Qualitative Research And Case Studies
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A very specific and useful presentation on the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, as well as a brief introduction to case studies.
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Case Study Research
Case study research involves an in-depth examination of a bounded system or multiple systems over time through detailed data collection from multiple sources. It provides an in-depth understanding of a case or comparison of several cases. Case studies can be single instrumental studies exploring a single issue, collective studies exploring an issue through multiple cases, or intrinsic studies analyzing a unique case itself. Data collection involves multiple sources like observations, interviews, documents and artifacts. Data is analyzed through holistic, embedded, thematic, cross-case or within-case analysis to interpret the meaning of the case(s).
Narrative research
Narrative research is a term that subsumes a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or visual representation of individuals. These approaches typically focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories. The emphasis in such approaches is on the story, typically both what and how is narrated.
Narrative research can be considered both a research method in itself but also the phenomenon under study.
Basic interpretive studies
This basic interpretive study explored students' experiences in a university cooperative education program through interviews with 15 graduating students. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes. Key findings were that cooperative education provided beneficial experiences, helped form relationships, and allowed students to develop skills over time. The study concluded that cooperative education aligned with principles of connected learning and was an overall positive experience for students.
Qualitative research
This document outlines Jamal Anwar Taha's seminar on qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as focusing on how people interpret and make sense of their experiences. The seminar discusses main types of qualitative research like case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. It also covers qualitative data collection techniques such as interviews and observation, and methods of analysis including the funnel approach and triangulation to enhance validity. The strengths and challenges of qualitative research are presented, with a conclusion that it aims to understand meanings in specific contexts through rich data collection and analysis.
Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method approaches
The document discusses quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research approaches. Quantitative research aims to approve or disprove a hypothesis by collecting numerical data, while qualitative research aims to answer research questions by gathering non-numerical contextual data to explain phenomena. Mixed methods combines both approaches to balance efficient data collection with in-depth analysis.
Qualitative Research
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as exploring issues to understand phenomena through unstructured sources like interviews rather than statistics. Some key characteristics of qualitative research are that it seeks to understand people's perspectives in natural settings, is value-bound, and aims for a holistic picture through discovery rather than testing hypotheses. Case studies are described as an in-depth analysis of a single case to understand its complexity. Triangulation is introduced as using multiple research strategies or data sources to confirm findings and reduce errors.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative research is an inductive approach used to discover or expand knowledge about social and cultural phenomena. It involves the researcher identifying meanings and relevance through intense involvement. Some key characteristics include emerging design, flexibility, holistic perspective, and ongoing data analysis. The phases of qualitative research are orientation and overview to plan the study, focused exploration of the phenomenon through various data collection methods, and confirmation and closure to establish trustworthy findings.
Quantitative research
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
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Case Study Research
Case study research involves an in-depth examination of a bounded system or multiple systems over time through detailed data collection from multiple sources. It provides an in-depth understanding of a case or comparison of several cases. Case studies can be single instrumental studies exploring a single issue, collective studies exploring an issue through multiple cases, or intrinsic studies analyzing a unique case itself. Data collection involves multiple sources like observations, interviews, documents and artifacts. Data is analyzed through holistic, embedded, thematic, cross-case or within-case analysis to interpret the meaning of the case(s).
Narrative research
Narrative research is a term that subsumes a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or visual representation of individuals. These approaches typically focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories. The emphasis in such approaches is on the story, typically both what and how is narrated.
Narrative research can be considered both a research method in itself but also the phenomenon under study.
Basic interpretive studies
This basic interpretive study explored students' experiences in a university cooperative education program through interviews with 15 graduating students. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for themes. Key findings were that cooperative education provided beneficial experiences, helped form relationships, and allowed students to develop skills over time. The study concluded that cooperative education aligned with principles of connected learning and was an overall positive experience for students.
Qualitative research
This document outlines Jamal Anwar Taha's seminar on qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as focusing on how people interpret and make sense of their experiences. The seminar discusses main types of qualitative research like case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. It also covers qualitative data collection techniques such as interviews and observation, and methods of analysis including the funnel approach and triangulation to enhance validity. The strengths and challenges of qualitative research are presented, with a conclusion that it aims to understand meanings in specific contexts through rich data collection and analysis.
Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method approaches
The document discusses quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research approaches. Quantitative research aims to approve or disprove a hypothesis by collecting numerical data, while qualitative research aims to answer research questions by gathering non-numerical contextual data to explain phenomena. Mixed methods combines both approaches to balance efficient data collection with in-depth analysis.
Qualitative Research
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as exploring issues to understand phenomena through unstructured sources like interviews rather than statistics. Some key characteristics of qualitative research are that it seeks to understand people's perspectives in natural settings, is value-bound, and aims for a holistic picture through discovery rather than testing hypotheses. Case studies are described as an in-depth analysis of a single case to understand its complexity. Triangulation is introduced as using multiple research strategies or data sources to confirm findings and reduce errors.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Qualitative research is an inductive approach used to discover or expand knowledge about social and cultural phenomena. It involves the researcher identifying meanings and relevance through intense involvement. Some key characteristics include emerging design, flexibility, holistic perspective, and ongoing data analysis. The phases of qualitative research are orientation and overview to plan the study, focused exploration of the phenomenon through various data collection methods, and confirmation and closure to establish trustworthy findings.
Quantitative research
This presentation is about Quantitative Research, its types and important aspects including advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and definitions.
Survey Research Design
Survey Research Design
1. Definition and Characteristics
2. Types
3. How to conduct survey research design
4. When do you use survey design
Case study Research
This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data through methods like interviews and observations to understand behaviors, feelings, and motivations. It aims to provide a detailed description of the research topic through an open-ended and interactive inquiry approach. The researcher is the primary instrument of data collection and analysis, seeking to holistically understand the human experience from the participant's perspective through themes and rich descriptions.
Theoretical and conceptual framework
This document discusses conceptual frameworks, theories, and research questions/hypotheses in qualitative and quantitative research. It provides:
1. An overview of what conceptual frameworks are and how they are used to define variables and relationships in a study.
2. Descriptions of how theories are applied differently in qualitative versus quantitative research, such as testing theories deductively in quantitative research and generating theories inductively in qualitative research.
3. Guidelines for writing good qualitative research questions, quantitative research questions/hypotheses, and mixed methods research questions/hypotheses.
Qualitative research, types, data collection and analysis
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
Qualitative data collection
Qualitative data collection involves several key steps and considerations. Researchers must identify participants and sites, gain access and permissions, define what types of data to collect such as through observations, interviews, or documents, develop appropriate data collection tools, and collect data in an ethical manner. There are various sampling strategies such as purposive sampling to select information-rich cases. Key informants can provide insider perspectives. Interviews and focus groups are common but time-intensive methods to directly collect words from people. Reflective journals and field notes also capture qualitative data over time from single or multiple observers.
Thematic analysis
Thematic analysis is a common form of qualitative analysis that involves identifying and examining patterns (themes) within data related to a research question. The analysis is performed through a six phase coding process: 1) familiarizing with the data, 2) generating initial codes, 3) searching for themes among codes, 4) reviewing themes, 5) defining and naming themes, and 6) producing a final report. Themes differ from codes in that they describe what the data means rather than just labeling it. The coding process is cyclical, with researchers refining codes and themes by going back and forth between the phases until reaching satisfactory final themes.
Case Study in Qualitative Research
Definitions of case study, categories of case study, types of case study and advantages or disadvantages of case study
Qualitative research
This document discusses and compares qualitative and quantitative research methods. It notes that while qualitative and quantitative data can both be measured and coded, the key difference is that qualitative research is exploratory and inductive while quantitative research is confirmatory and deductive. Some common qualitative methods discussed include grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, and field research. Strengths of qualitative research include a focus on detail and perspective, while weaknesses include reduced objectivity, reliability and generalizability compared to quantitative methods. The document encourages researchers to consider their research goals and constraints when choosing between qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Qualitative Research: Phenomenology
1. Phenomenological research aims to understand the essence of a shared experience among individuals.
2. It identifies a phenomenon, collects data through interviews, and analyzes the data by identifying themes in the participants' descriptions of experiencing the phenomenon.
3. The analysis seeks to develop a textural-structural description of the essence of the shared experience.
ethnography Research
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a qualitative research method. It defines ethnography as the description and interpretation of cultural behavior through field work and written text. Ethnographic research aims to understand a culture from an emic or etic perspective by observing cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech in natural contexts over time. The key characteristics of ethnographic research are that it is contextual, unobtrusive, longitudinal, collaborative, interpretative, and organic. Successful ethnographies employ methods like interviews, observation, and document analysis to develop a rich narrative description of a culture. The outcome is a holistic understanding of cultural norms, behaviors, and practices that can provide insights for health research.
Understanding Research
This document outlines different types of research methods. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designed to generate basic knowledge, describe variables of interest, and provide information on potential cause-and-effect relationships. The document also discusses primary and secondary research methods, quantitative and qualitative frameworks, deductive and inductive processes, different research designs, and the typical steps in the research process from initial exploration to presentation.
Qualitative research
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Ethnography Research
This document provides an overview of ethnography research. It defines ethnography as describing a group or culture through observation and conversation. The main purposes of ethnography are to obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture in a natural context. Data is typically collected through interviews, observations, and documents in an unstructured way. Ethnography research aims to understand human behavior in everyday contexts rather than experimental conditions. It emphasizes naturalism, understanding, discovery, and challenges assumptions. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of ethnography as well as important ethical considerations around informed consent, privacy, and harm.
Ethnography
This document defines ethnography as a qualitative research strategy where a researcher studies an intact cultural group in their natural setting over an extended period of time through primarily observational and interview-based data collection, according to Creswell. It discusses that data collection in ethnography can include documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant observations, and physical artifacts. The document also notes that ethnographic data analysis can be time-consuming and require a team due to the broad coverage needed.
Topic 1 introduction to quantitative research
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research. It defines quantitative research as collecting and analyzing numerical data to explore, describe, explain, or predict trends. Quantitative research aims for objectivity and controls outside factors. It states hypotheses and uses statistics to analyze results. The document outlines reasons for quantitative research such as exploration, description, explanation, prediction, and evaluation. It also describes common types of quantitative research designs and the key components of measurement, sampling, research design, and statistical procedures.
Chapter 9-METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes 7 common methods: questionnaires, checklists, interviews, observation, records, experimental approaches, and survey approaches. For each method, it outlines the key aspects, such as how it is administered or structured, as well as advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important considerations for developing research instruments and measuring variables in studies. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on selecting appropriate data collection techniques based on the research problem and design.
Phenomenological Research
The document discusses phenomenological research methods. It provides an example of a phenomenological study on adolescent female sexuality. The study used in-depth interviews to understand the lived experiences of first sexual intercourse from the perspectives of female participants. Through analysis of the interview transcripts, the researchers developed themes and created models to represent the essential components and multidimensional nature of the female experience of first sexual intercourse. The models highlight the physical, emotional, educational, developmental and other aspects. The study findings suggest sexuality education could be improved by incorporating topics related to first sexual experiences.
Qualitative data analysis - Martyn Hammersley
1. The document discusses qualitative data analysis strategies, including framing research questions, conducting literature reviews, pilot testing, and outlining future work.
2. It emphasizes that data analysis is an ongoing process that must change over time to better answer research questions. The intended products are descriptions and explanations.
3. Key aspects of qualitative analysis are discussed, including open-ended exploratory design, collection of unstructured data, flexible research process, and production of data through transcription. Theme analysis and discourse analysis are two common forms.
Narrative research design
Narrative research design involves collecting and telling stories about individuals' lives and experiences. It focuses on studying a single person by gathering data through their stories. There are several types including biographies, autobiographies, and narrative interviews. Key characteristics are focusing on individual experiences, collecting stories chronologically, restorying them, and collaborating with participants. The design was introduced in education in 1990 and involves identifying a phenomenon, selecting individuals, collecting stories, restorying, collaborating, writing a story, and validating accuracy. Ethical issues include authenticity and ownership. It is evaluated based on its focus on individuals, reporting life experiences through stories, using chronology, describing context, emerging themes, and collaboration.
Tele Facing In India
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4. Qualitative research approaches by elmusharaf
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe the common qualitative research approaches
Demonstrate how and when to conduct different types of qualitative research
Understand that focus group discussion and interview are not qualitative research methods or designs. They are just tools for data collection.
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Case study Research
This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data through methods like interviews and observations to understand behaviors, feelings, and motivations. It aims to provide a detailed description of the research topic through an open-ended and interactive inquiry approach. The researcher is the primary instrument of data collection and analysis, seeking to holistically understand the human experience from the participant's perspective through themes and rich descriptions.
Theoretical and conceptual framework
This document discusses conceptual frameworks, theories, and research questions/hypotheses in qualitative and quantitative research. It provides:
1. An overview of what conceptual frameworks are and how they are used to define variables and relationships in a study.
2. Descriptions of how theories are applied differently in qualitative versus quantitative research, such as testing theories deductively in quantitative research and generating theories inductively in qualitative research.
3. Guidelines for writing good qualitative research questions, quantitative research questions/hypotheses, and mixed methods research questions/hypotheses.
Qualitative research, types, data collection and analysis
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
Qualitative data collection
Qualitative data collection involves several key steps and considerations. Researchers must identify participants and sites, gain access and permissions, define what types of data to collect such as through observations, interviews, or documents, develop appropriate data collection tools, and collect data in an ethical manner. There are various sampling strategies such as purposive sampling to select information-rich cases. Key informants can provide insider perspectives. Interviews and focus groups are common but time-intensive methods to directly collect words from people. Reflective journals and field notes also capture qualitative data over time from single or multiple observers.
Thematic analysis
Thematic analysis is a common form of qualitative analysis that involves identifying and examining patterns (themes) within data related to a research question. The analysis is performed through a six phase coding process: 1) familiarizing with the data, 2) generating initial codes, 3) searching for themes among codes, 4) reviewing themes, 5) defining and naming themes, and 6) producing a final report. Themes differ from codes in that they describe what the data means rather than just labeling it. The coding process is cyclical, with researchers refining codes and themes by going back and forth between the phases until reaching satisfactory final themes.
Case Study in Qualitative Research
Definitions of case study, categories of case study, types of case study and advantages or disadvantages of case study
Qualitative research
This document discusses and compares qualitative and quantitative research methods. It notes that while qualitative and quantitative data can both be measured and coded, the key difference is that qualitative research is exploratory and inductive while quantitative research is confirmatory and deductive. Some common qualitative methods discussed include grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, and field research. Strengths of qualitative research include a focus on detail and perspective, while weaknesses include reduced objectivity, reliability and generalizability compared to quantitative methods. The document encourages researchers to consider their research goals and constraints when choosing between qualitative and quantitative approaches.
Qualitative Research: Phenomenology
1. Phenomenological research aims to understand the essence of a shared experience among individuals.
2. It identifies a phenomenon, collects data through interviews, and analyzes the data by identifying themes in the participants' descriptions of experiencing the phenomenon.
3. The analysis seeks to develop a textural-structural description of the essence of the shared experience.
ethnography Research
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a qualitative research method. It defines ethnography as the description and interpretation of cultural behavior through field work and written text. Ethnographic research aims to understand a culture from an emic or etic perspective by observing cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech in natural contexts over time. The key characteristics of ethnographic research are that it is contextual, unobtrusive, longitudinal, collaborative, interpretative, and organic. Successful ethnographies employ methods like interviews, observation, and document analysis to develop a rich narrative description of a culture. The outcome is a holistic understanding of cultural norms, behaviors, and practices that can provide insights for health research.
Understanding Research
This document outlines different types of research methods. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designed to generate basic knowledge, describe variables of interest, and provide information on potential cause-and-effect relationships. The document also discusses primary and secondary research methods, quantitative and qualitative frameworks, deductive and inductive processes, different research designs, and the typical steps in the research process from initial exploration to presentation.
Qualitative research
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Ethnography Research
This document provides an overview of ethnography research. It defines ethnography as describing a group or culture through observation and conversation. The main purposes of ethnography are to obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture in a natural context. Data is typically collected through interviews, observations, and documents in an unstructured way. Ethnography research aims to understand human behavior in everyday contexts rather than experimental conditions. It emphasizes naturalism, understanding, discovery, and challenges assumptions. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of ethnography as well as important ethical considerations around informed consent, privacy, and harm.
Ethnography
This document defines ethnography as a qualitative research strategy where a researcher studies an intact cultural group in their natural setting over an extended period of time through primarily observational and interview-based data collection, according to Creswell. It discusses that data collection in ethnography can include documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant observations, and physical artifacts. The document also notes that ethnographic data analysis can be time-consuming and require a team due to the broad coverage needed.
Topic 1 introduction to quantitative research
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research. It defines quantitative research as collecting and analyzing numerical data to explore, describe, explain, or predict trends. Quantitative research aims for objectivity and controls outside factors. It states hypotheses and uses statistics to analyze results. The document outlines reasons for quantitative research such as exploration, description, explanation, prediction, and evaluation. It also describes common types of quantitative research designs and the key components of measurement, sampling, research design, and statistical procedures.
Chapter 9-METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
This document discusses various methods of data collection in research. It describes 7 common methods: questionnaires, checklists, interviews, observation, records, experimental approaches, and survey approaches. For each method, it outlines the key aspects, such as how it is administered or structured, as well as advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important considerations for developing research instruments and measuring variables in studies. The overall purpose is to provide guidance on selecting appropriate data collection techniques based on the research problem and design.
Phenomenological Research
The document discusses phenomenological research methods. It provides an example of a phenomenological study on adolescent female sexuality. The study used in-depth interviews to understand the lived experiences of first sexual intercourse from the perspectives of female participants. Through analysis of the interview transcripts, the researchers developed themes and created models to represent the essential components and multidimensional nature of the female experience of first sexual intercourse. The models highlight the physical, emotional, educational, developmental and other aspects. The study findings suggest sexuality education could be improved by incorporating topics related to first sexual experiences.
Qualitative data analysis - Martyn Hammersley
1. The document discusses qualitative data analysis strategies, including framing research questions, conducting literature reviews, pilot testing, and outlining future work.
2. It emphasizes that data analysis is an ongoing process that must change over time to better answer research questions. The intended products are descriptions and explanations.
3. Key aspects of qualitative analysis are discussed, including open-ended exploratory design, collection of unstructured data, flexible research process, and production of data through transcription. Theme analysis and discourse analysis are two common forms.
Narrative research design
Narrative research design involves collecting and telling stories about individuals' lives and experiences. It focuses on studying a single person by gathering data through their stories. There are several types including biographies, autobiographies, and narrative interviews. Key characteristics are focusing on individual experiences, collecting stories chronologically, restorying them, and collaborating with participants. The design was introduced in education in 1990 and involves identifying a phenomenon, selecting individuals, collecting stories, restorying, collaborating, writing a story, and validating accuracy. Ethical issues include authenticity and ownership. It is evaluated based on its focus on individuals, reporting life experiences through stories, using chronology, describing context, emerging themes, and collaboration.
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By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
Describe the common qualitative research approaches
Demonstrate how and when to conduct different types of qualitative research
Understand that focus group discussion and interview are not qualitative research methods or designs. They are just tools for data collection.
qualitative research DR. MADHUR VERMA PGIMS ROHTAK
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research and discusses its historical roots. Some key characteristics of qualitative research include exploring phenomena from participants' perspectives with a small sample size. Common qualitative methods described are participant observation, interviews, focus group discussions, and case studies. The document also covers qualitative data analysis and sampling.
Qualitative research lecture-shortened
The document provides information on qualitative research methods, with a focus on observation, interviewing, and case studies. It discusses key aspects of these three methods such as different types of participant observation, best practices for interviewing, and how case studies are detailed investigations of individuals or groups. Sample interview transcripts, coding procedures, and ways to report findings are presented. The document serves as an overview guide to qualitative research methods and analysis.
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The document discusses strategies for measuring brand equity through qualitative and quantitative research techniques. It describes methods like free association, projective techniques, and brand personality assessments that can be used to understand brand associations. It also outlines approaches for measuring awareness, image, brand responses, and brand relationships through surveys. The goal is to capture consumer mindset and understand how branding strategies can build equity at different levels of a brand hierarchy.
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The document discusses qualitative and quantitative techniques for measuring sources of brand equity and capturing customer mindsets. It describes methods like free association, projective techniques, the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET), and experiential research. Quantitative measures include awareness, image, brand responses, and brand relationships. Comprehensive models of customer-based brand equity are also covered, including the Brand Dynamics model, Equity Engines, and Young & Rubicam's Brand Asset Valuator (BAV).
Qualitative research method
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
The behaviourist theory of learning
The document discusses the behaviorist theory of learning proposed by theorists Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and John Watson. Pavlov is known for his experiments with Pavlov's dogs and the concept of classical conditioning. Skinner introduced operant conditioning and the Skinner box. Watson proposed the theory of behaviorism and conducted experiments on conditioning emotions, such as with Little Albert. The behaviorist theory views learning as the acquisition of behaviors based on environmental stimuli and reinforcement or punishment.
Behaviorism learning theory
Behaviorism is a learning theory based on observable behaviors and the relationship between environmental stimuli and responses. Key contributors include Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning in dogs, and B.F. Skinner, who developed operant conditioning using positive reinforcement with pigeons. In behaviorism, learning is shaped by consequences rather than internal mental states. The teacher's role is to provide stimuli and positive reinforcement to motivate learning, while students work for rewards and respond to environmental factors.
Learning Theory- Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the idea that behavior is shaped through consequences like rewards and punishments, and focuses on observable behaviors and actions rather than internal mental states; key contributors to behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura; according to behaviorism, teachers can use rewards and punishments to encourage positive behaviors in students and discourage negative behaviors.
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Constructivism ppt
The document discusses constructivism, a learning theory based on the idea that students learn by actively constructing knowledge through experiences. It provides key points about constructivism, including that the instructor guides students to use prior knowledge to comprehend new information. The document also outlines important constructivists like Piaget, Bruner, Vygotsky, and Dewey and their theories about cognitive development stages, social interaction playing a role in learning, and the zone of proximal development. Finally, it discusses implications for teachers in developing hands-on, student-centered learning environments.
Qualitative research
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses different qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and participatory research. It covers sampling strategies for qualitative research, ensuring trustworthiness, and common data collection methods such as observation, document review, and interviews. The goal of qualitative research is to provide an in-depth understanding of phenomena rather than generalizable results.
Constructivism in the classroom
The document discusses constructivism as a learning theory where students actively construct knowledge based on their experiences. It describes key theorists like Dewey, Piaget and Vygotsky and their views on how learning is an active process where students build on prior knowledge and social interactions. The document also contrasts traditional teacher-centered classrooms with constructivist student-centered approaches and discusses principles of constructivism like knowledge construction, social learning, and using student questions to drive instruction.
Behaviorism
The document discusses behaviorism and its application to education. It defines behaviorism as the idea that behavior is acquired through conditioning using stimuli and responses that are reinforced. The two types of conditioning are classical and operant conditioning. Behaviorism influenced educational theorists like B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson. In classrooms, behaviorism is seen through objective-driven instruction, individual work, and use of reinforcement systems. Both benefits and limitations are noted in strictly applying behaviorist principles to learning.
Qualitative Research Methods
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methods in information sciences and technologies. It discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative methods, noting that while traditionally seen as incompatible, they are actually complementary. Qualitative methods are increasingly used in fields like information systems and human-computer interaction due to the complex social and human factors involved. The document outlines some key aspects of quantitative and qualitative research approaches.
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Quantitative And Qualitative Research
Quantitative and qualitative research methods differ in important ways. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis of numeric data from standardized instruments, while qualitative research relies on descriptive analysis of text or image data collected from a small number of individuals. The two approaches also differ in how the research problem is identified, how literature is reviewed, how data is collected and analyzed, and how findings are reported. Common quantitative designs include experimental, correlational, and survey designs, while qualitative designs include grounded theory, ethnographic, narrative, and action research designs. The best approach depends on matching the research questions and goals.
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Learning theories and their implications on educational technology
Learning theories and their implications on educational technology
Similar to Qualitative Research And Case Studies
Research Traditions
The document discusses different types of research traditions. It provides examples of 7 different classroom research projects and distinguishes between qualitative and quantitative research methods. The examples involve a teacher tracking student responses to electronic portfolios, using novel interpretation techniques, motivating online tasks with an e-pet, exploring "mute English" through story acting, comparing student English levels to international standards, examining correlations between exam results and socioeconomic levels, and creating a corpus of common English words. Qualitative research is described as exploring attitudes, behaviors and experiences through methods like interviews, while quantitative research generates statistics through large-scale surveys and questionnaires.
Methods of research report
This document discusses methods of collecting data and developing research instruments. It describes various primary and secondary methods of data collection, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, tests, and case studies. It emphasizes that the quality of the data collected depends on the quality of the instrument. The document provides steps for developing a high-quality instrument, such as identifying variables to measure, developing construct definitions, operationalizing definitions, choosing or creating instruments, and writing operational definitions. Developing a valid and reliable instrument requires thorough preparation, including reviewing literature and pilot testing before administering the instrument for an actual study.
Qualitative research
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as focusing on non-numerical observation and meaning-making to answer how and why questions. The document contrasts qualitative and quantitative methods, outlining different philosophical assumptions and characteristics of each approach. It then describes common steps in qualitative research, including purposive sampling and ongoing data collection and analysis. Finally, it discusses approaches like case studies, strengths and limitations of qualitative research, and the relationship between qualitative and quantitative methods.
Qualitative research
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as focusing on non-numerical observation and meaning-making to answer how and why questions. The document contrasts qualitative and quantitative methods, outlining different philosophical assumptions and characteristics of each approach. It then describes common steps in qualitative research, including purposive sampling and ongoing data collection and analysis. Finally, it discusses approaches like case studies, strengths and limitations of qualitative research, and the relationship between qualitative and quantitative methods.
Descriptive research
This document discusses different types of descriptive research studies including normative surveys, educational surveys, and psychological research studies. It provides examples of each type of descriptive study including the purpose, procedures, and key findings. A normative survey examines typical conditions and practices to establish norms. An educational survey looks at factors related to the teaching and learning process. A psychological research study compares behaviors and reactions in different situations. Descriptive research aims to describe current conditions and phenomena without manipulating variables.
Research method.ppt
The document discusses research methods used across different academic disciplines such as the humanities, sciences, and social sciences. It outlines the typical purpose of research, methodology, and examples of primary and secondary sources for each discipline. Research in the humanities aims to understand individual events, people, and creative works through qualitative methods like interviews and letters. Sciences research observes natural phenomena using quantitative experiments, clinical trials, and results. Social sciences research solves social problems and examines group interactions through qualitative and quantitative methods such as census data, surveys, and experiments on human behavior.
The Case Study in Research Methods
The document summarizes the case study research method. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of an individual or small group. Case studies aim to provide rich contextual descriptions rather than generalizable conclusions. There are different types of case studies including illustrative, exploratory, cumulative, and critical instance. Data collection methods can include interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts. Issues like validity, reliability, flexibility, and emphasis on context are discussed as strengths and weaknesses of the case study method.
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
This slide will show you the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Research!!!
Hope you will learn...
-Samuel Amiler
qualitative vs.quanti.pptx
Qualitative research is exploratory and used to gain an understanding of opinions, motivations, and trends. It involves small sample sizes and unstructured techniques like interviews and observations. Quantitative research quantifies problems by generating numerical data through large sample sizes and structured methods like surveys to generalize results. Both have their tradeoffs, with qualitative providing rich details but not generalizability, and quantitative providing reliable population data but not depth. Researchers must consider their goals and resources to determine the best approach.
Designing Non-Experimental Studies
This document discusses methods for non-experimental research studies, including survey research, observational studies, and analysis of existing data sets. It describes the key phases of survey research such as defining objectives, formulating hypotheses, deciding on sampling methods, designing instruments, collecting data, and analyzing results. Observational studies are described as a way to directly observe behaviors without manipulation, with advantages like access to interactions but disadvantages like being time-consuming and potentially influencing the situation. The document also notes that combining different non-experimental research methods can strengthen a study.
Survey research and Sampling
Survey research is based on the simple idea that if you want to find out what people think about some topic, just ask them.
A survey is a structured set of questions or statements given to a group of people to measure their attitudes, beliefs, values, or tendencies to act.
The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. Surveys can be useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed.
The purpose of the survey may be to produce statistics- that is, quantitative, (numerical descriptions of some aspects of the study population) or to generate the themes- that is, qualitative.
The main way of collecting information is by asking people questions;(in the form of questionnaire or interview) their answers constitute the data to be analyzed.
Survey researcher is primarily interested in assessing the characteristics’ of the whole population. So it is ideal to study every member of the population, but it is not feasible always to study every member of the population. So the information is collected about only a fraction of the population- that is, a sample.
Case studyS
This document provides an overview of case studies, including:
- A case study involves the collection of detailed information about a particular situation from a participant or small group.
- Case studies can focus on individuals, communities, social groups, organizations, or events.
- There are four main types of case studies: evaluative, educational, ethnographic, and action research.
- Case studies are useful for learning as they allow participants to engage actively, develop analytical skills, and consider different outcomes. However, the data from a single case study may not be generalizable to the wider population.
Hamid
This document discusses various types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and comparisons of these different approaches. For basic qualitative studies, the goal is to understand a phenomenon or experience from the participant's perspective through techniques like interviews and observation. Case study research provides an in-depth look at a single unit or case using multiple data sources. Content analysis examines written or visual materials to describe their characteristics and identify themes. Ethnographic research studies culture and social behavior of a group in their natural setting through immersion and observation.
types of qualitative research
The document discusses 8 types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and examples of each method, focusing on the goals, data collection techniques, and key characteristics of basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, and grounded theory research. The document is intended to inform readers about these common qualitative research approaches.
Introduction to Quantitative and Qualitative Research and Basic Research Ethics
This document provides an introduction to quantitative and qualitative research approaches and basic research ethics for teaching in senior high school. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data to statistically analyze relationships between variables, while qualitative research focuses on meanings and experiences through words rather than numbers. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses. The document also outlines mixed methods research, common qualitative research designs including narrative research and case studies, ethical principles of research involving human subjects, and considerations for internet research and vulnerable populations.
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research Here, you will learn abo.docx
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Here, you will learn about the differences between quantitative and qualitative research. There are seven points of comparison that will be covered.
1. Epistemological Assumptions
Often, the choice between using qualitative or quantitative research methods is less about methodology and more about a researcher’s own epistemological assumptions. If we assume that individuals have beliefs about the way “reality” is to be best understood, then researchers’ beliefs will influence their methodological preferences. These beliefs are termed “epistemological” assumptions, and form the basis upon which researchers come to understand their social and physical surroundings. Quantitative and qualitative researches have differing epistemological assumptions. In quantitative research, social phenomena are viewed as having an objective reality, whereas qualitative researchers view reality as being socially constructed. Philosophically, quantitative research implies a knowable objective reality, and the researcher often seeks to conduct experiments, or quasiexperiments to isolate the effects of specific variables on others.
2. Purpose
The general purposes of quantitative and qualitative research are different. In quantitative studies, the researcher is frequently interested in establishing causal explanations, which will then be used for prediction i.e. predicting future outcomes based upon past occurrences. The research interest is often to measure the relationship between variables, or to establish statistical differences between groups. Also, the researcher attempts to establish control, manipulate specific variables, and measure the effects of change in some variables upon Page 1 of 6 © 2005, Argosy University others. “Generalizability” is usually a major focus of quantitative research. The term “generalizability”, in quantitative research, refers to the extent to which the research findings of a specific study can be assumed to apply to other settings, other populations, and at other points in time. This is the reason quantitative researchers prefer large samples. Contrastingly, qualitative research focuses on understanding and interpreting the “lived experiences” of the research participants. For the qualitative researcher, there is often an assumption that variables and relationship between variables are multifaceted, intertwined, and hard to measure. Qualitative researchers attempt to study the subject matter with the intention of being unobtrusive and conduct their research without interfering with, or disturbing the natural environment and phenomena they are studying. They are more interested in depth than breadth, and sample size does not have the same importance or relevance as in quantitative research.
3. Raw Data
Quantitative and qualitative have different types and sources of raw data. In quantitative research, measurement of variables usually results in producing numbers, hence the term “quantify”. In ...
Case Study.pptx
A case study is a detailed examination of a subject such as an individual, group, organization, event, or phenomenon. Researchers use case studies to identify patterns and relationships through in-depth investigation. There are different types of case studies including descriptive, explanatory, exploratory, and intrinsic studies. Case studies have advantages such as turning observations into facts, being relevant to stakeholders, and using multiple research methods. However, they also have disadvantages like potential biases, longer data analysis time, and requiring small sample sizes. To write a case study, one would choose a situation, gather information, analyze elements, determine solutions, and assess outcomes.
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Survey research is a commonly used method in the social sciences to gather information from respondents. It involves asking questions of a sample of individuals to make inferences about a larger population. The document outlines the process of survey research, including defining what a survey is, why they are conducted, different types of surveys and data, sampling techniques, potential sources of bias, classifications of surveys, and the overall process from identifying a problem to analyzing and reporting results.
Week 8 Homework ExerciseCCMH525 Version 31University of P.docx
Week 8 Homework Exercise
CCMH/525 Version 3
1
University of Phoenix Material
Week 8 Homework Exercise
Answer the following questions in 25 to 50 words each, covering material from Ch. 14 of Methods in Behavioral Research:
1. What is replication? What role does it play in increasing the external validity or generalizability of a study?
2. What is the difference between an exact replication and a conceptual replication? Provide an example of each.
3. What is meta-analysis? How is it useful?
4. True or false: In many cases, meta-analysis involves calculating an average effect size for a relationship between variables. Explain your response.
5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using college students as research participants.
6. True or false: Many constructs, such as physical attractiveness and self-esteem, appear constant across cultures; thus, external validity is less of a concern when conducting research on such constructs. Explain your response.
Copyright © 2017, 2015 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
Page 291
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Discuss the issues created by generalizing research results to other populations, including potential problems using college students as research participants.
· Discuss issues to consider regarding generalization of research results to other cultures and ethnic groups.
· Describe the potential problem of generalizing to other experimenters and suggest possible solutions.
· Discuss the importance of replications, distinguishing between exact replications and conceptual replications.
· Distinguish between narrative literature reviews and meta-analyses.
Page 292IN THIS CHAPTER, WE WILL CONSIDER THE ISSUE OF GENERALIZATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS. When a single study is conducted with a particular sample and procedure, can the results then be generalized to other populations of research participants, or to other ways of manipulating or measuring the variables? Recall from Chapter 4 that internal validity refers to the ability to infer that there is a causal relationship between variables. External validity is the extent to which findings may be generalized.
GENERALIZING TO OTHER POPULATIONS
Even though a researcher may randomly assign participants to experimental conditions, rarely are participants randomly selected from the general population. As we noted in Chapters 7 and 9, the individuals who participate in psychological research are usually selected because they are available, and the most available population consists of college students—or more specifically, first- and second-year students enrolled in the introductory psychology course to satisfy a general education requirement. They may also be from a particular college or university, may be volunteers, or may be mostly males or mostly females. So, are our research findings limited to these types of subjects, or can we generalize our findings to a more general population? After considering these issues, we will examine the ...
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Introduction to Quantitative and Qualitative Research and Basic Research Ethics
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A definition of research 2010 ii
Research is defined as a systematic process of inquiry that involves questioning, experimentation, and testing hypotheses to gain a better understanding of a behavior or phenomenon. It consists of identifying a question or problem, collecting and analyzing original data, and interpreting the results. There are two main types of research - primary research which collects original data, and secondary research which analyzes existing literature and sources. The overall goal of research is to advance knowledge through discovery and exploration.
Research Project 2010 I
1. English language student-researchers will form groups to develop proposals addressing problematic classroom situations and conduct research projects on their proposed topics.
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Research Traditions 2010
The document describes different types of research traditions including qualitative and quantitative research. It provides examples of qualitative research including classroom observations and case studies. Quantitative research examples include large surveys and experimental research. The document then provides an example of validating test items through a quantitative method analyzing the performance of high and low scoring student groups on different test questions. This allows evaluating if questions are too easy, difficult, or appropriate for the students' level.
Research Project 2009 Ii
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This document discusses observation as a research method. It defines observation as watching what happens or listening to what people say to gather data. Observation allows teachers to gain accurate information about students by directly watching them rather than just asking them. There are two main types of observation: participant observation where the observer participates in the group, and structured observation where the observer detachedly watches from a distance. It is important for observations to be objective, valid, reliable, and consistently coded by multiple observers to reduce bias. Common topics teachers focus on in observations include student attitudes, teacher-student interactions, and error correction techniques.
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This document discusses observation as a research method. It defines observation as watching what happens and listening to what people say to gather data. Observation provides accurate information about what people do and say compared to asking them. There are two main types of observation: participant observation where the observer participates in the group, and structured observation where the observer detachedly watches from a distance. It is important for observation to be objective, and observers must be aware of their own biases. Reliability comes from observer consistency in coding behaviors.
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Qualitative Research And Case Studies
- 2. Qualitative research explores attitudes, behaviors and experiences through such methods as interviews or focus groups. It attempts to get an in-depth opinion from participants. As it is attitudes, behavior and experiences which are important, fewer people take part in the research, but the contact with these people tends to last a lot longer. Under the umbrella of qualitative research there are many different methodologies.
- 4. Quantitative research generates statistics through the use of large-scale survey research, using methods such as questionnaires or structured interviews. If a market researcher has stopped you on the streets, or you have filled in a questionnaire which has arrived through the post, this falls under the umbrella of quantitative research. This type of research reaches many more people, but the contact with those people is much quicker than it is in qualitative research.
- 8. Observing the progress of their children in learning to speak is a popular pastime for many parents.
- 9. Parents who are also linguists have often published their observations in the professional literature.
- 10. Typically, these publications have appeared as case studies based on regular observation and recording of a child’s verbal behavior in learning a first or second language.
- 12. Saying “NO”: Negation in English
- 13. PHASES LANGUAGE EXAMPLES COMMENTS
- 15. Hellen Keller “ Life is either a daring adventure, or nothing”
- 17. TIME ORDER /SAMPLE FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH TOTALS A B C D E F Ranking