This document provides an overview of key concepts for reviewing research, including definitions of literature reviews, their purposes and importance. It discusses different research approaches such as quantitative, qualitative and pragmatic approaches. It also covers research methods, validity, instrumentation, data analysis and factors to consider in the selection of research tools and designs. The presentation aims to provide guidance on best practices for conducting effective literature reviews and research.

1. A PRESENTATION ON BASIC
CRITERIA OF REVIEW OF
RESEARCH
GUIDED BY :
DR. RAMA MISHRA
PRESENTED BY:
Palak Bercha
Usha Saroj
Sapna Singh
Akanksha Gupta
Prerna Jain
Diwya Joshi

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
By - Palak Berchha

3. INTRODUCTION
 Literature Review is an evaluative report of
information found in the literature related to
selected area of study.
 Review should describe, summarise, evaluate
and clarify this literature.
 Should give a theoretical base for the
research and help determine nature of
research.

4. DEFINITIONS
Process of reading, analyzing,
evaluating and summarizing secondary
materials about a specific topic.
Systematic identification and location of
documents concerning information
related to the research problem.

5. WHAT A LITERATURE REVIEW IS
Organizes Literature
Evaluate Literature
Identifies Literature And Trends
Synthesizes Literature
Can include articles, abstracts, reviews,
monographs, dissertations, other research
reports and electronic media.

6. PURPOSE
 Provides a framework for establishing the
importance of study
Benchmark for comparing the results of
study to other findings
Demonstrate how your study fills in gaps in
the literature or extends the work of prior
studies

7. IMPORTANCE
 Literature review help researcher to avoid
duplication
 Can be a preparatory work for motivating future
research
 To choose and formulate research problem
 Literature reviews help the identify the gaps

8. SAPNASINGH
 An approach could be
seen as your
perspective , ideology
,belief or theoretical
stances on something
 It encompass set of
logical assumptions
that could be made
for better
comprehensive of
issues.
 It is a plan or
procedures that are
based on a credible
approach .It revels
what need to be done
in a systematic way
and how to focus on
achieving those goals
APPROACH METHOD

9. RESEARCH APPROACH
QUANTIATIVE
RESARCH
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
PRAGMATI
C
APPROACH
TO
RESEARCH
METODS
ADVOCACY
PARTICIPA--
TARY
APPROACH
TO
RESEARCH
SAPNASINGH

10. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
It usually involves collecting and converting data into
numerical form so that statistical calculation can be
made and conclusion drawn.
PRINCIPLE
 Objectivity is very important
 External factors must be controlled
 Based on deductive reasoning
SAPNASINGH

11. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 It involves intensive data collection that is collection
of extensive data or many variable over an
extended period of time in a naturalistic settings
 The main emphasis of qualitative research is a
deductive reasoning
SAPNASINGH

12. PRAGMATIC RESEARCH APPROACH
 The pragmatic approach involves using the method
which appears best suited to the research problem.
 Pragmatic researchers therefore give themselves
the freedom to use any of the methods , techniques
and procedures associated with quantitative or
qualitative research. They recognize that every
method has its limitations and that the different
approaches can be complementary.
SAPNASINGH

13. ADVOCACY / PARTICIPATORY
APPROACH
 It is also called emancipatory research.
 Advocacy research is intended to assist in a
advocacy , that is , efforts to assemble and use
information and resources to bring about
improvements in people.
 The advocacy and participatory research inquiry
needs to be intertwined with politics and political
agenda
SAPNASINGH

14. RESEARCH METHODS
The research methods can be categorized on the basis of end result [or goal] , data gathering technique , method of
data processing , degree of control exercised approach , source of the data etc.
There are basically 3 types of research methodology
1 Historical
 Historical
 Legal
 Documentary
2 Survey
 Descriptive
 Survey testing
 Questionnaire
 Interview
 Analytical
3 Observational
b. Rating
 Documentary frequency
 Critical incident
 Factor analysis
3 School surveys
4 Social surveys 5 genetic
SAPNASINGH

15. VALIDITY
Internal External
VALIDITY
Validity is described as the degree to which a research study measures
what it intends to measure .
SAPNASINGH

16. VALIDITY
SAPNASINGH
Internal validity refers to the
validity of the
measurement and test
itself.
 Testing
 Regression
 Differential selection
 Experimental mortality
 History
 Maturation
 Instrumentation
External validity refers to
the ability to generalize
the findings to the
target population .
INTERNAL VALIDITY EXTERNAL VALIDITY

17. INSTRUMENTATION
Instrument is a generic term that researchers use for
a measure device [survey , test , questionnaire] .
Instrumentation is the course of action [the process
of developing , testing and using the device].
SAPNASINGH

18. DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is a inspection of raw data and getting
useful information , suggestion conclusion by
application of deductive and inductive method.
SAPNASINGH

19. Probability of Success and
Significance of Findings
Presented by :
Akanksha Gupta

20.  The main function of Review of Literature is to give
an estimate of the probability of success of the
contemplated research & the significance of
usefulness of the findings & assuming the decision
is made to continue.

21.  After review of the full body of the previous
research the researcher is in the position to
evaluate the success of other researches in the
problem area & the usefulness of their findings. If
others have been successful & the findings are
useful, then the prognosis for his own research is
good & it is wise to continue with the research.
 But if others have been unsuccessful & produced
inconclusive research then researcher must ask
himself whether there are specific reasons to
believe that he can succeed, where all other have
failed.

22.  As the literature provide an estimate of the success
potential of contemplated research, so by this the
researcher must be alter the project as well as to
continue on as intended.
 If he continued, where no one has ever succeded in
doing what they plan, so he can argue that he must
be the first.
 And even if the researcher has some new idea,
some new method, some new instrument, which
leads him to believe he will succeed where all other
failed, then he has every right to proceed.

23.  Now if he only intends to try again what has never
worked before then he should seriously consider
whether he can reasonably expect to do any better
than his predessessors. If not , he should devote
his time, energy & ability to a research problem in
which there is a greater likelihood of his making a
possitive professional contribution.

24. SELECTION OF TOOLS AND DESIGNS
Presented by:
Diwya Joshi

25. PROCESS OF DESIGNING AND
CONDUCTING A RESEARCH PROJECT:
What--What was studied?
What about--What aspects of
the subject were studied?
What for--What is/was the
significance of the study?
What did prior lit./research say?
What was done--How was the
study conducted?
What was found?
So what?
What now?
1. Introduction,
Research Problems/
Objectives, &
Justification
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
(Research sample, data
collection, measurement,
data analysis)
4. Results & Discussion
5. Implications
6. Conclusions and
Recommendations for
Future Research

26. WHAT IS A “LITERATURE REVIEW”?
“…a literature review surveys scientific
articles, books, medical journals,
dissertations and other sources […]
relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory, providing a
description, summary, and critical
evaluation of each work.”

27. SELECTION OF TOOLS
•The selection of suitable instruments or tools is
of vital importance for successful research.
•Different tools are suitable for collecting various
kinds of information for various purposes.
•The research worker may use one or more of the
tools in combination for his purpose.
•They should also know how to construct and use
them effectively.

28. TOOLS OF RESEARCH
The major tools of research in education can be
classified broadly into the following categories:
A. Inquiry forms
• Questionnaire
• Checklist
• Score-card
• Schedule
• Rating Scale
• Opinionnaire
• Attitude Scale

29. TOOLS OF RESEARCH
B. Observation
C. Interview
D. Socometry
E. Psychological Tests
 Achievement Test
 Aptitude Test
 Intelligence Test
 Interest inventory
 Personality measures etc.

30. RESEARCH DESIGN
 RESEARCH DESIGN refers to the plan, structure, and strategy of
research--the blueprint that will guide the research process.
Developing Research
Hypotheses
Intriguing Observation,
Intellectual Curiosity
Defining Research
Problem & Objectives
Testing Hypo.:
Data Analysis &
Interpretation
Sampling Design
Refinement of theory
(Inductive Reasoning)
Data Coding,
And
Editing
Developing Operational
Definitions for
Research Variables
Building the Theoretical
Framework and the
Research Model
Data Collection
More Careful Studying
of the Phenomenon
THE PROCESS OF
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

31. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGNS:
 Experimental Designs:
 True Experimental Studies
 Pre-experimental Studies
 Quasi-Experimental Studies
 Non-Experimental Designs:
 Expost Facto/Correlational Studies