This document provides an overview of common renal disorders, including acute renal failure (ARF), chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, nephrolithiasis, and renal tubular acidosis. ARF is characterized by a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate and is divided into prerenal, intrinsic renal, and postrenal types. Chronic renal failure is usually caused by diabetes or glomerulonephritis and results in metabolic abnormalities and uremic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome involves proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia due to increased glomerular permeability. Nephrolithiasis is caused by supersaturation of urine leading to stone formation,
The kidneys perform several important functions including removing waste, regulating electrolytes and blood pressure, activating vitamin D, and stimulating red blood cell production. Acute renal failure refers to a sudden, usually reversible loss of kidney function over days or weeks and is commonly caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys (pre-renal) or direct kidney damage (intrinsic). Pre-renal acute renal failure, which accounts for 60-70% of cases, is often due to low blood volume from causes like bleeding, burns, or diarrhea. It can typically be reversed by restoring blood volume and pressure through fluid resuscitation.
This document provides an overview of pediatric nephrology topics including haematuria (blood in the urine), renal failure, proteinuria, urinary tract infections, and congenital anomalies. It discusses evaluation and causes of haematuria including glomerular diseases like post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Acute and chronic renal failure are summarized along with their etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Dialysis options for end-stage renal failure are also briefly covered.
1. The kidneys maintain water and electrolyte balance, blood pH, excrete waste products and toxins, filter the blood, produce erythropoietin, and reabsorb desirable elements.
2. Renal function can be impaired acutely (acute renal failure) or chronically (chronic renal failure). Tests like urea, creatinine, and uric acid help diagnose and monitor kidney function.
3. Kidney diseases include acute tubular necrosis, renal calculi, and gout caused by uric acid crystals. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include fluid management, dialysis, and transplantation.
13 Evaluation And Management Of Acute Renal FailureDang Thanh Tuan
The document discusses evaluation and management of acute renal failure (ARF). It defines ARF as a rapid decline in kidney function over hours to weeks. ARF can be prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal. Prerenal ARF is caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys and is often reversible. Intrinsic renal ARF involves direct kidney damage from conditions like acute tubular necrosis. Postrenal ARF occurs when urine outflow is blocked. Management involves treating underlying causes, preventing further injury, managing complications conservatively, and initiating renal replacement therapy if needed.
This document provides an overview of acute and chronic renal failure. It defines renal failure as loss of kidney function and describes how acute renal failure has a sudden onset and is potentially reversible, while chronic failure progresses slowly over months or years. The major causes, symptoms, and metabolic consequences of both acute and chronic renal failure are discussed. Laboratory findings and management approaches for acute renal failure are also outlined. The document contrasts the features of acute versus chronic renal failure and describes problems related to end-stage renal disease as well as dialysis options.
This document summarizes medical nutrition therapy for chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. It discusses the pathophysiology and stages of chronic kidney disease, complications that can arise at different levels of kidney function, and nutritional management strategies and guidelines for protein, fluid, electrolyte, and energy intake at various stages of kidney disease and on different types of dialysis.
The document discusses acute renal failure (ARF), also known as acute kidney injury (AKI). It defines ARF as the deterioration of renal function over hours to days, resulting in the kidneys' inability to excrete waste and maintain fluid/electrolyte homeostasis. The diagnostic criteria for ARF include a rapid rise in creatinine or reduction in urine output. ARF is classified based on urine output and can be prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal in etiology. Anesthetic management of patients with ARF requires special considerations for fluid balance, electrolytes, drugs, and prevention of further kidney injury.
The document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), defining it and outlining criteria for diagnosis. It covers the epidemiology of AKI, noting it occurs in 5-35% of hospitalized or ICU patients with mortality up to 75-90% in sepsis and 35-45% without. Common causes of AKI are discussed as well as diagnostic evaluations including lab tests, imaging, and biomarkers. Complications and specific types of AKI like acute tubular necrosis and contrast-induced nephropathy are summarized.
The kidneys perform several important functions including removing waste, regulating electrolytes and blood pressure, activating vitamin D, and stimulating red blood cell production. Acute renal failure refers to a sudden, usually reversible loss of kidney function over days or weeks and is commonly caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys (pre-renal) or direct kidney damage (intrinsic). Pre-renal acute renal failure, which accounts for 60-70% of cases, is often due to low blood volume from causes like bleeding, burns, or diarrhea. It can typically be reversed by restoring blood volume and pressure through fluid resuscitation.
This document provides an overview of pediatric nephrology topics including haematuria (blood in the urine), renal failure, proteinuria, urinary tract infections, and congenital anomalies. It discusses evaluation and causes of haematuria including glomerular diseases like post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Acute and chronic renal failure are summarized along with their etiologies, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Dialysis options for end-stage renal failure are also briefly covered.
1. The kidneys maintain water and electrolyte balance, blood pH, excrete waste products and toxins, filter the blood, produce erythropoietin, and reabsorb desirable elements.
2. Renal function can be impaired acutely (acute renal failure) or chronically (chronic renal failure). Tests like urea, creatinine, and uric acid help diagnose and monitor kidney function.
3. Kidney diseases include acute tubular necrosis, renal calculi, and gout caused by uric acid crystals. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include fluid management, dialysis, and transplantation.
13 Evaluation And Management Of Acute Renal FailureDang Thanh Tuan
The document discusses evaluation and management of acute renal failure (ARF). It defines ARF as a rapid decline in kidney function over hours to weeks. ARF can be prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal. Prerenal ARF is caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys and is often reversible. Intrinsic renal ARF involves direct kidney damage from conditions like acute tubular necrosis. Postrenal ARF occurs when urine outflow is blocked. Management involves treating underlying causes, preventing further injury, managing complications conservatively, and initiating renal replacement therapy if needed.
This document provides an overview of acute and chronic renal failure. It defines renal failure as loss of kidney function and describes how acute renal failure has a sudden onset and is potentially reversible, while chronic failure progresses slowly over months or years. The major causes, symptoms, and metabolic consequences of both acute and chronic renal failure are discussed. Laboratory findings and management approaches for acute renal failure are also outlined. The document contrasts the features of acute versus chronic renal failure and describes problems related to end-stage renal disease as well as dialysis options.
This document summarizes medical nutrition therapy for chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. It discusses the pathophysiology and stages of chronic kidney disease, complications that can arise at different levels of kidney function, and nutritional management strategies and guidelines for protein, fluid, electrolyte, and energy intake at various stages of kidney disease and on different types of dialysis.
The document discusses acute renal failure (ARF), also known as acute kidney injury (AKI). It defines ARF as the deterioration of renal function over hours to days, resulting in the kidneys' inability to excrete waste and maintain fluid/electrolyte homeostasis. The diagnostic criteria for ARF include a rapid rise in creatinine or reduction in urine output. ARF is classified based on urine output and can be prerenal, intrinsic renal, or postrenal in etiology. Anesthetic management of patients with ARF requires special considerations for fluid balance, electrolytes, drugs, and prevention of further kidney injury.
The document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), defining it and outlining criteria for diagnosis. It covers the epidemiology of AKI, noting it occurs in 5-35% of hospitalized or ICU patients with mortality up to 75-90% in sepsis and 35-45% without. Common causes of AKI are discussed as well as diagnostic evaluations including lab tests, imaging, and biomarkers. Complications and specific types of AKI like acute tubular necrosis and contrast-induced nephropathy are summarized.
Genitourinary disorders are conditions that affect the genitourinary system, which includes the urinary and reproductive systems. Some are congenital, and others are acquired later in life.
Large numbers of patients suffer from a variety of diseases in the genitourinary system, which is composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and genital organs. Genitourinary diseases include congenital abnormalities, iatrogenic injuries, and disorders such as cancer, trauma, infection, and inflammation.
This document provides an overview of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and their treatment and management. It discusses the pathophysiology, stages, symptoms, complications, medical and surgical interventions, and nursing care for each condition. Dialysis methods like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are explained in detail. Surgical procedures for the kidneys like nephrectomy and transplantation are also summarized.
This document provides information on acute kidney injury (AKI), including its definition, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, complications, collaborative care, nursing diagnoses, and nursing management. AKI is characterized by a sudden loss of kidney function, ranging from minor impairment to complete kidney failure. It can be caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys, direct damage to the kidneys, or obstruction of urine flow. The main goals in treatment are managing fluid balance and electrolyte abnormalities through medication, diet, and potentially dialysis.
Renal disorders in newborns can be congenital or acquired. They are detected prenatally in about 1% of fetuses by ultrasound and in newborns by physical exam or autopsy in less than 1% and 7-9% respectively. Early diagnosis is important to prevent complications. Prenatal diagnosis is usually by ultrasound detecting signs of obstruction. Clinical manifestations vary by type and severity of abnormality and can include dysmorphic features, abdominal masses, ascites, failure to palpate kidneys, and hypertension. Acute renal failure is defined as a creatinine over 1.5 mg/dL and can be functional, intrinsic, or obstructive in nature. Causes include inadequate perfusion,
Acute and chronic renal failure are discussed. Acute renal failure is a sudden decline in kidney function leading to a build-up of waste products and electrolyte imbalances, with symptoms like reduced urine, nausea, and back pain. It requires urgent hospital treatment like dialysis. Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of kidney function over years due to issues like diabetes and hypertension, with symptoms including fatigue, itchy skin, and twitching. Diagnosis involves tests of kidney function and size, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression with medications.
Acute renal failure (ARF) is the sudden loss of kidney function, causing a build up of waste products in the blood. It can be oliguric or non-oliguric depending on urine output. ARF has three main causes - prerenal from low blood flow, intrinsic kidney damage, or postrenal from urinary obstruction. Management involves fluid management, electrolyte control, antibiotics for infection, and possibly dialysis. Nurses monitor patients closely and prevent complications through infection control and skin care.
Acute renal failure and chronic renal failure are discussed. Acute renal failure can be prerenal, renal, or postrenal and is characterized by a sudden reduction in urine output. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It has multiple etiologies including glomerular diseases. Both present with electrolyte imbalances, fluid retention, and other complications. Treatment focuses on fluid management, diet modification, and dialysis or transplantation as needed.
1. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the sudden deterioration of renal function that can range from mild to severe. It is a global problem associated with high morbidity and mortality.
2. AKI is classified based on location of injury (pre-renal, intrinsic, post-renal), urine output, and severity of decline in renal function. Common causes include sepsis, nephrotoxins, and decreased renal perfusion.
3. Management involves treating the underlying cause, maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance, and potentially renal replacement therapy for complications like fluid overload or severe electrolyte imbalances. Outcomes depend on factors like age, cause, and need for dialysis.
This document summarizes acute and chronic renal failure. It defines renal failure as a loss of kidney function below 10-20% of normal. Acute renal failure occurs rapidly over days and can be reversible, while chronic failure progresses over months and can lead to permanent damage. Causes of acute failure include decreased blood flow, obstruction, and glomerulonephritis. Symptoms include reduced urine output and elevated BUN and creatinine. Chronic failure is classified into four stages based on GFR loss and treated through dietary management, dialysis, and transplantation.
Acute renal failure is a sudden loss of kidney function over hours to days that results in oliguria or anuria and the buildup of waste products like BUN and creatinine in the blood. It can be caused by prerenal factors like decreased blood flow or direct kidney damage. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and removing waste until the kidneys can recover. Chronic kidney disease is progressive and irreversible, resulting in permanent kidney damage and uremia if untreated with dialysis or transplant.
Acute renal failure develops when renal function is diminished such that fluid homeostasis can no longer be maintained. It can be oliguric or nonoliguric. Causes include prerenal issues like decreased perfusion, direct renal problems, and postrenal obstruction. Treatment involves fluid management, electrolyte control like treating hyperkalemia, and correcting acidosis while avoiding tetany from rapid changes. Dialysis may be needed for persistent issues.
This document provides an overview of renal failure, including:
- Classification of acute and chronic renal failure
- Definitions, causes, pathophysiology and treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- Prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal causes of AKI
- Clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of CKD including accumulation of waste, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, and calcium/phosphorus disorders
- Treatment focuses on slowing CKD progression, managing complications, and dialysis or transplant for advanced disease.
This document provides an overview of acute kidney injury (AKI), including its definition, epidemiology, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines AKI as a sudden decline in kidney function characterized by retention of waste and fluid and electrolyte imbalances. The document outlines the RIFLE criteria for staging AKI severity based on creatinine and urine output. Causes of AKI include pre-renal such as hypoperfusion, intrinsic renal such as acute tubular necrosis, and post-renal such as obstruction. Diagnosis involves history, exam, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging to differentiate causes and guide management.
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously known as acute renal failure, is characterized by a sudden decrease in kidney function and the retention of waste products. It can be prerenal, renal, or post-renal in origin. Prerenal causes are due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, renal causes involve damage to the kidneys themselves, and post-renal causes result from obstruction of urine flow. Diagnosis involves evaluating urine output, laboratory tests of kidney function, urine analysis, and occasionally imaging tests or kidney biopsies. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause is important to prevent further kidney damage and other complications of AKI.
The document discusses renal disease and renal failure in dogs. It defines key terms like renal disease, renal failure, azotemia and uremia. Renal failure can be acute or chronic. Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in renal function while chronic renal failure is a relatively common syndrome in older dogs representing the end stage of various renal diseases. The document outlines the causes, clinical signs, diagnosis, and management of both acute and chronic renal failure in dogs. It also lists some breeds that are prone to developing renal failure.
This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure, in pediatrics. It defines AKI, describes the causes and pathophysiology, presents approaches to evaluation and management, and outlines treatment of complications. The key points are:
- AKI is defined as an abrupt reduction in kidney function over 48 hours, seen as a rise in creatinine or decrease in urine output.
- Common causes include prerenal failure from hypovolemia, intrinsic renal failure like acute tubular necrosis, and postrenal failure from urinary tract obstruction.
- Management involves treating complications, maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance, and considering dialysis for issues like fluid
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Genitourinary disorders are conditions that affect the genitourinary system, which includes the urinary and reproductive systems. Some are congenital, and others are acquired later in life.
Large numbers of patients suffer from a variety of diseases in the genitourinary system, which is composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and genital organs. Genitourinary diseases include congenital abnormalities, iatrogenic injuries, and disorders such as cancer, trauma, infection, and inflammation.
This document provides an overview of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and their treatment and management. It discusses the pathophysiology, stages, symptoms, complications, medical and surgical interventions, and nursing care for each condition. Dialysis methods like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are explained in detail. Surgical procedures for the kidneys like nephrectomy and transplantation are also summarized.
This document provides information on acute kidney injury (AKI), including its definition, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, complications, collaborative care, nursing diagnoses, and nursing management. AKI is characterized by a sudden loss of kidney function, ranging from minor impairment to complete kidney failure. It can be caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys, direct damage to the kidneys, or obstruction of urine flow. The main goals in treatment are managing fluid balance and electrolyte abnormalities through medication, diet, and potentially dialysis.
Renal disorders in newborns can be congenital or acquired. They are detected prenatally in about 1% of fetuses by ultrasound and in newborns by physical exam or autopsy in less than 1% and 7-9% respectively. Early diagnosis is important to prevent complications. Prenatal diagnosis is usually by ultrasound detecting signs of obstruction. Clinical manifestations vary by type and severity of abnormality and can include dysmorphic features, abdominal masses, ascites, failure to palpate kidneys, and hypertension. Acute renal failure is defined as a creatinine over 1.5 mg/dL and can be functional, intrinsic, or obstructive in nature. Causes include inadequate perfusion,
Acute and chronic renal failure are discussed. Acute renal failure is a sudden decline in kidney function leading to a build-up of waste products and electrolyte imbalances, with symptoms like reduced urine, nausea, and back pain. It requires urgent hospital treatment like dialysis. Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of kidney function over years due to issues like diabetes and hypertension, with symptoms including fatigue, itchy skin, and twitching. Diagnosis involves tests of kidney function and size, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression with medications.
Acute renal failure (ARF) is the sudden loss of kidney function, causing a build up of waste products in the blood. It can be oliguric or non-oliguric depending on urine output. ARF has three main causes - prerenal from low blood flow, intrinsic kidney damage, or postrenal from urinary obstruction. Management involves fluid management, electrolyte control, antibiotics for infection, and possibly dialysis. Nurses monitor patients closely and prevent complications through infection control and skin care.
Acute renal failure and chronic renal failure are discussed. Acute renal failure can be prerenal, renal, or postrenal and is characterized by a sudden reduction in urine output. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It has multiple etiologies including glomerular diseases. Both present with electrolyte imbalances, fluid retention, and other complications. Treatment focuses on fluid management, diet modification, and dialysis or transplantation as needed.
1. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the sudden deterioration of renal function that can range from mild to severe. It is a global problem associated with high morbidity and mortality.
2. AKI is classified based on location of injury (pre-renal, intrinsic, post-renal), urine output, and severity of decline in renal function. Common causes include sepsis, nephrotoxins, and decreased renal perfusion.
3. Management involves treating the underlying cause, maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance, and potentially renal replacement therapy for complications like fluid overload or severe electrolyte imbalances. Outcomes depend on factors like age, cause, and need for dialysis.
This document summarizes acute and chronic renal failure. It defines renal failure as a loss of kidney function below 10-20% of normal. Acute renal failure occurs rapidly over days and can be reversible, while chronic failure progresses over months and can lead to permanent damage. Causes of acute failure include decreased blood flow, obstruction, and glomerulonephritis. Symptoms include reduced urine output and elevated BUN and creatinine. Chronic failure is classified into four stages based on GFR loss and treated through dietary management, dialysis, and transplantation.
Acute renal failure is a sudden loss of kidney function over hours to days that results in oliguria or anuria and the buildup of waste products like BUN and creatinine in the blood. It can be caused by prerenal factors like decreased blood flow or direct kidney damage. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and removing waste until the kidneys can recover. Chronic kidney disease is progressive and irreversible, resulting in permanent kidney damage and uremia if untreated with dialysis or transplant.
Acute renal failure develops when renal function is diminished such that fluid homeostasis can no longer be maintained. It can be oliguric or nonoliguric. Causes include prerenal issues like decreased perfusion, direct renal problems, and postrenal obstruction. Treatment involves fluid management, electrolyte control like treating hyperkalemia, and correcting acidosis while avoiding tetany from rapid changes. Dialysis may be needed for persistent issues.
This document provides an overview of renal failure, including:
- Classification of acute and chronic renal failure
- Definitions, causes, pathophysiology and treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- Prerenal, intrarenal and postrenal causes of AKI
- Clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of CKD including accumulation of waste, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, and calcium/phosphorus disorders
- Treatment focuses on slowing CKD progression, managing complications, and dialysis or transplant for advanced disease.
This document provides an overview of acute kidney injury (AKI), including its definition, epidemiology, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines AKI as a sudden decline in kidney function characterized by retention of waste and fluid and electrolyte imbalances. The document outlines the RIFLE criteria for staging AKI severity based on creatinine and urine output. Causes of AKI include pre-renal such as hypoperfusion, intrinsic renal such as acute tubular necrosis, and post-renal such as obstruction. Diagnosis involves history, exam, urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging to differentiate causes and guide management.
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously known as acute renal failure, is characterized by a sudden decrease in kidney function and the retention of waste products. It can be prerenal, renal, or post-renal in origin. Prerenal causes are due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, renal causes involve damage to the kidneys themselves, and post-renal causes result from obstruction of urine flow. Diagnosis involves evaluating urine output, laboratory tests of kidney function, urine analysis, and occasionally imaging tests or kidney biopsies. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause is important to prevent further kidney damage and other complications of AKI.
The document discusses renal disease and renal failure in dogs. It defines key terms like renal disease, renal failure, azotemia and uremia. Renal failure can be acute or chronic. Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in renal function while chronic renal failure is a relatively common syndrome in older dogs representing the end stage of various renal diseases. The document outlines the causes, clinical signs, diagnosis, and management of both acute and chronic renal failure in dogs. It also lists some breeds that are prone to developing renal failure.
This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), formerly known as acute renal failure, in pediatrics. It defines AKI, describes the causes and pathophysiology, presents approaches to evaluation and management, and outlines treatment of complications. The key points are:
- AKI is defined as an abrupt reduction in kidney function over 48 hours, seen as a rise in creatinine or decrease in urine output.
- Common causes include prerenal failure from hypovolemia, intrinsic renal failure like acute tubular necrosis, and postrenal failure from urinary tract obstruction.
- Management involves treating complications, maintaining fluid/electrolyte balance, and considering dialysis for issues like fluid
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
3. Acute renal failure (ARF) is a syndrome
characterized by rapid decline in glomerular
filtration rate (hours to days), retention of
nitrogenous waste products, and perturbation
of extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte
and acid-base homeostasis.
Acute renal failure (ARF)
4. ARF complicates approximately 5% of hospital
admissions and up to 30% of admissions to intensive
care units.
Oliguria (urine output 400 mL/d) is a frequent but not
invariable clinical feature (50%).
ARF is usually asymptomatic and diagnosed when
biochemical monitoring of hospitalized patients
reveals a recent increase in blood urea and
creatinine concentrations.
Acute renal failure (ARF)
5. Both terms indicate an accumulation of nitrogenous
wastes in blood
Uremia - syndrome of renal failure
Represents numerous consequences related to renal
failure
Azotemia - increased serum urea and creatinine levels
Acute renal failure (ARF)
Uremia Vs Azotemia
6. Acute renal failure (ARF)
For purposes of diagnosis and management are
conveniently divided into three categories:
(1)diseases that cause renal hypoperfusion without
compromising the integrity of renal parenchyma
(prerenal ARF, prerenal azotemia) (55%)
(2) diseases that directly involve renal parenchyma
(intrinsic renal ARF, renal azotemia) (40%)
(3)diseases associated with urinary tract obstruction
(postrenal ARF, postrenal azotemia) (5%).
15. Chronic renal disease (CRD) is a pathophysiologic
process with multiple etiologies, resulting in the
inexorable attrition of nephron number and function and
frequently leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
In turn, ESRD represents a clinical state or condition in
which there has been an irreversible loss of
endogenous renal function, of a degree sufficient to
render the patient permanently dependent upon renal
replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) in
order to avoid life-threatening uremia.
Uremia is the clinical and laboratory syndrome,
reflecting dysfunction of all organ systems as a result of
untreated or undertreated acute or chronic renal failure.
Definitions
16. • Diabetes: most common cause. Over 40%
cases are primarily to diabetes
CRF associated with other causes:
• Glomerulonephritis
• Polycystic Kidney Disease
• Hypertension related with renal vascular
disease (renal artery stenosis, atherosclerosis)
Common Underlying Causes of CRF
17. Consequences
Metabolic features:
Impairment in urinary concentration and dilution.
Osmotic diuresis due to high solute concentration
for each functioning nephron
Impairment of electrolytes and pH balance.
Retention of waste products of metabolism.
Decreased calcitriol synthesis.
Decreased erythropoietin synthesis.
21. The nephrotic syndrome is a clinical complex
characterized by a number of renal and
extrarenal features, the most prominent of
which are proteinuria of 3.5 g per 1.73 m2 per
24 h (in practice, 3.0 to 3.5 g per 24 h),
hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia and
hypercoagulation.
Definition
22. Pathophysiology
• Proteinuria: increased glomerular
permeability
• Hypoalbuminuria: decreased liver synthesis
• Oedema: primary salt and water retention
associated with reduced renal function, or
reduced plasma oncotic pressure.
• Hyperlipidaemia: increased apolipoprotein
liver synthesis
• Hypercoagulation: increased fibrinogen and
loss of antithrombin III
26. RENAL STONES (Nephrolithiasis)
Causes
1. A high concentration of a substance in the urine due
to:
- low urine volume
- high excretion rate
2. pH changes
- alkaline urine predisposes to Ca deposition (e.g.
infection)
- acid urine predisposes to uric acid deposition.
3. Stagnation, usually due to obstruction.
27. RENAL STONES (Nephrolithiasis)
Types of stones (or calculi)
1. Calcium - oxalate
- phosphate
2. Uric acid - in about 10% of gouty cases. May be
associated with low urinary pH due to inadequate buffer
production.
3. Rare forms
- cystine: cystinuria, a transport defect of dibasic amino
acids and cysteine
- xanthine: xanthine oxidase deficiency
-2,8 dihydroxyadenine: Adenine Phosphoribosyl
Transferase (APRT - a purine salvage enzyme) deficiency.
28. Calculi are only partly mineral; up to 60%
may consist of protein, the rest being
varying proportions of calcium, magnesium,
ammonium, phosphate, etc
RENAL STONES (Nephrolithiasis)
29. RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS (RTA)
A group of disorders characterized by tubular
dysfunction, with normal or perhaps slightly
decreased glomerular function.
The picture is that of a normal anion gap metabolic
acidosis, in the presence of a normal or near-normal
plasma creatinine.
The urine pH is often inappropriately high in the face
of the systemic acidosis (but NOT always).
30. Due to inability of distal nephron to excrete H+.
The urine pH is inappropriately high (pH > 5.5), but
does not contain significant bicarbonate.
Associated with hypokalemia, nephrocalcinosis and
rickets.
There are genetic and acquired forms (e.g. heavy
metal toxicity).
Type 1 (distal) RTA
31. Due to defective proximal bicarbonate reabsorption.
The renal threshold for bicarbonate is decreased
(normal value 24 mmol/l).
Whenever the plasma bicarbonate level exceeds the
(lowered) renal threshold (e.g. 16 mmol/l), the urine
contains large amounts of bicarbonate and the urine pH
is inappropriately high (called renal bicarbonate
wasting).
However, if the plasma bicarbonate drops to the level of
renal threshold, then all filtered bicarbonate can be
reabsorbed, and the urine pH can be appropriately
acidic (< 5.5) since distal tubular H+ excretion is normal
Type 2 (proximal) RTA