2. EX POST FACTO
 -”from after the fact” (Gay, 1976)
 - “systematic empirical inquiry in which the scientist
does not have direct control of independent variables
because their manifestations have already occurred or
because they are inherently not manipulable.
Inferences about relations among variables are made,
without direct interventon from concomitant variation of
independent and dependent variables (Kerlinger, 1973)
 - In simple terms, the researcher investigates a problem
by studying the variables in retrospect.

3. COMPARISON BETWEEN EX POST FACTO AND
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 In Ex Post Facto approach, the researcher first
observes an effect and then tries to determine the
cause.
 In Experimental research, the researcher creates
the cause, deliberately makes the groups different,
and then observes what effect that difference has
on some dependent variable.

4.  Main difference between Ex Post Facto approach
and the Experimental research is control of the
independent variable.
 Ex Post Facto approach lacks control while
Experimental research uses this as its fundamental
principle. Random assignment is consequently
possible in an experiment but it cannot be done in
an ex post facto research.
 Selective manipulation in ex post facto is in contract
to selective manipulation in experimental situation.

5. APPLICATIONS OF EX POST FACTO RESEARCH
 As a rule of thumb, where hypotheses are stated in
cause-effect relationship and where variables being
correlated are Ex Post Facto, that is, their
manifestations have already occurred. In some
correlational studies that employed ex post facto
scientific inquiries, the variables studied are variables
obtained in real social structure; hypotheses tested are
done in life situations like families, schools, hotels and
community.

6. THE VALUE OF EX POST FACTO RESEARCH
 Many of the variables in social, psychological and
educational setting are certainly important areas of
study but which can impossibly be investigated
through true experimentation. Although direct control
is impossible, controlled inquiry can be done in ex post
facto and extraneous variable control is certainly
possible. This make the research sensible and valid.
For this reason, findings, interpretations and
conclusions made in ex post facto research, when
done properly, will always be valuable to the scientist
and to the layman.

7. PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH METHOD
 This is where a problem is defined in terms of the
people who feel and think that it is a problem. How
they will go about solving it will depend on how they
perceive the problem themselves and on their
resources which are available to enable them to
solve it.
 In short, it is the people themselves who develop
their own theories and solutions to the problem.

8. PRINCIPLES WHICH UNDERLIE PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH
 Methods used in research have ideological implications
 A research process should offer some immediate and direct benefit to a
community instead of merely serving as a basis for an academic paper.
 A research process should involve all the participants in the research
process from the formulation of the problem to the interpretation of the
findings.
 The members of the research team should be made up of the researchers
and the people representing all elements in the situation.
 The research participants should view the research process as a total
community experience where community needs are established and
awareness and commitment within the community experience where
community needs are established and awareness and community are
increased.
 The research participants should see the research process as a dialogue
over time.
 The aim of the research process should be the liberation of the creative
potential of human beings and human resources in solving social problems

9. FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS
 I. Context
 II. Purpose
 III. Definition of Terms
 IV. Methods
 V. Result
 VI. Implications
 VII. Unanswered Questions
 VIII. Key Words (for referencing)

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCHER
 An ability to effect such reciprocal relationship.
 The researcher needs to be able to initiate that he
is as capable of making mistakes as the other
participants in the research do.
 The researcher must also possess the ability to
constantly evaluate what is happening.

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESEARCH
METHOD
 There must be sufficient time allowed to the
research process to deal with the complexity of the
problem.
 The second characteristic calls for a method which
allows for reflection done jointly by the researchers
and the members of the culture where the research
is done
 The third requires that the research process must
be a permanent sequence of analysis, statement,
action, reflection, analysis, etc.

12. INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS
 Indigenization from within approach makes culture as
the source for identifying constructs or concepts that
are truly indigenous or culture specific.
 Indigenization from without is more of an attempt to
make existing western or universal concepts and
instruments usable in Philippine culture without undue
expense, time, and training that might be needed for
developing new instruments truly unique to the culture.