Research methodology, unit 3
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This document discusses research design and methodology. It defines research design and lists its key features as reliability, objectivity, validity, replicability and generalizability. It also covers different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, historical, case study, developmental, correlational, causal-comparative, survey, experimental and quasi-experimental. Qualitative research is discussed along with its assumptions, features and types. Sources of error in research design are also outlined.
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This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It begins by defining a research proposal as a plan of action that presents the researcher's investigation plan and justifies their intent. It then outlines the key elements that should be included in a proposal, such as the problem statement, literature review, methodology, and work plan. The document provides detailed descriptions of each section and advises on how to effectively structure and write each part of the proposal. It also lists common mistakes to avoid, such as failing to properly frame the research question or not providing enough detail on major issues. Overall, the document serves as a guide for developing a well-organized research proposal.
RM_Research Report. Unit 9.pdf
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This document provides information on research reports, including their purpose, importance, types, writing procedures, style, format, citations and references, and plagiarism. A research report presents research findings and procedures in a scientific, systematic way after work is completed. It is important as it provides information, measures validity and reliability, and helps with decision making and creating educational materials. Research reports can be preliminary, general or technical. Good research report writing follows procedures like outlining, time planning, data management, and revising drafts. Reports should be clearly written while focusing on objectives, grammar, and being objective and selective. Reports include preliminary sections, the body and supplementary materials, with standard formatting and components. Citations and references areResearch methodology summary by Shiva Shrestha
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The document discusses various topics related to research methodology. It defines what research is, the different types of research designs, variables, hypotheses, errors in hypotheses testing, and steps in hypothesis testing. Research is defined as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge through objective methods. The main types of research designs discussed are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Key terms explained include variables, hypotheses, null and alternative hypotheses, type I and type II errors, and significance level. The steps of hypothesis testing provided are making a formal statement, selecting a significance level, deciding on a distribution, selecting a sample, computing a value, calculating a probability, and comparing the probability.Research methodology, unit 4
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The document discusses measurement and scaling in research. It covers key concepts like nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio levels of measurement. It also discusses attitude measurement and various techniques for developing attitude scales, including Likert scales and semantic differential scales. Finally, it outlines important criteria for good measurement, such as validity, reliability and practicability. Measurement is important for identifying and quantifying variables scientifically and increasing research reliability.Research methodology, unit 2 for MBS 1st year
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The document discusses the preliminary stages of research, including literature reviews, problem definition, theoretical frameworks, hypotheses formulation, and criteria for good hypotheses. It provides definitions and guidelines for each stage. A literature review identifies existing knowledge, questions unanswered, and justification for further study. It involves locating, obtaining, reading, and evaluating scholarly materials. The theoretical framework establishes the foundation of variables identified as relevant to the problem. Well-stated hypotheses should be testable, limited in scope, and reflect a proposed relationship between variables based on prior knowledge.Unit 5 problem solving
This document discusses problem solving and the problem solving process. It defines a problem and outlines the key steps in problem solving, which include problem identification, formulation, and finding solutions. Specific cognitive processes involved in problem recognition are described, such as thinking, conceptualization, and perception. Factors that can affect how problems are formulated are also provided. Common problem solving methods like the SARA model are explained, with the stages of scanning, analysis, response, and assessment defined.
Unit 6 fuzzy logic
The document discusses fuzzy logic and its applications. It begins by defining fuzzy logic as a form of logic that accounts for imprecise notions and allows for reasoning with partial truths. It then discusses how fuzzy logic originated from the work of Lotfi Zadeh in 1965 and was first applied commercially in 1980. The document also summarizes key applications of fuzzy logic in control systems, such as temperature controllers and anti-lock braking systems for cars. It concludes that fuzzy logic provides an alternative way to represent real-world attributes linguistically and allows for more efficient and simpler system designs compared to conventional logic-based approaches.
CTDM: 7Th semester : Unit 2 decision theory
CTDM: 7Th semester : Unit 2 decision theoryFormer Lecturer of HETAUDA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT, Hetauda, Makawanpur, Nepal
This document discusses decision making and group decision making. It defines decision making as choosing between alternative courses of action. There are different types of decisions based on factors like frequency, importance and complexity. The document outlines several models of decision making, including rational, satisficing, implicit favorite, and intuitive models. It also discusses decision trees as a tool to represent sequential decisions. Group decision making is described as a process that can generate more alternatives but also requires effective management to avoid issues like conflict and unclear responsibilities. Techniques for improving group decision making include brainstorming, the Delphi method, and nominal group technique.7th semester BIM: Unit 1 critical thinking
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The document is a lecture presentation by Shiva Shrestha of Hetauda School of Management on critical thinking. It defines critical thinking and discusses various viewpoints on it. It also covers the critical thinking process, importance of critical thinking, inquiry skills used in critical thinking, relationship between critical thinking and decision making, costs of fallacious reasoning, and more.More from Former Lecturer of HETAUDA SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT, Hetauda, Makawanpur, Nepal (9)
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Research methodology, unit 3
- 1. Chapter 3 2/23/2014 1Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur
- 2. Main contents… Concepts Classification of Designs: Exploratory, Historical, descriptive, Case study, developmental, Correlational, Causal- comparative, Survey, experimental and Quasi- experimental research Qualitative research: concept, features, assumptions and research design Pilot study; sources of error in research design 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 2
- 3. Research design : concept It is an overall plan of completing the research work. It presents works of research serially from the beginning to the ends in a logical way. According to Kerlinger F. N. “ Research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigations conceived so as to obtain answer of research questions and to control variance.” It is the conceptual structure/ framework/blueprint within which research is conducted. 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 3
- 4. Features of research design Reliability Objectivity validity Replicability Generalizability 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 4
- 5. Considerations while Designing Research Design Useful and less costly Simplification of research Flexibility Minimize errors Reliability Draw appropriate results 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 5
- 6. Classification of Research Design 1. Exploratory Research Design 2. Descriptive Research Design 3. Historical Research Design 4. Case Study Research Design 5. Developmental Research Design 6. Correlational Research Design 7. Causal Comparative Research Design 8. Survey Research Design 9. Experimental Research Design 10. Quasi-experimental Research Design 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 6
- 7. Qualitative Research A research which is conducted to interpret, analyze and obtain in-depth knowledge of an issue/ subject is known as qualitative research. It provides detail of the events or incidents which were not expected. Assumptions: 1. Research keeps holistic approach 2. Research incorporates emergent design 3. Research is descriptive 4. Primarily concerned with process rather than outcomes 5. Research involves field work 6. The process of research is inductive 7. Research is Subjective 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 7
- 8. Features of Qualitative Research 1. Interpretive 2. Based on qualitative facts 3. Selection of Sample 4. Change in research design 5. Data collection 6. assumptions 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 8
- 9. Types of Qualitative Research 1. Historical study 2. Case study 3. Grounded theory 4. Ethnography 5. Participative Research 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 9
- 10. Pilot Study 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 10
- 11. Sources of Errors in Research Design 1. The Halo effect 2. The rating errors 3. The experimenter bias effect 4. Errors of misplaced precision 5. Beware of case study 6. The inclination to the instruments 7. Sampling errors 8. Data Processing errors 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 11
- 12. 2/23/2014 Shiva Shrestha, HSM, Hetauda, Makawanpur 12