The document discusses various types of research methods including qualitative research, quantitative research, mixed research, basic research, applied research, correlation research, exploratory research, historical research, descriptive research, advocacy research, evaluation research, ethnographic research, phenomenological research, and experimental research. It provides definitions and examples of each type of research method.

2. TOPIC

3. 1) Larissa D’silva.
2) Shraddha Shirgaonkar.
3) Rubina Shaikh.
4) Amreen Retiwala.
5) Trupti Jagtap.
6) Harshit Modi.
7) Roshan Dase.
8) Ishneet Kaur.
OUR
TEAM

4. GUIDELINES IN CHOOSING A
METHOD

5. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

6. ADVANTAGES
 Indepth examination
 Less expensive
 Flexibility
 Fewer assumptions

7. DISADVANTAGES
 Skillful
 Acceptability
 Confidentiality
 Time consuming

8. Quantitative research is the systematic
investigation of observable phenomena via;
statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques.
It is used for studying large number of
population.

9. SURVEY
RESEARCH :Done
by Conducting
Interviews,
Questionnaire and
Sampling polls.
CORRELATION
RESEARCH : Tests
the relationship
between two
variables.
CASUAL-
COMPARATIVE
RESEARH : This
research uncovers
cause and effect
relationship.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH : This
research is guided
by Hypothesis.

10. Less time consuming.
Useful for studying large number of people.
Provide precise and numerical data.
Assumes sample as representative of
population.

11. MIXED RESEARCH
 Mixed Research focuses on collecting,
analyzing, and mixing both Quantitative and
Qualitative data in a single study or series of
studies.
 It focuses on the use of quantitative and
qualitative approaches in combination so it
provides a better understanding of research
problems than one single approach.

12. Quantitative
research
Qualitative
Research
Mixed
Research

13. WHY MIXED RESEARCH ?
• To bring more clarity and depth
to research.
• To understand research problem
in better manner.
• To avoid bias.
• To develop new research design.

14. BASIC RESEARCH

16. Basic
Research
Study
Fundamental
&
Scientific knowledge
Source
Scientific ideas
&
New Thinking
Refuting
or
Supporting
theories
Generates
New ideas
Principles
Theories
Quality of Life
Improves
Technology

17. TYPES OF BASIC RESEARCH
EXPORATORY
DESCRIPTIVE
EXPLANATORY

18. Exploratory research
Is defined as the initial research into a hypothetical or theoretical idea. This
is where a researcher has an idea or has observed something and seeks to
understand more about it.
Descriptive research
Defines as attempts to explore and explain while providing additional
information about a topic. This is where research is trying to describe what
is happening in more detail, filling in the missing parts and expanding our
understanding.
Explanatory research
Is defined as an attempt to connect ideas to understand cause and effect,
meaning researchers want to explain what is going on.

19. EXAMPLES OF BASIC RESEARCH

20. APPLIED RESEARCH
DEFINITION:
Is a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical
application of science. It accesses and uses some part of
the research communities' (the academia's)
accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and
techniques, for a specific, often state, business, or
client-driven purpose.

21. Applied Research
Solving
Specific Problem
Establishing
Policy Programs
Improves
Social Life

22. TYPES OF APPLIED RESEARCH
APPLIED RESEARCH
Action
Research
Social
Impact
Studies
Evaluation
Research
Cost
Benefit
Analysis

23. EXAMPLES OF APPLIED RESEARCH
1) Investigating which treatment approach is the
most effective for reducing anxiety.
2) Studying different keyboard designs to determine
which is the most efficient and ergonomic.
As you may notice, these two examples explore topics
that will address a real world issues. This immediate and
practical application of the findings is what distinguished
applied research from basic research, which instead
focuses on theoretical concerns.

24. CORRELATION RESEARCH
 Correlation is the average relationship
between two or more variables.
 When the change in one variable
makes or cause a change in other
variable then there is a correlation
between these two variables.

25. COEFFICIENT CORRELATION
If r = +1 (perfectly positive)
If r = -1 (perfectly negative)
If r = 0 (zero correlated)

26. PERFECTLY POSITIVE
CORRELATION
When there is a change in one
variable and if there is equal
proportion of change in the
other variable in same
direction.

27. PERFECTLY NEGATIVE
CORRELATION
When there is a
change in “X”,the
same amount of
change in “Y”, in equal
proportion but in
opposite direction.

28. ZERO CORRELATION
When the change in one variable has no effect in other variable

29. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Exploratory research is a research conducted
for a problem that has not been clearly defined
It may use a variety of methods such as trial
studies, interviews, group discussions, etc

30. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Historical methods of research are the process
of systematically examining an account of what
has happened in the past.
It is not facts and dates or even a description
of past events.
The process of learning and understanding the
background and growth of a chosen field of
study or profession can offer insight into
organizational culture, current trends, and
future possibilities.

31. The historical method of research applies to all
fields of study because it encompasses there:
origins growth, theories, personalities, crisis etc.
Quantitative and qualitative variables can be
used in the collection of historical information.
 The dynamic account of past events that
involves an interpretation attempt to recapture
the nuances, personalities, and ideas that
events.

32. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 Descriptive study is one in which information is
collected without changing the environment (i.e.,
nothing is manipulated).
Sometimes these are referred to as “correlational”
or “observational” studies.
Descriptive research is used to describe
characteristics of a population or Descriptive
studies can involve a one-time interaction with
groups of people or a study might follow
individuals over time.

33.  Descriptive studies, in which the
researcher interacts with the
participant, may involve surveys or
interviews to collect the necessary
information.

34. ADVOCACY RESEARCH
Advocacy research is carried out with the
intention of providing evidence and
arguments that can be used to support a
particular cause or position.
It is commonly carried out by pressure
groups, lobby groups and interest groups
(such as trade unions) and, occasionally, by
political parties, journalists and academics.

35. WHEN SHOULD WE DO
ADVOCACY RESEARCH?
 Any advocacy requires some basic research, but there are
times when research is particularly valuable.
 When trying to get legislation passed.
 When seeking to arouse community concern about an issue
that needs attention.
 When important programs or services or whole groups of
people are under attack.
 When government officials are corrupt or otherwise guilty
of wrongdoing.
 When government or another entity is lying to the public.
 When it's necessary to prevent harm.
 When it's important in order to further the public interest.

36. STEPS FOR ADVOCACY RESEARCH
Step 1: Identify issues and opportunities for
collecting data.
Step 2: Select issues and opportunities and set
goals.
Step 3: Plan an approach and methods.
Step 4: Collect data.
Step 5: Analyze and interpret data.
Step 6: Act on results.

37. EVALUATION RESEARCH
To evaluate means to ascertain its value or
worth, to examine and judge it.
Evaluation is often used to characterize and
appraise subjects of interest in a wide range
of human enterprises, including the arts,
criminal justice , foundations ,non-profit
organization, government, health care and
other human services.

38. WHY EVALUATION RESEARCH
 Policy Formulation.
 Impact Assessment.
 Accountability.
 To increase the effectiveness of program
management and administration.
 To test hypotheses or evaluate practice
approaches.
 For administrative purposes.

39. TECHNIQUES OF CONDUCTING
EVALUATION RESEARCH
The key informant approach
The community forum approach
The rate under treatment approach
The social indicators approach
The community survey
The focus group approach
The convergent analysis approach

40. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
Ethnography is the systematic study of
people and cultures.
It is designed to explore cultural
phenomena where the researcher observes
society from the point of view of the subject
of the study.

41. Forms of ethnography.
Realist
Critical
Features of ethnographic research.
Procedures for conducting ethnography.
Data collection methods.
Differences across disciplines.
Cultural and Social
Communication Studies

42. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH
The focus of phenomenologic inquiry is what
people experience in regard to some
phenomenon or other and how they interpret
those experiences.
A phenomenological research study is a study
that attempts to understand people's
perceptions, perspectives and understandings
of a particular situation.

43. PHENOMENOLOGY METHODS.
Purposive Sampling.
Research Question.
Sample/Recruitment of participants.
Data Collection.

44. STAGES OF ANALYSIS.
 Identification of a common shared experience.
 The phenomena is identified.
 Bracket Researcher Bias and Interpretation.
 Data Collection.
 Data Analysis.
 Unified Descriptive Account.
 Presentation of the invariant structure.

45. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
The process of controlling certain
variables and manipulating others to
observe if the results of the
experiment reflect that the
manipulations directly caused the
particular outcome.
It is designed to evaluate the effect
of one particular variable on a
phenomenon by keeping the other

46. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IS
BASED ON
Random Assignments
The subjects are randomly assigned to form
group and have equal chances of getting
into a group.
Experimental Control
All the features are identical except
independent variable.
Appropriate Measures
Taken at start and end of year so as to
know the achievements.

47. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
True Experiment
Most accurate type as it supports a
hypothesis using statistical analysis.
Quasi Experiment
Most frequently used when not feasible to
use random assignment.
Pre Experiment
Either single or multiple group are observed
after some treatment presumed to cause
change.