This document summarizes a research study on residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study administered questionnaires to over 1,600 residents across low, medium, and high residential areas. Six indices were developed to measure perceptions on various environmental effects. Results showed residents strongly agreed that waste from the enterprises makes areas dirty and litters streets. Noise, odors from waste, and shops blocking drainage were also issues. Correlation analysis found the physical, behavioral, environmental, land use, and economic characteristics of the enterprises all impacted the environment. The paper recommends policies and legislation for better waste management to promote more sustainable cities.
The informal sector and the environment in nigerian towns what we knw and w...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes existing research on the informal sector and its relationship to the environment in Nigerian towns. It is known that the informal sector provides important employment opportunities for low-income individuals and absorbs migrants from rural areas. However, activities in the informal sector also generate waste and pollution that municipalities struggle to manage effectively. While studies have documented general environmental problems, there are few detailed case studies analyzing the specific environmental impacts of different informal sub-sectors. The document calls for more field research focusing on how particular informal activities affect the local environment in order to develop new policies that balance livelihoods and sustainability.
Assessment of Existing Solid Waste management Practices and Challenges: The C...mowlid hassan hirsi
Solid waste is one of the most common challenges faced by many different countries. However, developing countries are suffering more than the developed countries when it comes to managing solid waste management. Jig-jiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The study concerns about the Assessment of the current solid waste management and practices and challenges. The survey was conducted in 03 from commercial areas and 06 from residential area with total sample size of 298 households. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient budget and funds as well as lack of promotion on waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practice.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses a case study on human waste management in informal settlements in Eldoret, Kenya. It finds that the majority of residents live in rented housing and rely on poorly constructed and maintained pit latrines for waste disposal. Some facilities are full and discharge into the environment. Higher quantities of waste are generated in informal versus formal settlements. Open defecation is also common. The study recommends connecting settlements to existing sewers where possible, exploiting biogas production, and using properly designed pit latrines according to health and environmental standards.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
Solid Waste Management in Enugu Metropolis: Implications for Urban Administra...iosrjce
This work examined the solid waste management in Enugu metropolis for urban administration.
Over some period now Enugu metropolis has witnessed big volume of solid waste that adversely affected urban
administrator’s capacity to plan. The improper management of solid waste in Enugu metropolis constituted
health hazards to the citizens. A survey research method was adopted in the study and two hypotheses guided
the study. Data generated were analyzed using frequency tables, percentages and chi-square. The findings
showed that irregular collection of solid waste affects urban development in Enugu metropolis and that lack of
strict enforcement of environmental laws is responsible for indiscriminate dumping of solid waste. It is therefore
recommended that Government should enforce strictly all the environmental related bye-laws, generate
sufficient funds for solid waste management and also checkmate indiscriminate dumping of waste by the citizens
and ensure timely carting away refuse dumps in the metropolis
Urban solid waste management in ghana an assessment of zoomlion’s approach to...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed Zoomlion's approach to solid waste management in Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study used interviews and surveys to examine waste collection methods. It found that the majority of households (45%) and businesses (76.7%) used communal waste containers for collection. However, 32.2% of households also used improper methods like burning or dumping. The study recommended integrating composting of organic waste and moving toward a holistic waste management system.
The informal sector and the environment in nigerian towns what we knw and w...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes existing research on the informal sector and its relationship to the environment in Nigerian towns. It is known that the informal sector provides important employment opportunities for low-income individuals and absorbs migrants from rural areas. However, activities in the informal sector also generate waste and pollution that municipalities struggle to manage effectively. While studies have documented general environmental problems, there are few detailed case studies analyzing the specific environmental impacts of different informal sub-sectors. The document calls for more field research focusing on how particular informal activities affect the local environment in order to develop new policies that balance livelihoods and sustainability.
Assessment of Existing Solid Waste management Practices and Challenges: The C...mowlid hassan hirsi
Solid waste is one of the most common challenges faced by many different countries. However, developing countries are suffering more than the developed countries when it comes to managing solid waste management. Jig-jiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The study concerns about the Assessment of the current solid waste management and practices and challenges. The survey was conducted in 03 from commercial areas and 06 from residential area with total sample size of 298 households. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient budget and funds as well as lack of promotion on waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practice.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses a case study on human waste management in informal settlements in Eldoret, Kenya. It finds that the majority of residents live in rented housing and rely on poorly constructed and maintained pit latrines for waste disposal. Some facilities are full and discharge into the environment. Higher quantities of waste are generated in informal versus formal settlements. Open defecation is also common. The study recommends connecting settlements to existing sewers where possible, exploiting biogas production, and using properly designed pit latrines according to health and environmental standards.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
Solid Waste Management in Enugu Metropolis: Implications for Urban Administra...iosrjce
This work examined the solid waste management in Enugu metropolis for urban administration.
Over some period now Enugu metropolis has witnessed big volume of solid waste that adversely affected urban
administrator’s capacity to plan. The improper management of solid waste in Enugu metropolis constituted
health hazards to the citizens. A survey research method was adopted in the study and two hypotheses guided
the study. Data generated were analyzed using frequency tables, percentages and chi-square. The findings
showed that irregular collection of solid waste affects urban development in Enugu metropolis and that lack of
strict enforcement of environmental laws is responsible for indiscriminate dumping of solid waste. It is therefore
recommended that Government should enforce strictly all the environmental related bye-laws, generate
sufficient funds for solid waste management and also checkmate indiscriminate dumping of waste by the citizens
and ensure timely carting away refuse dumps in the metropolis
Urban solid waste management in ghana an assessment of zoomlion’s approach to...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed Zoomlion's approach to solid waste management in Wa Municipality, Ghana. The study used interviews and surveys to examine waste collection methods. It found that the majority of households (45%) and businesses (76.7%) used communal waste containers for collection. However, 32.2% of households also used improper methods like burning or dumping. The study recommended integrating composting of organic waste and moving toward a holistic waste management system.
Economic Implications on the Composition of Municipal Solid Waste and its Man...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
An appropriate technology for waste management
in developing countries not only reflects the concern over the
operation and cost of machines imported from developed
countries but also entails the social and environmental goals
of sustainable development based on techniques appropriate
to specific settings. In connection with much of the published
data, the information is of only partial benefit to a designer
or planner, since the national averages presented are
applicable only very broadly to the entire nation; that is, to
adequately design a solid waste management system for a
particular locality comprehensive information about the
solid waste in that locality must be obtained. Since solid
waste reflect the life-style of the generating populace, the
character and amounts of various components in the solid
waste stream will vary from locale to locale in Kota city.
This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in
economically different localities in Kota city to determine the
solid waste composition based on field surveys and its
management.
An appraisal of solid waste generation and management in jalingo city, nigeria.Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes solid waste generation and management in Jalingo City, Nigeria from 2000-2008. It found the population grew substantially and waste generation increased from 2,017 tonnes/month to 2,519 tonnes/month.
- Waste management fluctuated over this period due to issues like inadequate resources and equipment. Collection peaked at 1,296 tonnes in 2006 but was lowest at 953 tonnes in 2005.
- Regression analysis found no relationship between waste generation levels and management levels in the city, indicating waste is accumulating and the city risks becoming overrun with garbage without improved management strategies.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
Residential differentials in incidence and fear of crime perception in ibadanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on differences in crime incidence and fear of crime across residential areas in Ibadan, Nigeria. It finds that households in high and medium density residential areas experience higher average crime rates than those in low density areas. However, residents in low density areas report the highest levels of fear of crime, followed by medium and then high density areas. The pattern of fear does not match the actual pattern of crime rates. The study uses surveys of residents across different neighborhoods to examine both experienced crime and fear of crime. It aims to establish a link between the two and understand how to better address residents' concerns.
Women and solid waste sgregation in bauchi nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The document discusses a study on women's role in household solid waste segregation in Bauchi, Nigeria.
2. It finds that women dominate the generation, storage, and collection of household solid waste, making up 81%, 96%, and 91% respectively.
3. However, women are not integrated into solid waste management. The study recommends mandating household solid waste segregation at the source and empowering women as key actors in segregation to improve environmental quality and increase family income.
This study analyzed the municipal solid waste management practices in the Mirpur area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh using GIS. It found that about 353.34 tons of solid waste is generated per day in the study area, with most waste coming from residential sources. Currently, 41 waste collection bins collect about 57.43% of the waste, with the rest illegally dumped. 15 illegal dumping sites were identified. The study used GIS to propose optimizing the number and locations of waste collection bins to improve waste collection efficiency to 93.68%. GIS was found to be an efficient tool for studying appropriate dumping site selection and routing to facilitate waste management decision making.
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
Solid waste management practices of households in the university of eastern p...Alexander Decker
This academic article summarizes a study on solid waste management practices of households in the University of Eastern Philippines. The study found that the types of waste generated differed between households, with plastics being the primary waste in one zone and kitchen waste predominant in two other zones. Waste collection was generally regular but with varying schedules between zones. Identified problems included insufficient waste collection equipment, lack of proper disposal practices and government support. Recommendations included improving waste separation and collection, educating communities, and exploring composting and recycling options.
The document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. It finds that 350 tons of solid waste are generated daily, but only 210 tons are collected and properly disposed of. The remaining 140 tons are improperly dumped in drains, open spaces and water bodies, polluting the environment and posing health risks. Food and vegetable waste make up 70% of the solid waste stream. The management system is inadequate due to lack of resources, technology and public awareness. Improper waste disposal leads to pollution, flooding and disease transmission. Better management is needed such as increased collection and use of waste-to-energy technologies.
Gezgin, U. B. (2009). The social consequences of environmental degradation in Vietnam: A country-level and city-level pollution haven analysis. (Paper presented at The 9th Conference of The Asia Pacific Sociological Association: Improving the Quality of Social Life: A Challenge for Sociology, June 13-15 2009, Bali, Indonesia.)
Dr. Ulas Basar Gezgin, PhD,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
E-mail: ulas@teori.org
Website: http://ulas.teori.org
His Life: http://ulas.teori.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=39
His Works:
http://ulas.teori.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=580&Itemid=39
PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF APETE IBADANinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This report summarizes interviews conducted with London residents to understand public perceptions on various topics. It was found that residents believed London's recycling system was outdated compared to other cities. While complaints were made about the lack of composting, research showed the high costs incurred by other municipalities with compost programs. Interviews also expressed that there was little to do downtown and not enough jobs for youth. However, the report found that London has a thriving arts scene and many cultural/family activities. While some perceptions were accurate, such as high youth unemployment, others did not reflect what London has to offer.
Environmental issues in the context of urban povetyMahtabAlam80
This document discusses environmental issues related to urban poverty. It covers five dimensions of urban poverty: income, health, education, security, and empowerment. It also examines how pollution, lack of sanitation and natural disasters affect the health of urban poor populations. The document provides frameworks for understanding the relationship between urban poverty and environmental problems. It explores strategies for governments, private sectors and other actors to improve environmental conditions and reduce the impacts of environmental hazards on vulnerable urban communities.
Public private partnerships (pp ps) as collective action for improved urban e...Alexander Decker
This document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) as a means of improving urban environmental governance in Ethiopia. It notes that rapid urbanization has led to environmental degradation and challenges providing basic services. While the government has made efforts, needs still exceed capacity due to complexity and growth. PPPs involving cooperation between public and private sectors could help fill gaps by efficiently delivering reliable infrastructure services. The document reviews PPP models in other countries and their potential application in Ethiopia to address urban environmental issues and enhance service provision.
This document discusses trends in urbanization globally and regionally. Some key points:
- The world's urban population has grown from 760 million in 1950 to over 2.7 billion in 1998 and is expected to reach 5 billion by 2030.
- Urbanization levels are rising fastest in Africa and Asia currently, surpassing levels in more developed regions.
- Major challenges in developing countries include rapid urban growth rates outpacing infrastructure development and employment opportunities, leading to issues like rising inequality.
- Policy options focus on improving urban governance and management rather than slowing urban growth directly, as natural population increases will continue driving urbanization.
definitions as per census data , origin and characteristics of slums in european, American and Indian cities.
Government and non governmental approaches to engaging with issues regarding slums in Indian cities.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
The document discusses various environmental problems caused by urbanization and consumerism. It addresses how uncontrolled urban growth in India has led to issues like housing shortages, air and water pollution, and waste disposal problems. Consumerism is defined and the document notes that overconsumption of non-durable goods contributes significantly to pollution and waste. Different types of wastes like chemical, plastic, electronic and nuclear wastes are outlined and their harmful effects described. Solutions proposed include controlling population growth, reducing consumption rates, improving waste minimization practices like reuse and recycling, and making products more durable.
The nature of the waste disposal has caused environmental health threat to Yelwa Tsakani communities. the
effect of siting waste dumpsite closer to residential buildings causes health challenges such as malaria,
diarrhoea, and respiratory diseases, skin, nose, and eye irritation, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, headaches,
and psychological issues, as well as allergies. Geospatial techniques were used to determine the proximity
of the dumpsite to residential buildings and how spatially distributed are the dumpsite locations; the study
used the field survey and questionnaire to gather the spatial and non-spatial data. The spatial data were
obtained using remote sensing and ground survey method. Nonspatial data were obtained using
questionnaires analyzed accordingly and the finding shows the impact of the waste disposal to residence;
86% of the dumpsite poses health threat such as pollution and sickness. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
Economic Implications on the Composition of Municipal Solid Waste and its Man...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
An appropriate technology for waste management
in developing countries not only reflects the concern over the
operation and cost of machines imported from developed
countries but also entails the social and environmental goals
of sustainable development based on techniques appropriate
to specific settings. In connection with much of the published
data, the information is of only partial benefit to a designer
or planner, since the national averages presented are
applicable only very broadly to the entire nation; that is, to
adequately design a solid waste management system for a
particular locality comprehensive information about the
solid waste in that locality must be obtained. Since solid
waste reflect the life-style of the generating populace, the
character and amounts of various components in the solid
waste stream will vary from locale to locale in Kota city.
This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in
economically different localities in Kota city to determine the
solid waste composition based on field surveys and its
management.
An appraisal of solid waste generation and management in jalingo city, nigeria.Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes solid waste generation and management in Jalingo City, Nigeria from 2000-2008. It found the population grew substantially and waste generation increased from 2,017 tonnes/month to 2,519 tonnes/month.
- Waste management fluctuated over this period due to issues like inadequate resources and equipment. Collection peaked at 1,296 tonnes in 2006 but was lowest at 953 tonnes in 2005.
- Regression analysis found no relationship between waste generation levels and management levels in the city, indicating waste is accumulating and the city risks becoming overrun with garbage without improved management strategies.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
Residential differentials in incidence and fear of crime perception in ibadanAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on differences in crime incidence and fear of crime across residential areas in Ibadan, Nigeria. It finds that households in high and medium density residential areas experience higher average crime rates than those in low density areas. However, residents in low density areas report the highest levels of fear of crime, followed by medium and then high density areas. The pattern of fear does not match the actual pattern of crime rates. The study uses surveys of residents across different neighborhoods to examine both experienced crime and fear of crime. It aims to establish a link between the two and understand how to better address residents' concerns.
Women and solid waste sgregation in bauchi nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The document discusses a study on women's role in household solid waste segregation in Bauchi, Nigeria.
2. It finds that women dominate the generation, storage, and collection of household solid waste, making up 81%, 96%, and 91% respectively.
3. However, women are not integrated into solid waste management. The study recommends mandating household solid waste segregation at the source and empowering women as key actors in segregation to improve environmental quality and increase family income.
This study analyzed the municipal solid waste management practices in the Mirpur area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh using GIS. It found that about 353.34 tons of solid waste is generated per day in the study area, with most waste coming from residential sources. Currently, 41 waste collection bins collect about 57.43% of the waste, with the rest illegally dumped. 15 illegal dumping sites were identified. The study used GIS to propose optimizing the number and locations of waste collection bins to improve waste collection efficiency to 93.68%. GIS was found to be an efficient tool for studying appropriate dumping site selection and routing to facilitate waste management decision making.
Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the commu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on indiscriminate solid waste disposal in Bauchi, Nigeria. The study found that the area generates 286 metric tonnes of solid waste daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected, with 205 illegal dump sites. Issues like lack of storage, long distances to collection centers, poor attitudes towards environmental health, availability of open spaces, and weak waste disposal laws contribute to the problem. The paper recommends immediately removing existing waste, providing more collection centers, increasing community involvement, raising environmental awareness, and enforcing waste management laws to reduce indiscriminate disposal and restore environmental health.
Solid waste management practices of households in the university of eastern p...Alexander Decker
This academic article summarizes a study on solid waste management practices of households in the University of Eastern Philippines. The study found that the types of waste generated differed between households, with plastics being the primary waste in one zone and kitchen waste predominant in two other zones. Waste collection was generally regular but with varying schedules between zones. Identified problems included insufficient waste collection equipment, lack of proper disposal practices and government support. Recommendations included improving waste separation and collection, educating communities, and exploring composting and recycling options.
The document summarizes a study on solid waste management in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. It finds that 350 tons of solid waste are generated daily, but only 210 tons are collected and properly disposed of. The remaining 140 tons are improperly dumped in drains, open spaces and water bodies, polluting the environment and posing health risks. Food and vegetable waste make up 70% of the solid waste stream. The management system is inadequate due to lack of resources, technology and public awareness. Improper waste disposal leads to pollution, flooding and disease transmission. Better management is needed such as increased collection and use of waste-to-energy technologies.
Gezgin, U. B. (2009). The social consequences of environmental degradation in Vietnam: A country-level and city-level pollution haven analysis. (Paper presented at The 9th Conference of The Asia Pacific Sociological Association: Improving the Quality of Social Life: A Challenge for Sociology, June 13-15 2009, Bali, Indonesia.)
Dr. Ulas Basar Gezgin, PhD,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
E-mail: ulas@teori.org
Website: http://ulas.teori.org
His Life: http://ulas.teori.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=39
His Works:
http://ulas.teori.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=580&Itemid=39
PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF APETE IBADANinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This report summarizes interviews conducted with London residents to understand public perceptions on various topics. It was found that residents believed London's recycling system was outdated compared to other cities. While complaints were made about the lack of composting, research showed the high costs incurred by other municipalities with compost programs. Interviews also expressed that there was little to do downtown and not enough jobs for youth. However, the report found that London has a thriving arts scene and many cultural/family activities. While some perceptions were accurate, such as high youth unemployment, others did not reflect what London has to offer.
Environmental issues in the context of urban povetyMahtabAlam80
This document discusses environmental issues related to urban poverty. It covers five dimensions of urban poverty: income, health, education, security, and empowerment. It also examines how pollution, lack of sanitation and natural disasters affect the health of urban poor populations. The document provides frameworks for understanding the relationship between urban poverty and environmental problems. It explores strategies for governments, private sectors and other actors to improve environmental conditions and reduce the impacts of environmental hazards on vulnerable urban communities.
Public private partnerships (pp ps) as collective action for improved urban e...Alexander Decker
This document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) as a means of improving urban environmental governance in Ethiopia. It notes that rapid urbanization has led to environmental degradation and challenges providing basic services. While the government has made efforts, needs still exceed capacity due to complexity and growth. PPPs involving cooperation between public and private sectors could help fill gaps by efficiently delivering reliable infrastructure services. The document reviews PPP models in other countries and their potential application in Ethiopia to address urban environmental issues and enhance service provision.
This document discusses trends in urbanization globally and regionally. Some key points:
- The world's urban population has grown from 760 million in 1950 to over 2.7 billion in 1998 and is expected to reach 5 billion by 2030.
- Urbanization levels are rising fastest in Africa and Asia currently, surpassing levels in more developed regions.
- Major challenges in developing countries include rapid urban growth rates outpacing infrastructure development and employment opportunities, leading to issues like rising inequality.
- Policy options focus on improving urban governance and management rather than slowing urban growth directly, as natural population increases will continue driving urbanization.
definitions as per census data , origin and characteristics of slums in european, American and Indian cities.
Government and non governmental approaches to engaging with issues regarding slums in Indian cities.
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental pro...Premier Publishers
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables, frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
The document discusses various environmental problems caused by urbanization and consumerism. It addresses how uncontrolled urban growth in India has led to issues like housing shortages, air and water pollution, and waste disposal problems. Consumerism is defined and the document notes that overconsumption of non-durable goods contributes significantly to pollution and waste. Different types of wastes like chemical, plastic, electronic and nuclear wastes are outlined and their harmful effects described. Solutions proposed include controlling population growth, reducing consumption rates, improving waste minimization practices like reuse and recycling, and making products more durable.
The nature of the waste disposal has caused environmental health threat to Yelwa Tsakani communities. the
effect of siting waste dumpsite closer to residential buildings causes health challenges such as malaria,
diarrhoea, and respiratory diseases, skin, nose, and eye irritation, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, headaches,
and psychological issues, as well as allergies. Geospatial techniques were used to determine the proximity
of the dumpsite to residential buildings and how spatially distributed are the dumpsite locations; the study
used the field survey and questionnaire to gather the spatial and non-spatial data. The spatial data were
obtained using remote sensing and ground survey method. Nonspatial data were obtained using
questionnaires analyzed accordingly and the finding shows the impact of the waste disposal to residence;
86% of the dumpsite poses health threat such as pollution and sickness. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
Urbanization is increasing rapidly around the world and having significant impacts on the environment. By 2050, 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. This rapid urban growth is causing problems like deforestation, air and water pollution, solid waste accumulation, and loss of agricultural land. Developing countries face more severe environmental impacts due to poor urban planning and inadequate infrastructure to handle the negative effects of urbanization. While urbanization enables economic growth, it also threatens the natural environment if not managed carefully through long-term planning and public-private partnerships that prioritize environmentally friendly development.
A multivariate analysis of factors influencing green space provision in resid...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes factors influencing green space provision in residential neighborhoods in Sub-Saharan African cities. It examines data collected from four residential neighborhoods in Lagos, Nigeria regarding perceived factors affecting green space provision. Explanatory factor analysis identified four main factors: 1) Physical and natural factors related to environment (e.g. density, surrounding area, land availability). 2) Factors related to planning authorities (e.g. tools, staffing, qualifications). 3) Governmental factors. 4) Political factors. The study concludes effective policy and collaboration between decision-makers is needed for better green space provision and care.
The impact of environmental accounting and reporting on sustainable developme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that evaluated the relationship between environmental accounting and reporting and sustainable development in Nigeria. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the two and that environmental accounting can encourage organizations to track emissions and environmental data against reduction targets. Noncompliance with environmental accounting and reporting can have consequences. It was recommended that organizations adopt standards and graphical indicators to illustrate environmental performance over time to users.
Environmental auditing and sustainable development in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study examining the relationship between environmental auditing and sustainable development in Nigeria. The study finds that while companies claim to be environmentally friendly, few actually engage in environmental auditing. The study also finds a negative relationship between environmental auditing and its effects on sustainable development, meaning more auditing is associated with less positive effects on sustainable development. The study aims to contribute to the limited existing literature on environmental auditing and sustainability in Nigeria.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
This document summarizes a study on the risks of rapid urbanization in Davao City, Philippines. The study finds that rapid urbanization can lead to issues like overpopulation, poor infrastructure, and environmental and health problems. Specifically, it identifies risks such as traffic issues from population growth, inadequate electricity, water, and transportation systems to support infrastructure growth, increased health problems for urban poor from factors like pollution, and greater greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change. The researchers recommend adopting strategic infrastructure development policies to help manage uncontrolled urban expansion.
Solid Waste Disposal Attitude in Sango Ota, Ogun State: Implication for Susta...Premier Publishers
Solid waste disposal attitude is multidimensional and a complex issue that is prominent in urban areas. It is a global phenomenon confronting both developed and developing countries Sango Ota in Ogun State Nigeria has become an industrial region that attracts other activities and increases in population responsible for high volume of solid waste generation. In this paper, the current disposal means, waste collection method, resident attitude role of government in recent time will be achieved through the use of a questionnaire. Congestion, environmental pollution and health hazard was found to be the significant consequence of improper solid waste disposal with high Wald value and sig. value<0.05 level of significance. Majority of the respondents who chose burning, roadside dumping and flood/canal dumping were of the opinion that payment for either government/private waste collection in their area is expensive (51.1%) compared to other means of disposal. The implication of the findings for waste disposal attitude in achieving sustainable city development in Nigeria tackling solid waste problem in urban cities through public awareness, attitudinal change in achieving waste reduction, provision of collection point within neighbourhood and provision of accessibility to each dwelling with adequate drainage system.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Integrated Solid Waste Management as Panacea for a sustainable Clean City in ...iosrjce
As a result of continuous economic growth, urbanization and industrialization there has been
increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste particularly in developing countries. Many Nigeria
cities and towns are facing problems of effective collection of garbage from homes and streets the situation that
make Nigerians to be permanently accustomed to dirt environment. Based on this background, the paper
examines the waste conditions and disposal as well as the influence on the environment in term of cleanliness at
Ado Ekiti in Nigeria using both primary and secondary sources of data collection which were subjected to
descriptive statistical analysis. The evidence of the result can be clearly seen every day by way of indiscriminate
discharge of garbage into drains and at times on the highways due to ineffective ways of waste management in
the town. The paper therefore recommends integrate waste management system as an option towards a clean
city.
Factoring population dynamics into sustainable regional developmentDele-Francis Ifenowo
This document discusses the relationship between population growth and environmental sustainability in Lagos, Nigeria. It makes three key points:
1) Lagos' population has grown rapidly from 762,000 in 1960 to over 20 million currently, straining the city's infrastructure and environment. Unchecked population growth has led to issues like pollution, loss of biodiversity, and environmental degradation.
2) Successive Lagos state governments have failed to address population dynamics in their development plans. Curtailing population growth through policies like fertility control is needed to achieve environmental sustainability goals.
3) Recommendations include adopting a national population policy, controlling "parasitic" migration, community education on fertility, and strengthening waste management through
Issues and Challenges of Urban Renewal in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeriaiosrjce
Urban renewal brings improvement to the physical and housing conditions and makes a city a
suitable place for living. The commitment of the Plateau State government to giving a face lift to the aesthetic
beauty of the capital city of Jos, through urban renewal, has been reiterated on several occasions. The city
witnessed series of crises almost throughout the last decade with the high density residential areas mostly
affected. The implementation of the proposed urban renewal programmes in the capital city, therefore, call for
caution and concern. This study, having investigated through questionnaires, interview and field observation,
the various socio-economic characteristics of three high density residential areas, namely, Ungwan Rogo,
Gangare and Dadinkowa, respectively sampled from the Northern, Central and Southern strata of the
metropolis, established that the areas are slums. Results of investigations revealed that over 75% of the total
landuse is residential and about 64% of the buildings possess no legal documents. The study further revealed
that away from lack of knowledge of the benefits of urban renewal programmes, fear of loss of property and
lack of trust in government for fear of poor compensation, are factors of non-acceptability of renewal
programmes. 65.8 % of the citizens are of the opinion that poorly managed urban renewal progammes can
regenerate crisis in the metropolis and as such streamlining the process of acquiring C of O, adequate
compensation, incessant pubic enlightenment and public participation, are recommended as key to successful
implementation of urban renewal activities in Jos.
This document summarizes a research paper on urban renewal strategies and economic growth in Ondo State, Nigeria. It finds that urban decay in many developing country cities, including in Ondo State, has negatively impacted the local economy. However, appropriate urban renewal strategies between 2009-2012 in Ondo State yielded corresponding economic growth. The paper recommends combining public participation with strategic urban renewal schemes to best promote economic results. It concludes that urban renewal is necessary to address declining economies in Nigeria and other developing nations caused by urban decay.
Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awa...ijtsrd
This study set out to examine challenges faced by the media in their attempt to play their roles in public awareness on waste management in Buea and Douala in the Southwest and Littoral Regions of Cameroon. The study was supported by the Agenda Setting Theory 1972 by McCombs and Shaw, Knowledge Gap Theory 1970 by Philip Tichenor, George Donohue and Claire Olien, and the Transtheoretical Model also called the Stages of Change Model developed by Prochaska and Diclemente, 1970 . It employed a concurrent nested mixed method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in a survey design. The estimated sample size comprised of 415 community members involved in the study conveniently. As for other stakeholders, notably, Community Leaders, Media Houses, Waste Disposal Companies and Municipal Councils, they were sampled purposively and conveniently. The study was stratified between French and English speaking Cameroon. Data were collected using a semi structured questionnaire and analyzed based on frequency, proportions and the process of thematic analysis. The qualitative approach was substantiated by the positivism paradigm considering qualitative interpretation as the dominant theoretical perspective. The main challenge was poor or no audience, that is people not interested in news related to waste management, environment, hygiene and sanitation and inadequate coverage. They suggested as response measures adequate sensitization and education of the communities on waste management more attractive slots and time, programmes or mechanisms to gain the attention of people. It was recommended that social media, community radio and television should be further used to create awareness on issues concerning waste disposal and management, and helping media to be adequately equipped. Agbor Vivan Ada | Mpoche Kizitus Nformi | Atenga Thomas Ireneé | Nana Célestin "Challenges Faced by the Media in an Attempt to Play Their Roles in Public Awareness on Waste Management in Buea and Douala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63429.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/63429/challenges-faced-by-the-media-in-an-attempt-to-play-their-roles-in-public-awareness-on-waste-management-in-buea-and-douala/agbor-vivan-ada
The document discusses the challenges of solid waste management in Monrovia, Liberia. It finds that the majority of solid waste generated is leftover food, plastic, and paper. On average, each person produces 0.3kg of waste daily. Nearly all respondents admit to never separating recyclables from other waste. Most waste collection is done informally by children. Most respondents also acknowledge disposing of waste through unsafe and illegal means like burning or dumping, with no formal waste management system. The study calls for the government to increase education on waste policies and introduce better management strategies.
Analysis of Solid Waste Management Problem in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria and Cha...YogeshIJTSRD
In recent times, Jos metropolis has witnessed a rapid increase in the numbers of NGOs involved in environment related interventions..This study is aimed at analysing the perspectives of NGOs involved in solid waste management initiatives in Jos metropolis and the main causes of solid waste management problems with a view to providing relevant data on these parameters that would hopefully facilitate collaboration with relevant local and international development partners on environmental issues. Using purposive sampling, 115 NGOs were identified in the study area and questionnaires administered to all of them. The findings revealed that thirteen major causes of the persistent solid waste problem in Jos metropolis are lack of prompt collection and disposal of wastes from collection points by responsible government agency 10.9 inadequate equipment materials 9.8 lack of an all inclusive participatory solid waste management framework in use 9.2 attitude of residents public 9.1 low lack of community participation 8.9 inadequate funding by government 8.6 and low lack of NGO participation 7.6 . The study also identified five major challenges facing NGOs in their work as follows Government policy not creating room for NGO participation 28.0 inadequate funding 23.2 lack of continuity in government policies 19.6 less interest by NGOs in solid waste work 16.4 and violence conflict in Jos 12.8 . It is recommended that the Plateau State government should consider the NGOs as partners in progress and adopt an all encompassing frame work that allows for their active participation and all relevant stakeholders in the various environmental activities embarked upon by the responsible government agencies. By bringing the NGOs to the table, government would benefit from their reach out and mobilising power, innovative approaches, wealth of experience and skill set and accountability and transparency among other things. Similarly, other local and development partners with interest in environmental management need to assist the NGOs by partnering with them through funding, technical support, research among other things. Habila, O. Y | Bogoro A. G "Analysis of Solid Waste Management Problem in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria and Challenges to NGO Effective Intervention" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45047.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/45047/analysis-of-solid-waste-management-problem-in-jos-metropolis-nigeria-and-challenges-to-ngo-effective-intervention/habila-o-y
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes health issues related to urban solid waste disposal in four areas of Sri Lanka: Colombo, Kandy, Kurunegala, and Badulla. The study identifies 23 similar diseases in the four areas but finds variation in disease prevalence based on geographical factors, population density, waste generation and collection practices, education levels, income, and public behavior. Colombo had the highest percentage of health issues at 45.6% while Kurunegala had the lowest at 15.4%. Women and children were also found to be more affected than men due to spending more time near dumpsites. The study recommends establishing a centralized waste management system to better control environmental activities and implement an
Similar to Residents’ perception on environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises in ibadan, nigeria (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?
Residents’ perception on environmental impacts of urban informal enterprises in ibadan, nigeria
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
Residents’ Perception on Environmental Impacts of Urban
Informal Enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria
Abolade Olajoke*, Adeboyejo Thompson Aina, Kehinde,Olamiju Ogini
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso Nigeria
P.M.B 4000 LAUTECH Ogbomoso Nigeria
*E –mail of Corresponding Author : robjoke2001@yahoo.com or oabolade@lautech.edu.ng
Abstract
The need of this paper came as a realization that literature are extensive on the contribution of urban informal
enterprises to nation economy without given adequate attention to its associated negativities on sociocultural
environment. Against this background, the paper analyses the perception of residents on environmental impacts
of Urban Informal Enterprises in Ibadan Nigeria. Using systematic sampling technique, a total number of one
thousand, six hundred and thirty eight (1638) questionnaire were administered to residents in low medium and
high residential quarters. An interval of 2 was used to select residential unit in each quarter. Six indices were
developed and Likert scale rating was used to measure resident’s perception on the effects of UIES on the
environment. The average weight of such gave each index and this was subjected to Correlation Analysis to
examine the effects and relationship between UIEs and indices on perceived environmental effects. The result of
analysis show that the way operators dispose their waste makes the environment dirty. This recorded highest
agreement index of RAI 4.14, followed by waste from UIE litters the streets (RAI 4.12) and deface the
environment (RAI 3.90), high level of noise from operators (RAI 3.85), waste releases offensive odor (RAI 3.78)
shops built on open spaces disturb flow of water (RAI 3.69) and also block drainage channel (RAI 3.60) The
result of correlation analysis reveals that physical characteristic index (PCI), behavioral characteristic index
(BCI), environmental characteristic index (ECI), land use characteristic index (LUCI), and economic
characteristic index (ECCI) have impact on the environment. This supports the observed negativities associated
with the subject on the environment. The paper therefore recommends formulation of policies and legislative
measures that will cater for proper waste management from this sector. This will further promote sustainability
of Nigerian cities.
Keywords: Urban Informal Enterprises, Environment, Sustainability, Waste
1.
Introduction and Background to the Study
The dilemma of unprecedented increase in urbanization resulting largely from population migration will
continue to get worse and thus pose detrimental effects on the urban environment and living conditions of the
entire populace particularly in developing nations. This challenge is seriously mounting pressure on the
government such that it has become a major nerve-racking issue to policy maker and yet it has not received
adequate research attention it deserves. Consequently, there is an increasing concern in the International
Development Community about swift and unprecedented increase in population and urbanization and its
consequential effects which has not received the attention it deserves from policy makers and practitioners alike
Sethuraman, (1997). This phenomenon is also evident in publication of the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP 1993), World Bank and several bi-lateral donor agencies.
One of the underlying factors of unprecedented urbanization is massive movement of the populace (i.e poor,
poor poor) from rural settlements and other lesser city to the urban areas. This is because of most these migrants
are socioeconomically impoverished and thus often switch over to engaging in informal sector enterprises as a
means to sustain their livelihood and have better living standard. This has a greatly spurred the proliferation of
informal enterprises in major cities of developing countries and their consequent environmental degradation.
However, the key explanatory factor for this spontaneous growth of Urban Informal Enterprises (UIEs) is
undoubtedly the progressive emasculation of the formal economy (htpp. //www.geocities.com/transport). This
observation (i.e. unprecedented urbanization, infiltration of urban informal enterprises) is likewise perceptible in
Ibadan cosmopolitan region; thus justifying the choice of the study area. The choice of Ibadan city as the study
area is justified because it was recognized as one of the megacities in Nigeria birth by urbanization. It is also the
fifth largest city in Nigeria in terms of population after Kano, Lagos, Kaduna and Katsina (Population and
Housing Census 2006) and third largest in terms of spatial extent in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg (Udo,
1994). It is the most populous state capital in South Western Nigeria. It is a pre-colonial urban centre where
urbanism as a way of life predates European colonization of the country. These characteristics of the city have
attracted numerous informal operators who seek employment to sustain their livelihood. The rapid population
increase in the city is also enhanced by its commercial function. This has undeniably encouraged the
21
2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
proliferation of urban informal enterprises.
A close link exists between urbanization/population increase, poverty, employment (either through informal or
formal job creation) and environment. There is also an overwhelming evidence to suggest that urban poverty and
informal employments are closely related Sethuraman, 1997 Ijaiya 2002). It has also become increasingly clear
that if poverty is reduced through the creation of employment, the income will rise and consequently
environmental condition will improve. However, unless the level of urban poverty is significantly reduced there
is little chance of reversing the negativities associated with environmental degradation.
Environmental degradation is a product of many anthropogenic activities of man. These include indiscriminate
felling of trees, pollution of different types and magnitude, indiscriminate disposal of waste among other related
causes. Environmental degradation arising from indiscriminate disposal of waste, from amorphous development
of informal enterprises is a major characteristics of metropolitan cities of the world and in particular developing
nations where population growth, as well as the rate of urbanization is very rapid and alarming (Abolade
2012).This has continued to threaten the environment (Adeboyejo and Faniran 1999) most especially from
indiscriminate disposal of waste of various component and sources. The quantity of waste generated by hawkers/
vendors and other operators of informal enterprises from the operational procedures is not only belittering the
environmental landscape but its consequential impacts on the environment are enormous. The enormity of this
challenge, borne out of indiscriminate and poor management of this waste is a major environmental upheaval.
The infiltration of informal sector has turned out to be an environmental debacle (Okeke 2000). He argues
further that its resultant effects include: health hazard, environmental pollution and filthy or insanitary condition
of the environment and sometimes outbreak of diseases. Against this background, Onyechere 2011 maintained
the need to carry out research to determine the rate of its accompany environmental degradation. On the
contrary, there is a shortfall in number of researches particularly the impacts on the environment in which it
operate. This is yet to be given adequate investigation empirically (Sethuraman 1997, Onyebueke 2000). Rather,
attention has been concentrated on creating and improving the regulations policies of the environment,
simplifying business registration, property rights, conducive labour law, productivity access to credit, among
other policies to formalize the economy, but only few or none of the policies addresses its implication on the
environment. Evocative programmes on sustainable development, particularly in cities need to focus and pay
concerted attention on Urban Informal Activities especially its detrimental effects on environment in order to
ensure a holistic approach to creating a sustainable environment. These will go a long way to facilitate conducive
and aesthetically pleasing environment.
Against this background of poor attention of researcher to environmental negativities of UIEs and as a
follow up to paper on Urban Air Pollutant: The bane of Urban Informal Enterprises in Ibadan Nigeria (Abolade
and Adeboyejo 2013), the paper focuses on residents perception on environmental impacts of UIEs in Ibadan
Nigeria. This is the major purview of this paper
2. Materials and Methods
Multistage method of sampling was employed for collection of primary information.
For questionnaire administration stratified and systematic random sampling techniques was employed for the
research. The existing spatial structure of Local Government Areas in the region was used.
The inventory of localities or communities in each of the local government areas was compiled from National
Population Commission. The localities within each of LGAs were further stratified into three residential
densities: high, medium, and low residential densities. The residential densities: high, medium and low show
variation in population density, socio–economic and environmental characteristics among other variables that
describe the study area. This method of sampling is more appropriate and applicable for this particular study.
Again, it allows each unit of investigation equal chance of being chosen in a complete list or file of population
(Blalock 1959, Singleton et al, 1989 and Afon, 2005).
Fifty percent (50%) of the localities in each LGA in Ibadan metropolitan region were selected while twelve and
half percent (12.5%) of localities in other LGAs in the suburb were equally selected and adopted for the survey.
The reason for this variation is consequent on the fact that more informal activities are concentrated in the
metropolis or “Ibadan core” compared to suburban areas or ‘Ibadan less city’. Again, it is justified because it is a
good representation of the total localities in the metropolis and villages in the suburb. This selection further
enhanced the objectivity of the questionnaire distribution within the selected areas.
For the purpose of this study , it is hypothesized that population size affects land use as well as distribution of
informal enterprises (Cohen, 2004,) Also hypothesized is a linear relationship between traffic volume and
concentration of informal enterprise hence transport system and informal enterprises are intricately connected
(Adedibu and Jelili 2005). That landuse type and intensity affect concentration of urban informal enterprises
(Ijaiya, 2004) and close link exist between proliferation of informal activities and urban economy. Consequent
on these assumptions and for the purpose of the field survey especially within Ibadan metropolis, roads within
22
3. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
localities where the traffic is concentrated, localities with highest population size, and residential quarters with
highest intensity of land use were selected for the sample. While in the suburb, localities with major commercial
center or market were selected for survey. This is based on the fact that not all localities have concentration of
informal enterprises. It was also observed during the reconnaissance survey that some LGAs such as Egbeda,
Ona Ara, Lagelu are predominantly agrarian communities.
To determine the sample size for survey, the population size of each local government for 2006 population
census Figure were extracted from National Population Census (NPC) and adopted for sampling (see table3.3).
Based on the variations in population size of the eleven LGAs and in view of the fact that population density in
each residential density differs, 0.08% of the population size in each LGA was determined and employed. The,
total number of one thousand, six hundred and thirty eight (1638) to residents around areas where informal
enterprises are carried out were successfully completed and returned for analysis. For the categories of residents
in residential densities selected, the questionnaire was distributed in ratio 3: 2: 1 for residents in high, medium,
and low residential densities respectively. This method is in line with the generally believed pattern of
population distribution within residential areas as employed by Adeboyejo and Onyeneruru (2002).
Using systematic sampling technique, questionnaires were administered to various residential densities with
special attention to houses that are not used for informal enterprises but that are close to the vicinity where
informal enterprises are practiced. This is purposive because it is believed that these categories of residence will
provide information on environmental negativities of the sector without any bias. Systematic sampling technique
was adopted for the three categories of residential quarters and operators of informal activities on road axis. An
interval of 2 was used to select residential unit in each quarter This was done by selecting the first one resident in
the first building selected randomly and subsequent units at interval of 3rd, 5th and 7th as the case may be were
chosen from the complete list of the population in Ibadan region.
To examine resident’s perception on the effects of informal enterprises on the environment, indices were
developed. These are: Acceptability index (i.e. IIEA) to examine its level of agreement by residents as it affects
the environment. This was measured through likhert scale range from Not agreed at all (1), Not Agreed (2),
Somewhat Agreed (3), Agreed (4), Very much agreed (5). The average weight of such gave each index and this
was subjected to Correlation analysis to examine the effects and relationship between urban informal enterprises
and indices on perceived environmental effects. This is defined and summarized in Table1. All these
measurement showed a reflection of how residents perceived the effects of the subjects on the socio-cultural
environment.
Table 1: Devised Indices for Measurement of Perceived Impact on Environment
Variable name
Meaning of the variable
Description
PCI
Physical Characteristics/ structural Nature of the shop, type of materials used in
condition of the shop
building it, condition of the structures, Design
of structure, availability of facilities.
ECI
Environmental
Characteristics
of Method of waste disposal, Level of noise
operations by products conditions of generated, pollution types, method of building
areas where the activities is being shop
carried out
BCI
Behavioral Characteristics
A sanitation practice, method of advertising
by operators, risk to neighbourhood, disrupts
environmental safety.
ECCI
Economic Characteristics of the Impact on economy of the area in terms of
operators
employment provision ,number of apprentice
employed, how it generates income etc
OPCI
Operational/Production Characteristics
Ways of rendering of services, like Hair
dressing, shoe making repairs, grinding, use
of generator, use of harmful chemicals that
generates offensive odour.
Land use Characteristics
Ways shops are built on road setbacks /open
LUCI
spaces, Approval status of structures,
compliance with planning rules
Author’s compilation (2011)
3: Result and Discussion:
3.1. Impacts of Urban Informal Enterprises on Socio Cultural Environment
The mean (RAI) score on opinion of residents on the environmental characteristics of urban informal enterprises
23
4. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
is shown in Table 2. The scores were derived by assigning weights to variables ranging from very agreed as 5
point to not agree at all as 1 point using likert scale. The summation of each item was divided by the number of
respondents in each item. It is revealed from the table that a larger proportion (78.26%) of respondents (1283)
agreed that the way urban informal enterprises operators disposes their waste makes the environment dirty. This
response recorded the highest RAI index of 4.14. This implies that the residents perceived filthiness of the
environment as the most important environmental negativity associated with the UIE operations. This
observation also supports the opinion of respondents who claimed that waste litters the street with RAI index of
4.12 and that UIE deface the environment with RAI index 3.90. The opinion of respondents who supported that
urban informal enterprise generates high level of noise recorded RAI of 3.85, this could probably be because the
way operators advertise their product especially when heavy machine and other appliances that generate heavy
noise are employed is not acceptable to residents. This follows a decreasing order of perception in the levels of
agreement for instance, waste produces offensive odour (RAI 3.78); shops built on open spaces disrupt flow of
water (RAI 3.69); shops block drainage (RAI 3.60). Variables with lower RAI than mean include noise
generated disturb sleep (RAI 3.47), noise generated causes land pollution (RAI 3.44), and waste generated
causes land pollution (RAI 3.43). However, most residents did not agree that shops are used as hide out for
criminals. The standard deviation score recorded is 0.288 while the variance 10.08225 and coefficient of
variation is 7.98%.
Table 2.Percieved Impacts of Urban Informal Enterprises on Environment
ENVIRONMENTAL
VA
A
SA
NA
NA
SWV TOTA
CHARACTERISTICS
A
L
5
4
3
2
1
Waste
makes 607
675
220
77
4
6553
1583
environment dirty
Wastes litters streets
619
682
220
80
6
6649
1607
Shops
Deface 443
720
290
146
8
6265
1607
environments
Noise generated in the 381
758
329
138
8
6208
1614
neighbourhood is high
Waste
produces 236
845
337
118
9
5816
1545
offensive odour
Shops built on spaces 291
740
394
181
10
5969
1616
disrupt flow of water
Shops Block Drainage
270
721
429
184
13
5902
1638
Noise generated Causes 175
697
442
226
10
5451
1550
Headache
Noise generated disturbs 161
581
583
172
10
5232
1507
sleep
Noise generated causes 200
506
645
192
16
5359
1559
Nuisance
Waste disposed caused 317
440
657
147
13
5623
1638
land pollution
Noise Causes pollution
194
443
667
192
9
5136
1505
Noise causes Annoyance 154
517
641
198
13
5170
1523
Waste disposed caused 177
345
616
172
14
4471
1324
air pollution
412
666
289
20
4904
1519
Waste disposed caused 132
water pollution
Shops are used as hide 147
532
423
477
46
5132
1675
out of thieves
Source: Author’s Field Survey (2011)
24
RAI
(X-
(X- )2
4.14
0.55
0.3025
4.12
3.90
0.55
0.31
0.3025
0.0961
3.85
0.26
0.0676
3.76
0.17
0.0289
3.69
0.1
0.01
3.60
3.52
0.01
-0.07
0.01
0.0049
3.47
-0.12
0.0144
3.44
-0.15
0.0225
3.43
-0.16
0.0256
3.41
3.39
3.38
-0.18
-0.20
-0.21
0.0324
0.04
0.0441
3.23
-0.36
0.1296
3.13
-0.43
0.1849
5. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
4.2
4
HPI
MEAN
HPI
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3
Environmental Characteristics
WED=Waste Makes Environment Dirty
WLD =Waste Litters Streets NGH=Noise Generated is High
SDE =Shop Deface Environment
WPO = Waste Produces Offensive Odour
SBD =Shops Block Drainage
NGCH = Noise Generated Causes Headache
NGS =Noise Generated Disturbs Sleep
NCP = Noise Causes Pollution
NGN =Noise Generated Causes Nuisance
WLP=Waste Causes Land Pollution
NCA Noise Causes Annoyance
SHT = Shops Used as Hide out by Thieves
W AP =Waste Disposed Causes Air Pollution WWP Waste Disposed Caused Water Pollution
SBS =Shops Built on Spaces Disrupts flow of Water
Figure 1: Scatter Diagram of Environmental Characteristics Index
Source: Author’s Field Survey (2011)
3.2. Urban Informal Characteristics Index and Perceived Environmental Impact
The result of correlation analysis to examine effects and relationship between UIEs and indices on perceived
environmental effects{Physical Characteristic Index (PCI), Behavioural Characteristic Index (BCI), Operational
Characteristic Index (OPCI) Environmental Characteristic Index(ECCI), Land Use Characteristic Index (LUCI)
and Economic Characteristic Index (ECCI)}reveals that Environmental characteristic Index (0.815), Land Use
Characteristic Index (0.698 ), and Operational Characteristic Index (0.602) have high positive coefficient
suggesting they were highly perceived as having negative impacts on environment compared to Behavioural
Characteristic index (BCI), Economic Characteristic Index (ECI) and Physical Characteristic index with
seemingly low but positive coefficient (0.457 0.373 and 0.369). Thus, with reference to all the indices, as
concentration of urban informal enterprises increases, the impact is also perceived to increase. Furthermore the
result also shows p value of 0.00. This is less than 0.05 (p<0.05) which implies that urban informal enterprises
were perceived to have impacts on the sociocultural environment.. The implication of this is that all the null
hypothesis (Ho) for index set for measurement of environmental effect of the subject under study was rejected
and alternative is accepted (Hi). This supports the observed negativities of the subject on the environment.
However, economic characteristics index were perceived to have positive impact but low on the urban economy,
particularly in the aspect of provision of employment opportunities and skill development through
apprenticeship. This is summarized in Table 3.
Table 3: Correlation between Urban Informal Characteristic Indices and Perceived Environmental Effect
(PEE)
Characteristic Indices and Perceived Environmental Effect Index
r-value
P value
PCSI vs. PEE
BCI vs. PEE
ECI vs. PEE
OPCI vs. PEE
0.369 **
0.457**
0.815**
0.602**
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
LUII vs. PEE
ECII vs. PEE
0.698**
0.373**
0.000
0.000
** Significant at 95% confidence level
Source: Author’s Computation (2011)
25
6. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
4: Conclusion and Recommendation:
The findings of this paper have presented the opinions of residents on the impacts of Urban Informal Enterprises
on the sociocultural environment in Ibadan cosmopolitan region. A larger proportion of respondents agree that it
has momentous impact on the environment. These findings can be extended to other states of the country since
the characteristics of enterprises and operational procedures are similar. However, what may differ are the
opinions of residents on the level of impacts. Nevertheless it is perceptible that the urban Informal Enterprises
contributes to environmental degradation particularly in the areas indiscriminate dumping of waste and its
management techniques. Hence the paper has also drawn the attention of writers by providing empirical data on
its contribution to environmental problem. Against this background, the paper recommends formulation of
policies and legislative measures that will cater for proper waste management from this sector. This will further
promote sustainability of Nigerian cities.
References:
Abolade, O. (2012) “Appraisal of the Environmental Effects of Urban Informal Enterprises in Ibadan Nigeria”
PhD Thesis Submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning Ladoke Akintola University of
Technology Ogbomoso , Nigeria. (LAUTECH)
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Nigeria” British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences 14 No 1
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26
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