International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
POPULATION GEOGRAPHY vs. DEMOGRAPHY
Preface of the terms.
Variability between the terms.
Skills to the study of Population Geography.
Importance of Demographics and its Data.
Factors examined by the field of demography.
Demographic Transition Theory (DTT).
Population Pyramid.
Association between the terms.
Stats / Graphs of India – with referencing to Population and Demography.
India’s population projection.
Bibliography.
Solid Waste Management in Enugu Metropolis: Implications for Urban Administra...iosrjce
This work examined the solid waste management in Enugu metropolis for urban administration.
Over some period now Enugu metropolis has witnessed big volume of solid waste that adversely affected urban
administrator’s capacity to plan. The improper management of solid waste in Enugu metropolis constituted
health hazards to the citizens. A survey research method was adopted in the study and two hypotheses guided
the study. Data generated were analyzed using frequency tables, percentages and chi-square. The findings
showed that irregular collection of solid waste affects urban development in Enugu metropolis and that lack of
strict enforcement of environmental laws is responsible for indiscriminate dumping of solid waste. It is therefore
recommended that Government should enforce strictly all the environmental related bye-laws, generate
sufficient funds for solid waste management and also checkmate indiscriminate dumping of waste by the citizens
and ensure timely carting away refuse dumps in the metropolis
Prioritize the enablers of urbanization in indiaGirish Singh
The process of urbanization in India creates a better and higher order of infrastructures of education, employment, modernization, industrialization and healthcare facilities. As per Chetan Vaidya (2011), Urbanization is inevitable and necessary to achieve the 10% GDP growth rate of India. As per that calculation India has to increase its urban area by 40% in the next 25 years. However, the current urban governance and management of the services is far from satisfactory. This study presents a coexisting scenario of migration that is ongoing in India. Post independent India witnessed several transformations in different sectors. Due to unequal progress and the apathetic approach of development agencies and the Government, a considerable proportion of the rural population has immigrated to the urban places in search of better opportunities resulting in many problems such as unidentifiable population groups and slum formation. Migration from rural to urban has changed the nature and proportion of population and its supportive systems. This paper describes how the migration is happening in the recent time and which the more influential enablers among them are. If there are any significant enablers among the list, the government policies for future can be made concentrating on those factors to get to the GDP goal in stipulated time.
Key-words: Urbanization, India, migration pattern, government policies, education, employment, modernization, industrialization, healthcare facilities.
PowerPoint examining the push and pull factors for people moving from rural areas to urban areas within India. It also looks at the consequences for the urban areas due to this movement.
Urbanization, Changing Economic Landscape and Policy Response in India: A Stu...Premier Publishers
India’s neoliberal practices introduced with new economic policy insisted a globalization process that remains an influence on city development strategy, planning policy and reorganization of urban space. This has come as growing recognition of cities a key player in economic growth, globalization and development of the country resulted in the launch of a handful urban policy in India. They all in common aim at making cities more competitive and investment friendly. Hence, this gives rise to emergence of new economic landscape. Many states with good resources and intelligent manpower have been forerunner in materializing the advantages of globalization. The present paper suggests that the Empowered Action Group States with higher population size coupled with poverty and low level of urbanization, have not been equally active in spurting urban growth and bringing faster development in their regions. Many of these States might have not seen urban development on their prioritized concerns. The study reveals that lack of institutional capacity, financial bottleneck, and unwillingness to foster urban reforms has been the major challenges to be addressed.
POPULATION GEOGRAPHY vs. DEMOGRAPHY
Preface of the terms.
Variability between the terms.
Skills to the study of Population Geography.
Importance of Demographics and its Data.
Factors examined by the field of demography.
Demographic Transition Theory (DTT).
Population Pyramid.
Association between the terms.
Stats / Graphs of India – with referencing to Population and Demography.
India’s population projection.
Bibliography.
Solid Waste Management in Enugu Metropolis: Implications for Urban Administra...iosrjce
This work examined the solid waste management in Enugu metropolis for urban administration.
Over some period now Enugu metropolis has witnessed big volume of solid waste that adversely affected urban
administrator’s capacity to plan. The improper management of solid waste in Enugu metropolis constituted
health hazards to the citizens. A survey research method was adopted in the study and two hypotheses guided
the study. Data generated were analyzed using frequency tables, percentages and chi-square. The findings
showed that irregular collection of solid waste affects urban development in Enugu metropolis and that lack of
strict enforcement of environmental laws is responsible for indiscriminate dumping of solid waste. It is therefore
recommended that Government should enforce strictly all the environmental related bye-laws, generate
sufficient funds for solid waste management and also checkmate indiscriminate dumping of waste by the citizens
and ensure timely carting away refuse dumps in the metropolis
Prioritize the enablers of urbanization in indiaGirish Singh
The process of urbanization in India creates a better and higher order of infrastructures of education, employment, modernization, industrialization and healthcare facilities. As per Chetan Vaidya (2011), Urbanization is inevitable and necessary to achieve the 10% GDP growth rate of India. As per that calculation India has to increase its urban area by 40% in the next 25 years. However, the current urban governance and management of the services is far from satisfactory. This study presents a coexisting scenario of migration that is ongoing in India. Post independent India witnessed several transformations in different sectors. Due to unequal progress and the apathetic approach of development agencies and the Government, a considerable proportion of the rural population has immigrated to the urban places in search of better opportunities resulting in many problems such as unidentifiable population groups and slum formation. Migration from rural to urban has changed the nature and proportion of population and its supportive systems. This paper describes how the migration is happening in the recent time and which the more influential enablers among them are. If there are any significant enablers among the list, the government policies for future can be made concentrating on those factors to get to the GDP goal in stipulated time.
Key-words: Urbanization, India, migration pattern, government policies, education, employment, modernization, industrialization, healthcare facilities.
PowerPoint examining the push and pull factors for people moving from rural areas to urban areas within India. It also looks at the consequences for the urban areas due to this movement.
Urbanization, Changing Economic Landscape and Policy Response in India: A Stu...Premier Publishers
India’s neoliberal practices introduced with new economic policy insisted a globalization process that remains an influence on city development strategy, planning policy and reorganization of urban space. This has come as growing recognition of cities a key player in economic growth, globalization and development of the country resulted in the launch of a handful urban policy in India. They all in common aim at making cities more competitive and investment friendly. Hence, this gives rise to emergence of new economic landscape. Many states with good resources and intelligent manpower have been forerunner in materializing the advantages of globalization. The present paper suggests that the Empowered Action Group States with higher population size coupled with poverty and low level of urbanization, have not been equally active in spurting urban growth and bringing faster development in their regions. Many of these States might have not seen urban development on their prioritized concerns. The study reveals that lack of institutional capacity, financial bottleneck, and unwillingness to foster urban reforms has been the major challenges to be addressed.
Relationship between Rural Development and Migration in Turkeyinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The definition of rural development is regarded as growth of a rural region with respect to economical, social and cultural sides. It can be clearly seen that it is not integrated part of development with respect to economic, social and cultural aspect. 5 years development plans which launched in 1960’s have been implemented up to now. Also, in addition to that, in the regions having GDP per capita less than 75% of EU average, rural development projects and regional development projects have been implemented for stopping or alleviating the migration from underdeveloped regions, Eastern Anatolia, South Eastern Anatolia, Northern Black sea to the western part of Turkey, creating new job opportunities, facilitating the investments made for education, health and infrastructure. When analysed the main structure of the migration theme, it is not out of the question to clearly see the political side behind economic side of it. The migration has increased since 1980’s. The migrated people were those who have to deal with main agricultural products and animal husbandry. In rural areas, life expectancy, GDP per capita, social environment, unemployment level must be considered to stop migration from those places to urban areas. The aim of this study is to find out the reasons which result from migration and that have some assumption for how EU rural development funds will lessen the out-migration from villages to districts and cities after being taken into account of all aspects of the situation.
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
1. Scene.
2. Demographic Transition Theory.
3. Demographic Transition in India.
4. Understanding India’s Demographic Transition.
5. Demographic Dividend.
6. Opportunities for India caused by the Demographic Dividend.
7. Challenges faced by India.
8. State-wise trends in the Demographic Transition.
9. Results in terms of Statistics.
10. India’s Demographic Conclusion.
11. Bibliography
Re-inventing and Re-defining Urban Planning for Promoting Sustainable Mega Ci...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper make an attempt to understand the planning related issues and options for the mega cities with focus on capital City of Lahorein Pakistan, its growth and development post 1947 and the options which can be leveataged to make the city sustainable and livable. Paper looks at the good practices used in the planning of capital city of Chandigarh and also at the option of decentralising these cities. Look at the size, economic role and its criticality in the development of the state/region, --suggestion has been made to plan and devlop these mega cities in the regional/ national context.so as to enable them to play their designated role. However, these cities need to be made resilient to make them withstand any manmade/natural disasters. These cities despite their criticality and importance remain diffficult to manage and govern.
Levels, Patterns and Trends of Urbanization (World)ShreemoyeeSaha1
1. What is Urbanization?
2. Levels of Urbanization in the World
3. Patterns of Urbanization in the World : Demographic Changes, Economic Development, Consumption Pattern, Urban Footprint.
4. Patterns of Urbanization in Asia.
5. Trends of Urbanization in the World : Past, Recent and Future Trends.
6. Timeline of Urbanization in the World (1950- 2050)
7. Projected Urban and Rural Population.
8. Urbanization and Sustainability.
3 ijreh mar-2018-3-evaluating the factors impactAI Publications
The study covers the rural villages people, who are coming from rural area to urban, there are no basic industries that will employ the development active labour force, thus prompt to the urban migration to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality education and quality medical facilities etc. The present study was an attempt to identify the factors influence on migrants in rural area. The respondents are taken from Hyderabad city, because of many of people migrants from rural, with sample size 110 respondents and tested by percentages, ANOVA, multiple regressions and Factor analysis by using SPSS 20.0 Version. The results of the study shown that major factors like pull and push drivers have impact on migrants respondents whereas decision taken by family members and individual shown positive impact on migrants.
Institutional changes in peri urban areas a ase of bopal ghuma nagarplaika 1Riddhi Vakharia
Rapid urbanization creates a definitive pressure on the core urbanized area falling under the jurisdiction of some urban local government. Also there is a phenomenal increase in urban population in third world nations especially in the metropolitan areas which is due to high migration from rural areas and small towns. This pressure results into spill out areas outside the city limits which could be then classified as fringe zone area with a distinct and dynamically varying space in the overall context of the core urbanized area. During development the rural settlements are being absorbed within the urbanized areas, which can also be termed as urban villages, lying on fringe of a large cities. This urban sprawl induces the spreading of land uses of urban nature into the surrounding urban villages in the fringes drawing large population into the urban-rural interface.
Peri-urban area are the transitional area which are the passage between the rural area i.e. the village on one side and the urban core i.e. city on the other and obtains features of both these areas. Characteristics of these areas may vary from place to place in their existence and intensity on the basis of physical and cultural and economic aspects of the place. Various parameters are used to define Urban areas which are broadly classified as demographic components (i.e., increase of density and population size), economic sectoral component (i.e., a primarily non-agricultural labor force) and psychological -social- component (i.e., awareness for the meaning of Urban) as identified by (Iaquinta & Drescher, 2000).
Institutional scenario of peri-urban area is relevant as we can understand the limitation emerging development, management and planning in these areas. Peri-urban areas are often under the jurisdiction umbrella of multiple administrative institutions, having fragile relations and inadequate municipal power in service resulting into an uncertain environment and ambiguity into which institutes works for what particular area. . (Adriana , L. A. da Silva , & Corubolo, 1999). Key challenges due to poor institutional setup are lack of capacity, shortage of funds, multiplicity of authorities, revenue generation, lack of technical expertise, non-recognition and lack of planning, information gap.
Relationship between Rural Development and Migration in Turkeyinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The definition of rural development is regarded as growth of a rural region with respect to economical, social and cultural sides. It can be clearly seen that it is not integrated part of development with respect to economic, social and cultural aspect. 5 years development plans which launched in 1960’s have been implemented up to now. Also, in addition to that, in the regions having GDP per capita less than 75% of EU average, rural development projects and regional development projects have been implemented for stopping or alleviating the migration from underdeveloped regions, Eastern Anatolia, South Eastern Anatolia, Northern Black sea to the western part of Turkey, creating new job opportunities, facilitating the investments made for education, health and infrastructure. When analysed the main structure of the migration theme, it is not out of the question to clearly see the political side behind economic side of it. The migration has increased since 1980’s. The migrated people were those who have to deal with main agricultural products and animal husbandry. In rural areas, life expectancy, GDP per capita, social environment, unemployment level must be considered to stop migration from those places to urban areas. The aim of this study is to find out the reasons which result from migration and that have some assumption for how EU rural development funds will lessen the out-migration from villages to districts and cities after being taken into account of all aspects of the situation.
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
1. Scene.
2. Demographic Transition Theory.
3. Demographic Transition in India.
4. Understanding India’s Demographic Transition.
5. Demographic Dividend.
6. Opportunities for India caused by the Demographic Dividend.
7. Challenges faced by India.
8. State-wise trends in the Demographic Transition.
9. Results in terms of Statistics.
10. India’s Demographic Conclusion.
11. Bibliography
Re-inventing and Re-defining Urban Planning for Promoting Sustainable Mega Ci...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper make an attempt to understand the planning related issues and options for the mega cities with focus on capital City of Lahorein Pakistan, its growth and development post 1947 and the options which can be leveataged to make the city sustainable and livable. Paper looks at the good practices used in the planning of capital city of Chandigarh and also at the option of decentralising these cities. Look at the size, economic role and its criticality in the development of the state/region, --suggestion has been made to plan and devlop these mega cities in the regional/ national context.so as to enable them to play their designated role. However, these cities need to be made resilient to make them withstand any manmade/natural disasters. These cities despite their criticality and importance remain diffficult to manage and govern.
Levels, Patterns and Trends of Urbanization (World)ShreemoyeeSaha1
1. What is Urbanization?
2. Levels of Urbanization in the World
3. Patterns of Urbanization in the World : Demographic Changes, Economic Development, Consumption Pattern, Urban Footprint.
4. Patterns of Urbanization in Asia.
5. Trends of Urbanization in the World : Past, Recent and Future Trends.
6. Timeline of Urbanization in the World (1950- 2050)
7. Projected Urban and Rural Population.
8. Urbanization and Sustainability.
3 ijreh mar-2018-3-evaluating the factors impactAI Publications
The study covers the rural villages people, who are coming from rural area to urban, there are no basic industries that will employ the development active labour force, thus prompt to the urban migration to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality education and quality medical facilities etc. The present study was an attempt to identify the factors influence on migrants in rural area. The respondents are taken from Hyderabad city, because of many of people migrants from rural, with sample size 110 respondents and tested by percentages, ANOVA, multiple regressions and Factor analysis by using SPSS 20.0 Version. The results of the study shown that major factors like pull and push drivers have impact on migrants respondents whereas decision taken by family members and individual shown positive impact on migrants.
Institutional changes in peri urban areas a ase of bopal ghuma nagarplaika 1Riddhi Vakharia
Rapid urbanization creates a definitive pressure on the core urbanized area falling under the jurisdiction of some urban local government. Also there is a phenomenal increase in urban population in third world nations especially in the metropolitan areas which is due to high migration from rural areas and small towns. This pressure results into spill out areas outside the city limits which could be then classified as fringe zone area with a distinct and dynamically varying space in the overall context of the core urbanized area. During development the rural settlements are being absorbed within the urbanized areas, which can also be termed as urban villages, lying on fringe of a large cities. This urban sprawl induces the spreading of land uses of urban nature into the surrounding urban villages in the fringes drawing large population into the urban-rural interface.
Peri-urban area are the transitional area which are the passage between the rural area i.e. the village on one side and the urban core i.e. city on the other and obtains features of both these areas. Characteristics of these areas may vary from place to place in their existence and intensity on the basis of physical and cultural and economic aspects of the place. Various parameters are used to define Urban areas which are broadly classified as demographic components (i.e., increase of density and population size), economic sectoral component (i.e., a primarily non-agricultural labor force) and psychological -social- component (i.e., awareness for the meaning of Urban) as identified by (Iaquinta & Drescher, 2000).
Institutional scenario of peri-urban area is relevant as we can understand the limitation emerging development, management and planning in these areas. Peri-urban areas are often under the jurisdiction umbrella of multiple administrative institutions, having fragile relations and inadequate municipal power in service resulting into an uncertain environment and ambiguity into which institutes works for what particular area. . (Adriana , L. A. da Silva , & Corubolo, 1999). Key challenges due to poor institutional setup are lack of capacity, shortage of funds, multiplicity of authorities, revenue generation, lack of technical expertise, non-recognition and lack of planning, information gap.
Rapid degradation of peri-urban ecosystems is resulting in a loss of associated ecosystem services. Water provision, storm-and waste-water regulation, along with protection from natural disasters and erosion, are the impacted services that most acutely affect poor or vulnerable populations. The poor may be disproportionately impacted by loss of ecosystem services due to lack of political power around land use decision making and limited alternatives for livelihoods, housing, or basic services. Vulnerability extends to urban populations that depend on the ecosystem services provided by or flowing through peri-urban areas. Often, the loss of ecosystems is irreversible and the replacement of associated services is costly, if even possible.
Factors Determining the Continuous Price Appreciation of Condominium Units in...Premier Publishers
The rapid growth rate of Addis Ababa’s population has resulted in a growing demand for residential housing. Hence, the Ethiopian government reacted to launch condominium program to improve the housing problems of the poor. However, the continuous appreciation of this condominium transaction price and unaffordability of the units for the poor were some of the challenges to this housing program after transfer. This study aimed to explore the major factors responsible for price appreciation correlated to the demand. Descriptive research method and mixed research approach have employed on three pilot study areas through, purposive selection focusing on two municipal districts in Addis Ababa. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used by means of questionnaires, interviews and a review of relevant documents. The OLS estimators have resulted highly statistically significant for the expected variables of year, area and location in determining the price suggesting further contributing factors from the actual findings. Actual findings thus identified; lack of information, illegitimate role of brokers and monopolistic housing supply as major determinants. Finally, this study has recommended passing regulations and directives can minimize the incremental rate of the condominium transaction price considering all the challenging factors of the sector having clear and reasonable valuation methods.
Issues and Challenges of Urban Renewal in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeriaiosrjce
Urban renewal brings improvement to the physical and housing conditions and makes a city a
suitable place for living. The commitment of the Plateau State government to giving a face lift to the aesthetic
beauty of the capital city of Jos, through urban renewal, has been reiterated on several occasions. The city
witnessed series of crises almost throughout the last decade with the high density residential areas mostly
affected. The implementation of the proposed urban renewal programmes in the capital city, therefore, call for
caution and concern. This study, having investigated through questionnaires, interview and field observation,
the various socio-economic characteristics of three high density residential areas, namely, Ungwan Rogo,
Gangare and Dadinkowa, respectively sampled from the Northern, Central and Southern strata of the
metropolis, established that the areas are slums. Results of investigations revealed that over 75% of the total
landuse is residential and about 64% of the buildings possess no legal documents. The study further revealed
that away from lack of knowledge of the benefits of urban renewal programmes, fear of loss of property and
lack of trust in government for fear of poor compensation, are factors of non-acceptability of renewal
programmes. 65.8 % of the citizens are of the opinion that poorly managed urban renewal progammes can
regenerate crisis in the metropolis and as such streamlining the process of acquiring C of O, adequate
compensation, incessant pubic enlightenment and public participation, are recommended as key to successful
implementation of urban renewal activities in Jos.
Understanding the Grassroots Dynamics of Slums in Nairobi: The Dilemma of Kib...drboon
A lot of literature on urban development in developing countries has entirely focused on the nexus between rapid urbanization, Gross Geographic Product (GGP) and poverty growth with little research that demonstrates what this impacts on urban sustainability especially with increasing slums in rapidly urbanizing African countries. Available research has focused entirely on increasing poverty level in urban Africa and its mitigation without a clear direction on what this means to slums improvement and urban sustainability. This papers aims to give a conceptual analysis that will help to understand the dynamics of urban sustainability and slums development. The historical perspectives and current realities of Kibera slums in Nairobi are reviewed.
Urbanization and Crime in India A Temporal Analysis from 1991 to 2011ijtsrd
Urbanization is social as well as an economic process it is a population shift from a rural agrarian society to an industrialized urban society. It is a result of the movement of rural to urban migration in search of a better quality of life, as well as is an outcome of natural population growth in urban areas. Urbanization is considered an indicator of the socio economic progress of a society. It has been considered by most of the researchers that more urbanized countries are economically as well as socially well developed. In the economic aspect, urbanization is good for the development of a region because it promotes industrial growth and the development of the economy. However, rapid urbanization and expansion of cities as a result of continuous migration have created various problems in Indian cities. From a social point of view, there are several adverse impacts of urbanization crime is one of them, which is recognised as the most negative effect of urbanization in urban areas especially in developing countries. Crime is one of the most contemporary social problems in urban areas of developing countries, and it is directly or indirectly correlated to the unplanned urbanization process. Some special urban characteristics such as size, high population density, heterogeneous population, impersonality, unemployment, urban poverty, and poor quality of life are responsible for the high crime rate in urban areas. The main objective of this paper is to understand some of the general theoretical as well as quantitative perspectives within which the link between urbanization and crime is explained in the best possible way in the context of India from 1991 to 2011. Muntazim Ahmad "Urbanization and Crime in India: A Temporal Analysis from 1991 to 2011" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49645.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49645/urbanization-and-crime-in-india-a-temporal-analysis-from-1991-to-2011/muntazim-ahmad
Impact of Urban Planning on Household Poverty Reduction in Uganda A Review.pdfssuser793b4e
The study analyzed the impact of urban planning on reducing household poverty in
Uganda. It found that both negative and positive factors significantly influence household
poverty. The study also identified five key factors that contribute to household poverty:
social services, research and development, employment, and investment. The findings
suggest that urban planners should align their policies with government policies when
allocating resources to reduce poverty caused by unplanned urbanization. The study
recommends that urban planners work to improve the quality of life for households in
Uganda
Impact of Urban Planning on Household Poverty Reduction in Uganda A Review.pdfssuser6f4a6d
The study analyzed the impact of urban planning on reducing household poverty in
Uganda. It found that both negative and positive factors significantly influence household
poverty. The study also identified five key factors that contribute to household poverty:
social services, research and development, employment, and investment. The findings
suggest that urban planners should align their policies with government policies when
allocating resources to reduce poverty caused by unplanned urbanization. The study
recommends that urban planners work to improve the quality of life for households in
Uganda.
Participatory Rural Development in Nigeria An Assessment of the 3’I’s Initiat...YogeshIJTSRD
Genuine rural development in a developing society depend largely on the participation of the rural dwellers on the policy formulation and implementation, especially in the area of development project. The rural people play a vital role in the economic and political develop of the nation. In spite of the facts that the bulk of economic produce as well as vote come from the rural area but the development is nothing to write about because the rural people are not involved in the policy formulation and implementation by the pass administration in the state. Fapetu Oluwadamilola V | Siyaka Mohammed "Participatory Rural Development in Nigeria: An Assessment of the 3’I’s Initiatives in Ondo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38663.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38663/participatory-rural-development-in-nigeria-an-assessment-of-the-3’i’s-initiatives-in-ondo-state/fapetu-oluwadamilola-v
Lurking in the Cities: Urbanization and the Informal Economy Dr Lendy Spires
This study investigates the empirical relationship between the level of urbanization and size of the informal economy using cross-country datasets proxying GDP and employment shares of urban informal sector. Our estimation results indicate that there is an inverted-U relationship between informality and the level of urbanization. That is, the share of the informal sector grows in the early phases of urbanization due to several pull and push factors; however, it tends to fall in the latter phases. We also show that factors like level of taxes, trade openness, and institutional quality tend to a efect the size of the informal economy....
Urbanization is a process, which is often observed as a frequent consequence of economic development. New industries in urban areas create new job opportunities, stimulating the shift of labor from rural to urban areas. Nevertheless, the growth in formal sector employment might not keep pace with the growing population of new urban dwellers. Still migration towards urban sector continues. As a result, many of the new dwellers end up in informal urban activities. Informal sector or economy, sometimes also titled shadow, hidden, black, parallel, second or underground economy (or sector)...
The shift from the rural to the urban informal sector can be explained by several pull and push factors. In many cases, the urban informal sector oers better opportunities than the rural sector. Earnings can be higher in urban informal employment than in rural occu-pations and urban areas tend to oer better public services due to an urban bias in policies (Lipton, 1976). Even in the cases in which conditions between two sectors are similar, many individuals prefer the urban informal sector with the expectation of finding a job opportunity in the formal sector in the future (Banerjee, 1983).
The technical changes that industrialization brings to urban industry are joined by tech-nical improvements in the rural sector. However, the technical change might be unbalanced and reduce the incomes of small scale producers (Boyce, 1993). It also can damage the non-agricultural activities in the rural sector (Hymer and Resnick, 1969). In addition, in many cases the technical changes in the rural sector are labor-saving (de Janvry, 1981; Boyce, 1993) and pull down the demand for agricultural labor. These processes can lower the incomes of many rural dwellers and push them to the urban informal sector. The pull and push factors that foster the growth of urban informal activities can be greater than any counteracting factors during the early phases of development that involves urbanization stimulated by early industrialization.
Urbanization is a widespread occurrence across the nation. Urbanism has been affecting the rise in urban crime as a result of societal perception. According to empirical data, crime has risen in metropolitan areas. The study issue is dependent on the specific types of crime that occur in urban settings. | Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF APETE IBADAN
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 12 ||December. 2015 || PP.62-68
www.ijhssi.org 62 | P a g e
PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF
APETE IBADAN
1
MRS. Adedayo Adeyanju Grace , 2
MRS. Akinremi Adenike Rukayat
ABSTRACT: The growth of settlement as a result of rural-urban drift has caused large number of people to
move to the various peri-urban areas due to housing shortage and higher rent in the central city. This study
examines housing condition of the peri-urban area in Oyo state using Apete as a case study. Data was obtained
with the use of structured questionnaires randomly administered to the residents of Apete to obtain information
on the physical, structural and environmental conditions of the housing in the area. Using binary regression
methods of analysis, the study shows that there is a significant relationship between housing structural
condition and resident accessibility to housing services. It concluded that there should be spatial equality in the
provision of facilities and services to the peri-urban areas and creation of an – information system on rural-
urban development. The implication of this is that the development of peri-urban should not be left to land
speculators in order to ensure orderly development.
Keyword: rural-urban outfit, peri-urban, housing condition.
I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Urbanization in Nigeria as in most developing nations is caused mostly by rural-urban migration and
characterized by lowest level of economic and general absence of required. Industrialization to accelerate
socio-economic development. Most settlement in Nigeria such as Ibadan were urbanized prior to the advert of
the colonial masters. However, their presence only accelerated the urbanization rate with the advent of colonial
masters; another dimension was added to the urbanization trend through the foreign and paid job economy
(Mabogunje 1978).
According to the 1991 census, the growth rate of the urban areas was put at 5 percent while that of the
rural areas was put at 2.5 percent. One of the major need of the large concentration of people in the cities was
shelter. Housing is the worst hit by the high rate of urbanization and natural increase. There was high deficit in
housing stock resulting in high rate of homelessness. According to Aina (1989) since public housing efforts have
so far failed in developing country, the urban poor have attempted to resolve housing crisis by building their
own shelter and settlement.
Tofowomo (2008) stated that population growth; rise income, ineffective land use and excessive growth
as well as social problems in central cities, rise of automobile and employment are generally major causes of
peri-urban in different parts of the world. Pile to the fact that most peri-urban areas provide cheap and
accessible kind for the urban poor who are able to put up a structure and inhabit without much constraints. The
area is thus characterized with sub-standard structures and uncompleted houses without most of the
infrastructural facilities provided. This paper examined the housing condition of peri-urban areas in Oyo state
using Apete as a case study.
II. CONCEPTUAL ISSUE/LITERATURE REVIEW
Urbanization is accomplished by globalization which is associated with the creation of new urban
economic cores, increased demand. For services and new criteria for selecting and evaluating economic
activities.(Sassen 2002,Shaws &Satish 2007).
Peri-Urban is an expression that originates from the French word Peri urbanization which is even
used by French statics to describe spaces between the city and the country side that are shaped by the
urbanization of former rural areas in the urban fringe both in qualitative (diffusion of urban lifestyle) and a
quantitative (new residential zones) (INSEE 2008). It is also defined by (Adesina 2007) as part of metropolitan
countries that is not settled densely enough to be called urban. Peri-urban has been used to define a place
concept of process (Narain,V.and Nischal,S. 2007). Peri-urban area is also called rurban space, outskirts or
hinterland defined by the structure resulting from the process of peri-urbanization. It can also be described as
landscape interface between town and country. It is an expansion of functional rural-urban linkages such as
communing (Wikipedia 2015).
2. PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF APETE …
www.ijhssi.org 63 | P a g e
Peri-urban according to (Freidberg 2001, Simon,D.Macgregor,D.Nsiah,G.K.and Thompson,D.(2003),
(Briggs 1991) is characterized by high and increasing population density, small holdings, rich countryside
homes, poor slums, diverse sources of income, lack of regulations contested land tenure rights, uncoordinated
conversion of farmland to housing, pollution, environmental problems, intensified resource exploitation,
considerable economic dynamism and a severe lack of service provision. It is also observed as a widely branded
ugly development with tendency to discounity and haphazard layout which reveals the outcome of improper
planning inadequate policies and lack of good governance (Rikko 2000). The area is also characterized by
inadequate access to basic services both social and physical infrastructure housing finance (Vienna a 2004).
The development of peri-urban is observed to be an inevitable consequence of urbanization as cities in
developing countries continue to grow, the peri-urban area moves outwards in waves. (Nottingham and
Liverpool Universities 1998). However, according to (Rikko et al 2013), the degree as well as growth or urban
sprawl varies between the developed and developing countries. Developing countries experienced alarming and
uncontrolled rate of development due to unprecedented urbanization and urban population growth.
III. THE STUDY AREA
Apete is in Ido Local Government Area, of Oyo state. Located in the suburb of Ibadan which falls on
longitudes 70
2 and 70
4 east of the Greenwich Meridan and latitudes 30
35 and 40
10 North of the equator and is
precisely falls on the North-Western part of the city of Ibadan. The population of Apete by the 2006 census was
103,261. Apete is bounded in the North by the proposed Western bye pass in the east by the Polytechnic, Ibadan,
in the west by Eleyele water works while in the south by a river. Apete people are majority an agrarian in
nature but due to effect of the Polytechnic, Ibadan on Apete, the people have diverted into various commercial
activities such as carpentry, mechanic, hair dressing, motor cycle riders and so on.Figure 1 reflects the local
government s in Ibacan. Apete neighbourhood, the study area is shown in fIgure 3.4.
Figure 1.
Figure 1: Map of Ibadan metropolis showing its 11 Local Govt Areas.
Source: Oyo State Ministry of Lands and Housing, Ibadan (2015)
3. PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF APETE …
www.ijhssi.org 64 | P a g e
Source:ministry of Land, Survey and Housing Oyo state 2015.
IV. METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the research involves the collection of both primary and secondary data. Primary
data was obtained through the administration of questionnaires and field observation to the study 250
questionnaires was administered to the residents in order to know about the socio-economic characteristics,
housing units occupied, the various services and facilities available for the residents and so. 248 were retrieved.
Random sampling method was used to give every housing units in Apete equal chances of been chosen. The
methods of data analysis used were Pearson spearman correlation and binary regression. The Pearson
Spearman Correlation was used to know the relationship between the residents’ income and housing structural
and environmental condition. Binary Regression was used to test the relationship between the housing
structural condition and residents’ accessibility to housing services the secondary data were sourced from
journals, books and internet facilities.
V. RESEARCH FINDINGS
The socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents which includes sex, marital status, age,
educational background occupation, religions, tribe, purpose of living in the study area and the period
respondents have been living in the area was analyzed in table 5.1 below.
Table 5.1 Socio Economic characteristics of the respondents
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Distribution
Male 140 56.5
Female 108 43.5
248 100.0
Marital status
Single 49 19.8
Married 115 46.4
Separated/divorced 34 13.7
4. PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF APETE …
www.ijhssi.org 65 | P a g e
Widowed 50 20.2
Total 248 100.0
Age of respondents ( years)
18-30 60 24.2
31-45 62 25.0
46-40 64 25.8
60 62 25.0
Total 248 100.0
Educational background
Tertiary 106 42.7
Secondary 59 23.8
Primary 50 20.2
Adult Education 21 8.5
Non formal education 12 4.8
Total 248 100.0
Occupation of respondents
Trading/farming 68 27.4
Civil servant 71 28.6
Artisan/apprentice 42 16.9
Students 40 16.1
Others 28 11.3
Total 248 100.0
Monthly income
< 7500 60 24.2
7,500-15000 61 24.6
15,001-30,000 52 21.0
30,001-60,000 56 22.6
> 60,000` 19 7.7
Total 248 100.0
Tribe of respondents Frequency Percentage%
Yoruba 130 52.4
Ibo 93 37.5
Hausa 20 8.1
Others 5 2.0
Total 248 100.0
Religion
Islam 109 44.0
Christianity 117 47.2
Traditional 21 8.5
Others 1 4
Total 248 100.0
Duration of staying in the neighborhood (years)
<5 81 32.7
5-10 79 31.9
11-15 29 11.7
16-20 24 9.7
>20 35 14.1
248 100.0
Source: Field Survey,2015.
Sex characteristics of the respondents revealed that 140 were males representing 56.5% while 108
were female which represent 43.5%. this is because the male respondent source for housing units with their
families as a result of high rent and shortage of land for expansion in the city centre. The marital status of the
respondent revealed that 49 (19.8%) were single, 115 (46.5%) married and 34 (13.7%) were either divorced or
separated. The remaining 50 respondents (20.2%) were widowed as shown in the 5.1 . The age of the
respondents indicated that 60 (24.4%) were between 18-30 years 62 (25%) were between 31-45 years, 64
(25.8%) were between 46-60 years while 62 (25.0%) were above 60 years of age, less than 18 years were not
interviewed above the quality of housing in the study because they are not stakeholder in assessment of housing
quality in the study area. The educational background of the the respondents are as follows: 106 (42.7%) has
5. PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF APETE …
www.ijhssi.org 66 | P a g e
tertiary, 59 (23.8%) had secondary education, 50 (20.2%) had primary education, 21 (85%) had adult
educational background ,while 4.8% had no formal education. 68 (27.4%) of the respondents are farmers 71
(28.6%) are civil servants, 42 (16.9%) are students while 13.3% of the respondents are involved in other
occupations like hunting, night guards and so on. 60 (24.2%) of the respondents earn less than N7,500 monthly,
61 (24.6%) earns between N7,5800 – N15,000. 52 (21.0%) of the respondents earns between N15,000-N30000
while 56(22.6%) earns above N60,000 monthly. 130(52.4%) of the respondents are Yorubas, because they are
the first settlers in Apete. 93(37.5%) are Ibos, 20%(8.1%) are Hausas, while the remaining 2.0% are from other
tribes like Ebira, igala and so on. Religion of the respondents indicated that 109 (44%) are Islam, 117 (47.2%)
are Christian, 21(58%) of the respondents are traditional worshippers while the remaining 1 % is from the
religion like river worshippers. 81 (32.7%) of the respondents have stayed in Apete for less than 5 years. 79
(31.9%) have stayed between 5-10 years, 29 (11.7%) have stayed for 11 – 15 year. 24 (9.7%) have stayed
between 16-20 years while 35(141%) of the respondents have stayed above 20 years.
VI. HOUSING TYPES AND THE USES
Analysis revealed that 42.3% of the buildings found in the study area were Bungalows (Brazilian type).
This is because it is the cheapest and affordable housing type in the area. While duplex, storey, building and
block of fiats were 6.9%, 36.3% and 14.5% respectively. The various building uses in APete are as follows: 132
(53.2%) are for residential, 25.4% are for residential/commercial, 13.3% are used for commercial activities
while 4.8% and 3.2% are used for institutional and service industries respectively. This is shown in table 6.1
TABLE 6.1 HOUSING TYPE AND THEIR USES
VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE %
Housing types
Duplex 17 6.9
Storey 90 36.3
Bungalow (Brazilian model) 105 42.3
Block of flats 36 14.5
Total 248 100.0
Building use
Residential 132 53.2
Commercial 33 13.3
Residential/Commercial 63 25.4
Institutional service industry 12 4.8
Source industry 8 3.2
TOTAL 248 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2015.
8.0 BUILDING STRUCTURAL CONDITION
The structural condition of the building as depicted in the table 7.1 showed that (14.1%) of the
respondents says that the structural condition of the building are good 155 (62.5%) of the respondents says that
the condition of the building is fair while 58 (23.4%) of the respondents says that the condition is poor.
TABLE 8.1 BUILDING STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS
STRUCTURAL CONDITION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
Good 35 14.1
Fair 155 82.5
Poor 58 23.4
Total 248 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2015
9.0 TOILET AND BATHROOM FACILITIES AND THEIR LOCATIONS
Table 9.1 shows the various toilet facilities used in the study area as well as the location of the toilet
and bathroom facilities. 114 (46.0%) of the respondents use pit latrines,12(4.8%) used ventilated improved pit
latrines and 51(20.6%) used bucket system. 53 (21.4%) of the respondents use water closet while the remaining
18 (7.3%) of the respondents does not have any toilet facilities rather they use nearby bushes as toilet.
87(35.1%) have their toilet facilitates outdoor. The remaining 18 (7.3%) make use of open spaces. 93 (37.5%)
of the respondents have their toilet bathroom indoor while 140 (56.5)
Have their bathroom facilitates outdoor. The remaining 15 (6.0%) does not have toilet bathroom facility but
bath in open spaces before the day break.
6. PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF APETE …
www.ijhssi.org 67 | P a g e
TABLE 9.1 TOILET AND BATHROOM FACILITIES AND THEIR LOCATIONS
VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE %
Toilet Facilities
Water closet 53 21.4
Pit Latrine 114 46.0
Ventilated improved pit
Latrine (V.I.P) 12 4.8
Bucket system 51 20.6
No toilet 18 7.3
TOTAL 248 100.0
Location of toilet facilities
Indoor (private) 26 10.5
Indoor (Shared) 70 28.2
Outdoor(Private) 17 6.7
Outdoor(Shared) 117 47.2
Open space bush 18 7.3
TOTAL 248 100.0
Bathroom facilities
Indoor (Private) 38 15.3
Indoor (Shared) 55 22.2
Outdoor (Private) 54 21.8
Outdoor (Shared) 86 34.7
No bathroom facility 15 6.0
TOTAL 248 100.0
Source: Field survey,2015.
10 .0 SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
It was discovered during the field survey that 41.1% of the houses get their sources of water from well,
21.78% from rain harvest, 20.2% from borehole, 8.5% from water vendor and stream respectively. However,
the supply of water is not regular especially during the dry season and when there is power failure because the
respondents will not be able to pump water. There is no tap water in Apete. The alternatives is borehole. Even
the public borehole constructed by the government has stop working since 1991.
TABLE 10.1 SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY
SOURCE OF WATER FREQUENCY %
Borehole 50 20.2
Well 102 41.1
Rain harvest 54 21.8
Water Vendor 21 8.5
Stream/River 21 8.5
TOTAL 248 100.0
Source: Field Survey 2015.
11.0 REFUSE DISPOSAL METHOD
Table 11.1 revealed that out of 248 houses surveyed,40.7% of the houses dispose their refuse through
open spaces/inside drainage, 23.% burn their refuse, 15.7% dispose their refuse inside the drum, 14.5% dispose
their refuse inside the dust bin while 6.0% used community dumpsite. Most houses that are very close to the
refuse dumpsite do not command high rents and the houses are not well maintained by the occupants. Apart
from this refuse dumps and junks attract rats which infect the neighborhood and thereby affect the condition as
well as quality of the housing units
METHOD OF REFUSE DISPOSAL FREQUENCY %
Drum 39 15.7
Dust bin 36 14.5
Burning 57 23.0
Open Space/inside drainage 101 40.7
Community dumpsite 15 6.0
TOTAL 248 100.0
Source: Field Survey 2015.
12.0 SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIGHTING
Table 12.1refleted that almost all the houses surveyed are connected to Power Holding Company for
electricity supply and this accounted for 61.3% while only 15.7% uses generator, 11.7% uses candle and 11.3%
uses kerosene for lighting. It was however gathered that the supply of electricity is not regular in some areas in
7. PERI–URBAN HOUSING IN OYO STATE: CASE STUDY OF APETE …
www.ijhssi.org 68 | P a g e
Apete because the respondents are supplied with faulty or lower capacity transformers that cannot give constant
light to the area.
TABLE 9.1: SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIGHTING
SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIGHTING FREQUENCY %
Electricity 152 61.3
Kerosene 28 11.3
Candle 29 11.7
Generator 39 15.7
TOTAL 248 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2015.
13.0SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
It has been discovered that majority of the houses in Apete are not structurally sound due the use of
poor quality materials used in housing construction and lack of basic facilitate and services. From the field
surveyed, it is shown that the environmental condition of Apete is poor. The attitude of the residents towards
environmental sanitation contributes to this condition. Accessibility to the building is through untarred road.
The flood occurrence in 2014 in Apete has damaged the major bridge and roads in the area. This has caused a
lot of accessibility problems to the residents.
It has been established from the survey conducted that good housing units depends more on the degree
or availability of essential social services and infrastructural facilities. Since peri-urban areas are mainly
residential areas where rural and urban land uses mixed together to form a transition zone between town and
country as a result of growth in the urban area, therefore the existing disparity in the location of services by the
local authority should be corrected. Provision of facilities and services should be based on the general need of
residents and not on political basis. Also enforcement of building standards and the provision of basic amenities
will enhance the condition of houses in these areas. Government should of necessity provide well-served plots of
land at affordable prices for individuals and groups of people wishing to build houses in the peri-urban areas.
This will contributes more to a better environment and enhance the housing quality.
REFRENCES
[1] Adesina , A.(2007).’Social-spatial transformations and the urban fringe landscape in developing countries United Nation University
Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNUHS).Summer academy on social vulnerability and resilience building in mega
city Mumen,Germany.
[2] Aina,T.A.(1989).’Popular settlements in metropolitan Lagos,Nigeria;A socio Economic and structural survey of the habitat of the
urban poor.’ Third World Planing Review,V0l.11,No 4,pp393-415
[3] Briggs, J. (1991). The Peri-Urban zone of Dares salaam , Tanzania Recent trendes and changes in Agricultural land use’ Transactions
of the institute of British. Geographers, 15.2:157-170.
[4] Friedberg,S.(2001).’Gardening on the edge : The social conditions of sustainability on an African Urban Periphery ‘ Annals of the
Association of America Geographers 91.2: 349-369.
[5] Insee (2012).http;//www.insee.fr/fr/methods/default.asp?page=defineds/courane-periurbaaine.htm.
[6] Mabogunje,A.L.(1978).Urbanization in Nigeria,University of London Press,London.
[7] Narain , V and Nischal , S. (2007). The peri-urban interface in shahpur, khurd and karmnera,india Enviroment and urbanization,
19.1:261-273.
[8] Nottingham and Liverpool Universities.(1998).Literature review on peri-urban ‘Natural Resource and conceptuilation and
management Approaches’. Initial Draft; Per-urban production systems Research Natural Resources Systems Programme DFID London
[9] Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.(2006.) Housing Characteristics & Amenities tables. Priority tables
(LGA)2, 20-89.Rikko, L. Dung J.Y Lohor , A.A. (2012). The planning challenges of Rapid Urban International Conference of the
Dept of Urban ®ional planning University of Lagos Nigeria 2nd
-5th
Oct 2012.
[10] Rikko,S.LDungJ.Y and Loho, A.A.(2012)The Planning Challenge Of Rapid Urban International Conference of Department of Urban
and Regional Planning University of Lagos.
[11] Rikko,S.L.(2000).The effects of Federal Capital on the sale of land in selected settlements of Karu Local Government Area,Nasarawa
State.An unpulished M.sc Thesis,University of Jos.
[12] Sassen, S. (2002) . Locating cities on Global circuits’ Environment and urbanization, 14. 1: 13-30
[13] Shaw, A and satish; m.k. (2007) metropolitan Restructuring in post liberalized India, separating the Global and the local cities 24.2:
148-163.
[14] Simon, D.Macgregor, D.,Nsiah,G.K.and Thompson,D.(2003).”Poverty Elimination,North-South Research Collaboration,and
thePolictics of Participatory Development”Development in Pratice.13:9:40-56.
[15] Tofowomo ,(2008).Monitoring Urban Sprawl in graeter Karu Urban Area (GKUA)Nasarawa State Nigeria.inRikko,S.Laraba and Laka
I.S.Journal of Environmental and Earth Science.ISSN2224-3216(paper)ISSN 2225-0948(Online)Vol3,NO13,2013 www.iiste.org
[16] Vienna,(2004).*Housing Quality in Informal Settlements and Urban Upgrading in Ibadan Nigeria.A case study of Apete in Ibadan in
Funmilayo L.A.Developing Country Studies.ISSN2224-607X(Paper)ISSN2225-0565(Online)V0l 2,NO10,2012.
[17] Wikipedia (2015.) Free encylopedi.a