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Respiratory failure
1.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Respiratory Failure Ms . Amandeep KaurMs . Amandeep Kaur M.M.College of NursingM.M.College of Nursing
2.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
3.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
4.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Results from inadequate gas exchangeResults from inadequate gas exchange Insufficient O2 transferred to the blood Hypoxemia Inadequate CO2 removal Hypercapnia
5.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Gas Exchange Unit
6.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Not a disease but a conditionNot a disease but a condition Result of one or more diseasesResult of one or more diseases involving the lungs or other bodyinvolving the lungs or other body systemssystems
7.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Classification of Respiratory Failure Fig. 68-2
8.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Range of V/Q Relationships Fig. 68-4
9.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 1. Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch1. Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch COPD Pneumonia Asthma Atelectasis Pulmonary embolus
10.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
11.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 2. Shunt Anatomic shunt Intrapulmonary shunt An extreme V/Q mismatch
12.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 3. Diffusion limitation Severe emphysema Recurrent pulmonary emboli Pulmonary fibrosis Hypoxemia present during exercise
13.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Diffusion Limitation Fig. 68-5
14.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 4. Alveolar hypoventilation Restrictive lung disease CNS disease Chest wall dysfunction Neuromuscular disease
15.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 5. Interrelationship of mechanisms5. Interrelationship of mechanisms Combination of two or more physiologic mechanisms
16.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 1. Imbalance between ventilatory1. Imbalance between ventilatory supply and demandsupply and demand
17.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 2. Airways and alveoli2. Airways and alveoli Asthma Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Cystic fibrosis
18.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 3. Central nervous system3. Central nervous system Drug overdose Brainstem infarction Spinal chord injuries
19.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 4. Chest wall4. Chest wall Flail chest Fractures Mechanical restriction Muscle spasm
20.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure Etiology and Pathophysiology 5. Neuromuscular conditions5. Neuromuscular conditions Muscular dystrophy Multiple sclerosis
21.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Clinical Manifestations Sudden or gradual onsetSudden or gradual onset A suddenA sudden decrease in PaOdecrease in PaO22 or rapidor rapid increase in PaCOincrease in PaCO22 indicates a seriousindicates a serious conditioncondition
22.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Clinical Manifestations When compensatory mechanismsWhen compensatory mechanisms fail, respiratory failure occursfail, respiratory failure occurs Signs may be specific or nonspecificSigns may be specific or nonspecific
23.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Clinical Manifestations Severe morning headacheSevere morning headache CyanosisCyanosis Late sign Tachycardia and mild hypertensionTachycardia and mild hypertension Early signs
24.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Clinical Manifestations Consequences of hypoxemia andConsequences of hypoxemia and hypoxiahypoxia Metabolic acidosis and cell death Decreased cardiac output Impaired renal function
25.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Clinical Manifestations Specific clinical manifestationsSpecific clinical manifestations Rapid, shallow breathing pattern Tripod position Dyspnea
26.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Clinical Manifestations Specific clinical manifestationsSpecific clinical manifestations Pursed-lip breathing Retractions Change in I:E ratio
27.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Diagnostic Studies History and physical assessmentHistory and physical assessment ABG analysisABG analysis Chest x-rayChest x-ray CBC, sputum/blood cultures, electrolytesCBC, sputum/blood cultures, electrolytes ECGECG UrinalysisUrinalysis V/Q lung scanV/Q lung scan Pulmonary artery catheter (severe cases)Pulmonary artery catheter (severe cases)
28.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Treatment Goals O2 therapyO2 therapy Mobilization of secretionsMobilization of secretions Positive pressure ventilation(PPV)Positive pressure ventilation(PPV)
29.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. O2 Therapy If secondary to V/Q mismatch- 1-3L or 24%-If secondary to V/Q mismatch- 1-3L or 24%- 32% by mask32% by mask If secondary to intrapulmonary shunt- positiveIf secondary to intrapulmonary shunt- positive pressure ventilation-PPVpressure ventilation-PPV May be via ET tube Tight fitting mask **Goal is PaO2 of 55-60 with SaO2 at 90% or more at lowest O2 concentration possible **O2 at high concentrations for longer than 48 hours causes O2 toxicity
30.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. O2 toxicity Oxygen toxicity may occur when too high aOxygen toxicity may occur when too high a concentration of oxygen (greater than 50%) isconcentration of oxygen (greater than 50%) is administered for an extended period(longeradministered for an extended period(longer than 48 hours).than 48 hours). It is caused by overproduction of oxygen freeIt is caused by overproduction of oxygen free radicals, which are byproducts of cellradicals, which are byproducts of cell metabolism. If oxygen toxicity is untreated,metabolism. If oxygen toxicity is untreated, these radicals can severely damage or kill cells.these radicals can severely damage or kill cells.
31.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contd.... Signs and symptoms of oxygen toxicitySigns and symptoms of oxygen toxicity include:include: substernal discomfort,substernal discomfort, paresthesias,paresthesias, dyspnea,dyspnea, restlessness, fatigue, malaise,restlessness, fatigue, malaise, progressiveprogressive respiratory difficulty, andrespiratory difficulty, and alveolar infiltrates evident onchest x-alveolar infiltrates evident onchest x- rays.rays.
32.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Prevention of oxygen toxicity If high concentrations of oxygen are necessary, it isIf high concentrations of oxygen are necessary, it is important to minimize the duration of administrationimportant to minimize the duration of administration and reduce its concentration as soon as possible.and reduce its concentration as soon as possible. Often, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) orOften, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is usedcontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is used with oxygen therapy to reverse or preventwith oxygen therapy to reverse or prevent microatelectasis, thus allowing a lower percentage ofmicroatelectasis, thus allowing a lower percentage of oxygen to be used.oxygen to be used. The level of PEEP that allows the best oxygenationThe level of PEEP that allows the best oxygenation without hemodynamic compromise is known as “bestwithout hemodynamic compromise is known as “best PEEPPEEP
33.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mobilization of secretions Effective coughing- quad cough(asisst cough), huffEffective coughing- quad cough(asisst cough), huff cough(own gentle way to cough ), staged cough(seriescough(own gentle way to cough ), staged cough(series of deep breaths, then one little cough…..so on)of deep breaths, then one little cough…..so on) Positioning- Head of bed 45 degrees or recliner chairPositioning- Head of bed 45 degrees or recliner chair or bedor bed “Good lung down” Hydration - fluid intake 2-3 L/dayHydration - fluid intake 2-3 L/day Humidification- aerosol treatments- mucolytic agentsHumidification- aerosol treatments- mucolytic agents Chest PT- postural drainage, percussion andChest PT- postural drainage, percussion and vibrationvibration Airway suctioningAirway suctioning
34.
Copyright © 2007,
2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Positive Pressure Ventilation Invasively through oro or nasotrachealInvasively through oro or nasotracheal intubationintubation Noninvasively( NIPPV) through maskNoninvasively( NIPPV) through mask Used for acute and chronic respiratory failure BiPAP- different levels of pressure for inspiration and expiration- (IPAP) higher for inspiration, (EPAP) lower for expiration CPAP- for sleep apnea **Used best in chronic resp failure in patients with chest wall and neuromuscular disease, also with HF and COPD.
35.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Drug Therapy Relief of bronchospasm- bronchodilatorsRelief of bronchospasm- bronchodilators Reduction of airway inflammation-Reduction of airway inflammation- Corticosteroids by inhalation or IVCorticosteroids by inhalation or IV Reduction of pulmonary congestion-diureticsReduction of pulmonary congestion-diuretics and nitroglycerine with heart failure-and nitroglycerine with heart failure- Treatment of pulmonary infections- IVTreatment of pulmonary infections- IV antibiotics, vancomycinantibiotics, vancomycin Reduction of anxiety, pain and agitationReduction of anxiety, pain and agitation May need sedation or neuromuscularMay need sedation or neuromuscular blocking agent if on ventilatorblocking agent if on ventilator
36.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nutrition During acute phase- enteral orDuring acute phase- enteral or parenteral nutritionparenteral nutrition In a hypermetabolic state- needIn a hypermetabolic state- need more caloriesmore calories If retain CO2- avoid high carb diet
37.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nursing and Collaborative Management Nursing AssessmentNursing Assessment Health information Health history Medications Surgery
38.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Nursing and Collaborative Management Nursing AssessmentNursing Assessment Functional health patterns Health perception–health management Nutritional-metabolic Activity-exercise Sleep-rest Cognitive-perceptual Coping–stress tolerance
39.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Nursing and Collaborative Management Nursing AssessmentNursing Assessment Physical assessment General Integumentary Respiratory Cardiovascular Gastrointestinal Neurologic Laboratory findings
40.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Nursing and Collaborative Management Nursing DiagnosesNursing Diagnoses Impaired gas exchange Ineffective airway clearance Ineffective breathing pattern Risk for fluid volume imbalance Anxiety Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements
41.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Nursing and Collaborative Management Planning: Overall goalsPlanning: Overall goals ABG values within patient’s baseline Breath sounds within patient’s baseline No dyspnea or breathing patterns within patient’s baseline Effective cough and ability to clear secretions
42.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Nursing and Collaborative Management PreventionPrevention Thorough history and physical assessment to identify at-risk patients Early recognition of respiratory distress
43.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Nursing and Collaborative Management Respiratory therapyRespiratory therapy Oxygen therapy: Delivery system should Be tolerated by the patient Maintain PaO2 at 55 to 60 mm Hg or more and SaO2 at 90% or more at the lowest O2 concentration possible
44.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Nursing and Collaborative Management Respiratory therapyRespiratory therapy Mobilization of secretions Hydration and humidification Chest physical therapy Airway suctioning Effective coughing and positioning
45.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Nursing and Collaborative Management Respiratory therapyRespiratory therapy Positive pressure ventilation (PPV) Noninvasive PPV BiPAP CPAP
46.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Noninvasive PPV Fig. 68-7
47.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved.
48.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Gerontologic Considerations Physiologic aging results inPhysiologic aging results in ↓ Ventilatory capacity Alveolar dilation Larger air spaces Loss of surface area Diminished elastic recoil Decreased respiratory muscle strength ↓ Chest wall compliance
49.
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2004, 2000, Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All Rights Reserved. Acute Respiratory Failure Gerontologic Considerations Lifelong smokingLifelong smoking Poor nutritional statusPoor nutritional status Less available physiologic reserveLess available physiologic reserve Cardiovascular Respiratory Autonomic nervous system