s family had already prepared ground for it
- 22. Collection of Army From Delhi- Masjid Alla- Abadi Hur Mujahedin Pathan and Afghan Mujahidin Shah Ismail Army Total Army
- 23. Center
- 24. Cause of Failure Absence of cooperation, military, funds, ect. Collection of zakat, ushar, but no distribution Forced marriages with Afghan ladies: Khan of Khaishgi & Khan of Khattak Punishment of Lashes