The document describes various research designs used in business research including descriptive, causal comparative, experimental, and quasi-experimental designs. Descriptive designs aim to describe phenomena while causal comparative and experimental designs examine causes and effects. Within experimental designs, the document discusses internal and external validity as well as threats to validity. It also covers topics such as univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis, and types of experimental designs including pretest-posttest, control group, and factorial designs.

1. Research Designs
Descriptive Research
Casual Comparative (Ex-post facto)
Quasi Experimental
Experimental

2. Descriptive Survey Research Design
• Careful description of business phenomenon--- What is?
1. Cross-sectional Research Design (one point in time)
2. Longitudinal Research Design (different points
in time)
i. Trend Studies Pc Sc
ii. Cohort Studies P Sc
iii. Panel Studies P S

3. Casual Comparative Research Design
( EX post facto research)
Purpose: To explain business
phenomena (C-E)
Cause (independent variable)
Effect ( dependent variable)

4. Scores
• Set of possible values on a measurement scale for a
particular variable
1. Continuous Scores values on a continuum (H-L)
indefinite no. of options
Discrete Scores (values distinct, separable) class size.
• Raw Score( form of continuous score--- difficult to
interpret)
• Derived Scores (performance relative to a comparison
group)

5. Standard Score ( a form of derived score) that uses standard
deviation units. z scores)
2. Rank Scores (Position of a person on a variable relative to
the position held by other persons) percentiles,
3. Category Scores (value of a variable that has no
quantitative meaning)
Rating Scale

6. True dichotomy: A categorical variable that has only two natural
values (male, female)
Artificial dichotomy: A categorical variable with only two values which
are formed from continuous scores, (low achiever ----high achiever)

7. Correlational Research Design
Purpose: to discover relationship between variables
Correlating coefficient is calculated in such studies
Scatter-gram /scatter-plot (pictorial representation of correlation)
• Perfect positive
• Positive
• Negative
• Perfect Negative
• No correlation

8. Line of best fit (the line that represents the best prediction of
y score from knowing x score).
Scattergrams/ Scatter plot: It is a pictorial representation of
the correlation
Correlation
y=bx+a
Y=variable being predicted
b= slope of the line
a = the point where the line of best fit intersects y-axis

9. Univarate:
Bivariate: (Two variable are involved)
Multivariate (Multiple variable are involved)
Regression

10. Experimental Research
Pretest-Posttesgt
Control-Experiment
•Single group designs
•Control group designs

11. Single group designs
1. One-shot case study X O
2. One group pretest posttest 0 X 0
3. Time series 0 0 0 0 X 0 0 0 0

12. Control group designs
Pretest-posttest Control
R 0 x 0
R 0 0
Posttest only control
R x 0
R 0

13. Solomon-four group design
R 0 x 0
R 0 0
R x 0
R 0

14. Internal validity: The extent to which the extraneous variables have
been controlled
Extraneous variables: Any variable other than treatment variable that
can effect the experimental outcome.
1. History
2. Maturation
3. Testing
4. Instrumentation
5. Statistical regression
6. Differential selection

15. 7. Experimental mortality
8. Selection-maturation-interaction
9. Experimental treatment diffusion
10. Compensatory rivalry by the control group
11. Compensatory equalization of treatments
12. Resentful demoralization of the control group

16. External validity: The extent to which the findings of an experiment can
be applied to individuals and settings beyond those that were studied.
1. Population validity S-g-P
2. Ecological validity C-g-C

17. Quasi-Experimental Designs
Static –group comparison design
x 0
0
Nonequivalent control group design
0 x 0
0 0

18. Factorial Designs
Two factor experiments
R 0 x1 y1 0
R 0 x1 y2 0
R 0 x2 y1 0
R 0 x2 y2 0
Three factor experiments

19. Single case Designs
A-B designs
A-B
A-B-A
A-B-A-B
Multiple-baseline designs
A B B B A
A A B A B