The document discusses various trade organizations and agreements including:
- The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was established in 1947 and became the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
- Important rounds of GATT negotiations including the Kennedy, Tokyo, and Uruguay rounds which established the WTO and expanded trade rules.
- Regional trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the US, Canada, and Mexico, and proposals for further agreements in other regions.
- Other existing regional organizations and trade blocs in Asia (ASEAN), South America (Mercosur), the Caribbean (CARICOM), and former Soviet states (CIS).
About PTA, Indian PTA, level of economic integration, Pros cons, Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral, indian few PTA, FTA, Chile, Mercosur, Malaysia, AFGHANISTAN, TAHILAND, BANGLADESH, JAPAN.
this will help us all understand the principles of the WTO and how they already work to eliminate discrimination, increase predictability, openness, etc.
About PTA, Indian PTA, level of economic integration, Pros cons, Unilateral, bilateral and multilateral, indian few PTA, FTA, Chile, Mercosur, Malaysia, AFGHANISTAN, TAHILAND, BANGLADESH, JAPAN.
this will help us all understand the principles of the WTO and how they already work to eliminate discrimination, increase predictability, openness, etc.
181 Chapter 6Supranational Organizations and Intern.docxaulasnilda
181
Chapter 6
Supranational Organizations
and International Institutions
“Mankind always takes up only such problems as it thinks it can solve.”
—Albert O. Hirschman
Chapter ObjeCtives
this chapter will:
• Identify major international trade organizations, such as the World Trade
Organization and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development,
and the roles they play in shaping the international business environment
• Describe the major financial institutions, such as the World Bank and
the International Finance Corporation, and the assistance they provide in
channeling financial resources to developing countries
• Review the growth of regional financial institutions and their important
positions as providers of financial resources
BaCkground
Increasing economic, financial, and commercial interdependence among nations of the
world after World War II created a need to coordinate international action and policies
to secure the smooth flow of trade. Apart from regular, periodic meetings of officials
and business leaders from different countries, these nations recognized a need for the
establishment of permanent organizations to provide stability and continuity to the
process of international economic interchange. Some supranational bodies were set
up in the period immediately following World War II, while more were established
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EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 12/12/2018 2:22 PM via BARRY UNIV
AN: 929355 ; Ajami, Riad A., Goddard, G. Jason.; International Business : Theory and Practice
Account: s8987890.main.ehost
182 Chapter 6 • Supranational Organizations and International Institutions
in the following decades. Two major categories of international organizations can be
identified as those having a global focus and those set up to meet the needs of particular
regions.
general agreeMent on tariFFs and trade
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established initially as
a temporary measure to reduce trade barriers among its founding members. Since its
inception in 1947, GATT evolved into a permanent body to include most industrial and
developing countries, excluding those of the socialist bloc.
GATT was originally established to avoid the kind of competitive protectionism
that had plagued international trade in the period between the two world wars, which
was reflected in high tariff barriers and a major slump in trade volumes. The objectives
of GATT—liberalization of international trade restrictions and the lowering of tariff
barriers—were to be achieved by multilateral negotiations and voluntarily agreed-upon
rules of conduct. As a permanent international body, GAT ...
This presentation talks about the intellectual property rights and the various treaties related to them, their history and functions, GATT, WTO, International Agreements, Madrid Protocol, TRIPS and Berne Convention are given in detail. The presentation will give you an overview of how IPR works in trade relalated aspects throughout the world, across international borders.
In a highly competitive global world, mastering international business administration is becoming necessary for managers worldwide to successfully perform diverse business activities with other parties in different countries.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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3. GATT
“General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) A
World organization established in 1947 to work for
freer trade on a multilateral basis, the GATT was more
of a negotiating framework than an administrative
institution. It became WTO in 1995”. (Joshua.p.264)
4. Aims and Objectives-GATT
To follow unconditionally most favoured nation (MFN)
principles
To carry on trade on the principle on non-discrimination,
reciprocity and transparency
To grant protection to domestic industry through tariffs only.
To liberalize tariffs and non-tariff measures through
multilateral negotiations
5. Most Favoured Nation
“A Principle by which one state, by granting
another state MFN status, promises to give it
the same treatment given to the first state’s
most-favoured trading partner”. (Joshua.p.264)
6. GATT, MFN
Principle
• Non discrimination
• Concession granted by one member should extend to all members.
• reduction or increase in trade barriers will be for all.
• Trade would have to be based on reciprocity.
• Non tariff barriers (NTBs) such as quantitative restrictions, were to be
prohibited.
• States confine themselves to tariffs operated by price rather than volume.
8. Conference
Diplomacy:
Important
Rounds of
GATT
Kennedy Rounds-1960s
It is called Kennedy Round because started during the President John Kennedy, it
paid special attention to the growing role of European integration, which the
United States found somewhat threatening.
Tokyo Rounds-1970s
This round adjusted rules of new conditions of world interdependence when, for
instance, OPEC raised oil prices and Japan began to dominate the automobile
export business.
Uruguay Rounds-1986
The participant said GATT be renamed the “General Agreement to Talk and Talk”,
a successful conclusion to the round would add more than $100 billion to the
world economy annually. During this round they agreed to set up WTO. Besides
US also forced European state to reduce subsidies US somewhat gained its
objective, France won the right to protect its film industry against US films.
9. Important Provisions of the Uruguay
Rounds of Talks
Rules to protect intellectual poverty rights of entrepreneurs, entertainment,
industries, and software produces
Lower tariff and non tariff barriers for manufactured products and other
goods
formation of new competition in agriculture
full participation by the developing countries in global trading system
More effective rules on anti-dumping, subsidies, and import safeguards
a more effective dispute settlement process
Creation of World Trade Organization to implement this agreement
10. Criticism
on
GATT
Every developed country followed such agricultural trade policies which were inconsistent with the GATT
rules.
Developed countries developed new techniques of trade restrictions such as quota, subsidies, voluntary
export restraints.
Developed countries concluded bilateral, discriminatory and restriction outside of the GATT rules.
GATT rules on the subsidies were not clear, or were kept deliberately ambiguous.
12. WTO
“An organization begun in 1995 that replaced the
GATT and expanded its traditional focus on
manufactured goods. The WTO created monitoring
and enforcement mechanism”. (Joshua.p.283)
13. WTO and
Third
World
Countries
However, the fact is that international free trade doesn’t increase over all world economic growth. Rather, it
increases the economic growth of the developed countries at the cost of Third world countries.
The third world countries being unable to produce manufactured goods will not be able to compete with
the developed countries which produce finished goods.
The result of WTO supervision of the agreement of free trade will increase the market, for the developed
countries and in this process the under-developed countries
And in this process the imported goods from industrial nations thereby destroying domestic manufacturers.
WTO treaty would add more than 200 billion dollars in the world income, 174 billion dollar out of them
would go the developed countries.
15. NAFTA
The United State, Canada, and Mexico singed
the North America Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) in 1994, following a US Canadian
(CUFTA-1988) free trade agreement in 1998. In
NAFTA’s first decade. US imports from both
Mexico and Canada more than doubled, then
fell somewhat. (USMCA), HQ: Washington DC
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cwY7fHNnrM
17. FTAA
Politicians in North and South America have long
spoken of creating a single free trade area in the
Western Hemisphere, from Alaska to Argentina-the Free
Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). To empower him to
do so, President Clinton asked congress in 1997 to
reinstate fast-track legislation. But democrats in
Congress defeated the measure, demanding that free
trade agreement include requirements for labour and
environment standards for other countries.
19. ASEAN-1967
In 2007, the ten Association of South East Asia Nations
countries met with China, Japan, India, Australia, and New
Zealand to begin negotiation an East Asian free trade area.
The group, unlike some other Asia Pacific IGOs, doesn’t
include the United Sates, but it does include half the world’s
population and some of its most dynamic economies. In
2010, a free trade area went into effect among these
countries. The ASEAN-China FTA is the world’s third largest
free trade area, after the EU and NAFTA.
20. T-TIP
EU and US officials are currently
negotiating the Transatlantic Trade and
Investment (T-TIP), which would lower
tariffs and lower barriers to investment
between the US and the EU.
21.
22. CIS
Commonwealth of Independence States (CIS)
formed by 12 former Soviet republic, remains
economically integrated, although Georgia quit
after its 2008 war with Russia. It was previously a
free trade zone by virtue of being part of single
state with integrated transportation,
communication, and other infrastructure links.
23.
24. MERRCOSUR
The South Cone Common Market (MERRCOSUR),
begun in the early 1990s with Brazil, Argentina,
Uruguay, and Paraguay, which opposed letting
Venezuela in. after Paraguay’s president was hastily
impeached in 2012, Brazil engineered Paraguay’s
suspension from MERCOSUR for ten months, during
which Venezuela was admitted. Chile, Bolivia,
Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru have joined as associate
members.
25.
26. CARICOM
A Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM) was
created in 1973, but the area is neither larger nor rich
enough to make regional free trade a very important
accelerator of economic growth, in 1969, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia created a group non known as
the Andean Community of Nations, which had
modest success and counts the MERCOSUR
members as associate members.