nursing research part 14

1. RESEARCH -14

2. OTHER RESEARCH DESIGNS
 EVALUATIVE STUDIES
 META-ANALYSIS
 EX-POST FACTO DESIGN
 SECONDARY ANALYSIS
 METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES

3. EVALUATIVE STUDIES
 GREAT IMPORTANCE IN CURRENT ERA OF EVIDENCE BASED
PRACTICE.
 PATIENT CENTERED CARE AND CONSUMER AWARENESS
ALSO INFLUENCE THE IMPORTANCE OF EVALUATIVE STUDIES
OVER OTHER TYPE OF RESEARCH.
 Its focus on a particular practice, policy or event.

4. META ANALYSIS
 META ANALYSIS IS A STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE
WHICH INVOLES TAKING THE FINDING FROM
SEVERAL STUDIES ON THE SAME SUBJECT OR
TOPIC AND ANALYSIS THEM USING
STANDARDIZED STATISTICAL PROCEDURES .

5. META SYNTHESIS
 Is used to integrate the finding of qualitative studies.
 It is a non statistical techniques used to integrate
evaluate and interpret the findings.
 Meta-synthesis helps to detect and depict a common
them from a pool of studies.
 Meta synthesis is preferred for phenomenology
grounded theory and ethnography.

6. SECONDARY ANALYSIS
 The existing data has become rapidly popular in
health sciences.
 Secondary analysis is a useful research strategy
which makes use of pre-existing finding to test new
research question or hypothesis.
 Prepare a fresh proposal with different research
questions and hypothesis.
 Re examine the exiting research project to serve
new and important purpose.

7. METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES
 It does not follow all steps of research process.
 This research method focus on development of a
valid and reliable instrument to measure a construct
under the study.
 Steps:
 Selection and definition of construct or behavior
under study.
 Formulation of items for instrument development
 Writing instruction for users and respondents
 Testing the validity and reliability of the instrument.

8. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
 FOCUSES ON INTERPRETATION OF
PHENOMENA IN THEIR NATURAL SETTING TO
MAKE SENSE IN TERMS OF THE MEANINGS
PEOPLE BRING TO THESE SETTINGS

9. VALIDITY OF QUALITATIVE RESERCH
 CREDIBILITY[INTERNAL VALIDITY]
 Refers how extensively research methods raise the
confidence in the trust of data and in the researcher’s
interpretation in the finding.

10.  It can be sought by using following measure
 Prolonged engagement in the field of setting
 Triangulation
 Investigator triangulation
 Theory triangulation
 Method triangulation
 Persistent observation
 Negative case analysis

11. DEPENDABILITY
 Finding of a study need to be consistent and correct
to be dependable so that anyone reading the study
will be able to evaluate the self sufficiency of the
analysis and results from the research process

12. TRANSFERABILITY
 Application of findings of one qualitative study to
similar other population in different situation.
 Confirmability
 To measures used to attain objectivity in qualitative
research.

13. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 1. Ethnography
 2. Phenomenology
 3. Grounded theory
 4. Historical research
 5. Case study
 6. Action research

14. ETHNOGRAPHY
 Means study and description of a culture of a particular
group of people.
 It involves collection and analysis of data about culture
or social groups.
 Role of Researcher
 Is the primary data collection tool
 Enters the world for an extended period of time, asking questions,
observing, participating, & collecting whatever data are available
 Observe behavior but go beyond it to inquire about the meaning of
it

15. TYPES OF ETHNOGRAPHY
 1. Macro-Ethnography:- Ethnography researcher
can study broadly defined culture in what is
sometimes referred to as a macro- ethnography.
E.g.- The British, The English etc..
 2. Micro-ethnography:- Alternatively it may focus on
more narrowly defined ones referred to as micro-
ethnography. E.g.- nursing practice in intensive
care units.

16.  Strengths:
 Only research approach facilitate the study of culture and behavior
of a group or community.
 Rich understanding of social action
 Study of human behavior in natural setting
 Limitations
 Consumes long period of time
 Getting ethical approval is an complicating job
 Challenging task to record the multifaceted nature of social action
that occurs within a clinical or ward

17. PHENOMENOLOGY
 Phenomenology is s 20th century philosophical
movement dedicated to describing the structure of
experience as they present themselves to
consciousness ,without resources to theory ,deduction,
or assumptions from other discipline such as the natural
sciences.
 Describes the meaning of the lived experience about a
concept or a phenomenon for several individuals.

18. ROLE OF RESEARCHER
 Is the instrument for data collection
 Establishes good rapport with participants
 Explicates beliefs through bracketing
 The meaning of the lived experience is interpreted
from the participants’ stories

19. STEPS OF PHENOMENOLOGY STUDIES
 Study of phenomena of interest
 Writing research question
 Data collection
 The phenomenological data analysis
 Report writing

20.  Strength :
 Valuable tool to understand the meaning of life
experience of people involved in research
 It helps to develop the new theories
 Collect real life experience of people
 Limitation :
 Data collection and analysis is a laborious task
 It need more time and money
 Researcher to develop different skills to conduct the
interview
 Data analysis and interpretation need special skill and a
challenging one.