nursing research part 15

1. RESEARCH-15

2. GROUNDED THEORY
 “The discovery of theory from data systematically
obtained and analyzed in social research” by Glaser and
Strauss (2009).
 It emerged from the discipline of sociology.
 The term grounded means that the theory developed
from the research is “grounded” or has it s roots in the
data from which it was derived.

3. ROLE OF RESEARCHER
 Studies the behavior & the social setting that influences the
interaction
 Is a participant & observer
 No effort is made by researcher to put aside assumptions.
 On the contrary the researcher uses past experiences and
assumptions to better understand the processes being
observed.

4.  Strength :
 Provide opportunity to use single or multiple source of
data and provide enormous flexibility to the research.
 Effective approach to build or refine existing theory
 Limitations:
 Difficult to control extraneous variables
 Time consuming
 Researcher feel challenging to segregate and study a
large volume of data.

5. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 Historical research is the systemic collection and
objective evaluation of data related to past occurrence in
order to test hypothesis concerning causes , effects, or
trends of theses events that help to explain present
events and anticipate future events.
 This include higher critism and textual criticism.

6.  Though items may very depending on the subject matter
and researcher the following concepts are usually part
of most formal historical research: -
 -Identification of origin date
 - Evidence of location
 - Recognition of authorship
 - Analysis of data
 - Identification of integrity
 - Attribution of credibility

7. CASE STUDY
 The case study research design have evolved over the past
few years as a useful tool for investigating trends and
scientific situations in many scientific discipline , especially
social sciences, psychology, anthropology, and ecology.
 This method of study is useful for trying to test theoretical
models by using them in real world situation.

8.  Data collection strategies include direct
observation, interviews, documents, archival
records, participant observation, physical artifacts
and audiovisual materials.
 Analysis of themes, or issues and an interpretation
of the case by the researcher.

9. ACTION RESEARCH
 Action research “ is a way of doing research and
working on solving a problem at the same time”
• - CORMACK 1991.
 • The method was developed to allow researcher and
participants work together to analyze social system with
a view to changing them. In other words, to achieve
specific goals.

11.  Strength:
 Helpful to change rather than simply to test hypothesis
or to provide an explanation
 Change the behavior of those taking part in the study
 Limitations
 Reduce the generalizability of finding

14. DEFINITIONS
 Population: is the aggregation of individuals or
objects that possesses similar characteristics
defined by the researcher.
 Target population: is the entire group of people or
objects meeting a set of criteria established by the
researcher for which he wises to generalize the
study finding.
 Population on which result are generalized and
fulfill the eligibility criteria.

15.  Accessible population: also known as study
population. subset of target population to which the
researcher has reasonable access for selection of
subject to research study.
 Sample : subgroup of population. It has also been
described as a representative of a group.

17.  Sampling frame: is a list of the eligible participants who
meet the characteristics of the population and are
accessible to the researcher.
 Sampling: it is a systematic process of selecting a small
portion or subsets of the population to represent the
entire population.
 Sampling error: is the deviation of the selected sample
from the true characteristic of the entire population.

18.  Representative sample: A sample is often described as
being representative if certain percentage of sample
characteristic are similar to corresponding population.
 Strata: Subdivide the whole population into two or more than
two subgroups for the research purpose for certain
characteristics, this subgroups are known as strata.
 Element: An individual unit of a population is called an
element. Element can be either a person, event or any other
single unit under the study.

19.  Sampling bias: Refers to systematic error in sample
selection leading to over representation or under
representation of a certain section of the population .
 Selection bias: Occurs when subjects are selected for
a study or assigned to group in a way that is not
objective[impartial]
 Sampling plan: Is an explicit plan starting the sampling
method, sample size and subject recruitment procedure.

20.  Eligibility criteria/ sampling criteria: it is the criterion
defined by the researcher which states who can or cannot
participate in the study
 Inclusion criteria: Are predefined characteristics that each
subject should possess so as to be included in the sample.
 Exclusion criteria: Are characteristics that a population must
not possess. These are characteristics that eliminate a
potential subject from the study.