The document discusses hospital-acquired infections, including definitions, types, causes, microorganisms involved, and methods for infection control and prevention. It notes that hospital-acquired infections lead to approximately 90,000 unnecessary deaths in the US each year. Effective infection control requires breaking the chain of infection through measures like standard safety precautions, immunization, isolation, hygiene, and environmental cleaning. Nurses play an important role in implementing infection control practices and educating patients.

1. Ms. Amandeep Kaur
Nursing Tutor
MMCON

2. INTRODUCTION
 Infection is the one of the leading causes of the
preventable death in hospitals Every year. The center
of disease control and prevention estimated that there
are approximately 2 million preventable infections in
the hospital every year, leading to 90000 unnecessary
deaths.

3. DEFINITION OF INFECTION
 An infection the entry and multiplication of an
infectious agent in tissues of host.

4. TYPES OF INFECTION
 1. Generalized or systemic infection
 2. Localized infection

5. CHAIN OF INFECTION

6. THE INFECTIOUS PROCESS

7. COURSE OF INFECTION BY
STAGES
 1. Incubation Period
 2. Prodromal Stage
 3. Illness Stage
 4. Convalescene

8. INDIVIDUALS AT RISK OF
INFECTION
 1. Medical staff
 2. Clients
 3. Community

9. INFECTION RISK OR
PROBALITY
 1. Immunity
 2. Quantity of agent
 3. Agent virulence
 4. Duration of exposure

10. TYPES OF INFECTION BASED
ON SOURCE
 1. Community acquired infection.
 2. Hospital acquired infection.

11. DEFINITION OF HOSPITAL
ACQUIRED INFECTION
 A hospital acquired infection is usually one that first
appear 3 days after a patient is admitted to a hospital
or other health facility.

12. HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED
COMMON INFECTIONS
 1. Urinary tract infections.
 2. Surgical wound infection.
 3. Respiratory tract infections.
 4. Catheter related blood stream infections, etc.

13. SOURCES OF HOSPITAL
ACQUIRED INFECTION
 1. Endogenous.
 2. Exogenous.

14. RISK AREAS
 1. Nurseries.
 2. ICU.
 3. Dialysis units.
 4. Transplant units.
 5. Emergency units.
 6. Oncology ward.
 7. Operation theatre.
 8. Delivery room.
 9. Post operative room.

15. COMMON MICROORGANISMS
IN HOSPITAL/ICU
 1. Staphylococcus aureus
 2. Enterococcus
 3. Pseudomonas
 4. Klebsiella
 5. E.coli
 6. HIV
 7. Hepatitis B
 8. Hepatitis C
 9. Cytomegalovirus
 10. Candida
 11. Protozoa
 12. Mycobacterium

16. GOALS OF
INFECTION CONTROL
 1. Immunization
 2. Defining pre-causations
 3. Restricting exposure
 4. Protecting the patient and medical staff
 5. Reducing number of pathogens
 6. Implementing high standard

17. IMPORTANCE OF
INFECTION CONTROL
 1. Prevent post procedure infection
 2. Provide High quality and safe services
 3. Prevent infections in service providers
 4. Protect the community
 5. Prevent antibiotic resistance
 6. Lower the cost of health care services

20. INFECTION CONTROL
PROGRAME
 Need for infection control programs

21. FUNCTIONS OF INFECTION
CONTROL PROGRAME
 Set relevant national objectives
 Develop and periodically update guidelines
 Develop a national system for monitoring
 Harmonize initial and continue training programs
 Facilitates access to materials of hygiene and safety
 Encourage health care establishments to monitor
nosocomial infections.

22. COMPONETS OF INFECTION
CONTROL PROGRAME
 Standard and additional precautions
 Education and training of health care workers
 Protection of health care workers (immunization)
 Identification of hazards and minimizing risks.
 Routine practices (asepsis)

23. Cont…
 Effective work practices and procedures
 Surveillance
 Incident monitoring
 Outbreak investigation
 Infection control and specific situations and research

24. ORGANIZATION OF AN INFECTION
CONTROL PROGRAM
 The hospital administrator/ head of institute should-
 Establish an infection control committee which will in
turn appoint an infection control team
 Provide adequate resources

25. INFECTION CONTROL
TEAM/COMMITTEE
 Members
 Functions

26. INFECTION CONTROL
MANUAL
 Containing rules, regulations regarding patient care,
waste disposal and management, instructions and
practices.

27. EDUCATION AND TRAING OF
HEALTH CARE STAFF
 Assess needs of the staff and provide required training
 Organize regular training program
 Provide periodic re-training
 Review the effectiveness of training

28. INFECTION CONTROL
MEASURES
 BREAKING THE CHAIN OF INFECTION

29. 1. CONTROL OR ELIMINATION
OF INFECTIOUS AGENT
 •Cleaning
 •Asepsis
 •Disinfection
 •Sterilization

30. 2. CONTROL OR ELIMINATION
OF RESSERVOIRS
 • Employee health (immunization)
 • Hospital environment
 • Handling of linen
 • Pest control
 • Visitors control

31. 3. CONTROL OF PORTAL OF
EXIT
 Practice Aseptic precautions
 Using Personal protective equipment's
 Careful handing of waste
 Coughing etiquette

32. 4. CONTROL OF
TRANSMISSION
 Contact precautions
 Droplet precautions
 Airborne precautions
 Vector control/pest control
 Isolation
 Hygienic cooking and handling of food

33. 5. CONTROL OF PORTAL OF
ENTRY
 Maintain skin integrity
 Preventing injuries/Bed sores
 Maintain frequent oral hygiene
 Closed dressing to wound
 Ensure patient hygiene
 Periodic changing of catheters

34. 6. PROTECTING
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
 Encourage proper immunization
 Adequate nutrition
 Patient education
 Isolation / separate room
 Prophylactic antibiotics

36. DEFINITION OF STANDARD
SAFETY MEASURES
 Set of practices designed to prevent the transmission
of HIV, hepatitis B, and other blood borne pathogens
(bacteria and viruses)

37. STANDARD SAFETY
MEASURES / PRECAUTIONS
 1. Hand hygiene
 2. Personal protective equipment
 3. Respiratory hygiene
 4. Safe injection practice
 5. Cleaning and disinfections
 6. Safe handing of sharps

38. Cont…
 7. Waste management
 8. Linen or laundry management
 9. Spill management
 10. Pre and post prophylaxis
 11. Immunization

39. 1. HAND HYGIENE

40. 2. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT

41. 3. RESPIRATORY HYGIENE

42. 4. SAFE INJECTION PRACTICE

43. 5. CLEANING AND DISINFECTION

44. 6. SAFE HANDLING OF SHARPS

45. 7. WASTE MANAGEMENT

47. 8. LINEN OR LAUNDRY
MANAGEMENT

48. 9. SPILL MANAGEMENT

50. 10. PROPHYLAXIS

52. 11. IMMUNIZATION

53. ROLE OF NURSE