Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
the presentation describes in details about the feed water and condensate heaters used in Thermal Power Stations or elsewhere. The performance parameters of the heaters are also described in details.
An introduction to the reasons for condensate recovery System, that including energy costing, water charges and water treatment costing and included calculations for potential savings.
Design and Fabrication of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System [Libr-H20]IJMER
Most of the energies are utilized by the industries due to depletion of fossil fuels and
increasing the fuel price to exploit the maximum presented energy from the waste heat source. The
industry which utilizes steam turbine exhaust carries a considerable amount of thermal energy. This
energy can be set in to positive use as a heat source for vapour absorption system to serves as cooling
system. This paper illustrates the thermal and fiscal advantages of using single effect lithium bromide
water absorption by means of waste heat. The objective of this work is to hypothetical design of lithium
bromide water absorption Refrigeration system using waste heat from any industry steam turbine
exhaust
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the presentation describes in details about the feed water and condensate heaters used in Thermal Power Stations or elsewhere. The performance parameters of the heaters are also described in details.
An introduction to the reasons for condensate recovery System, that including energy costing, water charges and water treatment costing and included calculations for potential savings.
Design and Fabrication of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System [Libr-H20]IJMER
Most of the energies are utilized by the industries due to depletion of fossil fuels and
increasing the fuel price to exploit the maximum presented energy from the waste heat source. The
industry which utilizes steam turbine exhaust carries a considerable amount of thermal energy. This
energy can be set in to positive use as a heat source for vapour absorption system to serves as cooling
system. This paper illustrates the thermal and fiscal advantages of using single effect lithium bromide
water absorption by means of waste heat. The objective of this work is to hypothetical design of lithium
bromide water absorption Refrigeration system using waste heat from any industry steam turbine
exhaust
A Review on Performance Comparison of VCRs &VARsdbpublications
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems (VARS) and vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS) both are widely used for refrigeration purpose. The major differences in both the system are in vapour compression refrigeration systems the input supply is compressor work which is high grade of energy whereas in vapour absorption systems main input is heat supply in the generator which is low grade energy. Energy is an essential requirement for the economic development of any country, so our main aim is to save energy, unless VCRS have high performance future scope is VARS are primarily used in large commercial and industrial installations .In this paper discusses the various methods for increasing the performance of both systems so this paper focuses on the suitability of both systems.
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
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Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
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Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
Case study of conversion from HCFC to hydrocarbons of the campus of the University of Technology of Jamaica (Dr. Horace Nelson, University of Technology).
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Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
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We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
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Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
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Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
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Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...
Refrigeration systems & heat pumps with co2
1. REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMP
SYSTEMS WITH CO2
AS A REFRIGERANT
S. Girotto
Enex S.r.l., Italy
sergio.girotto@enex-ref.com
2. INDEX
WHY NATURAL REFRIGERANT CO2
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CO2 / R404A
EXAMPLE – TYPICAL “COLD CLIMATE”
INVESTMENT & OPERATING COST
EFFICIENCY
FLASH VAPOR RECOMPRESSION
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
HEAT PUMPS FOR HOT WATER
3. WHY NATURAL REFRIGERANT CO2
Zero ODP / Zero GWP
Non toxic / Non flammable
No further changes of refrigerant in future (with synthetic refrigerants
: R12, R502, R22 -> R404A/R507, R134a + tens of blends ->
HF1234yf -> ?? what comes after?)
CO2 is largely available all over the world as a by-product, low cost
No subject to legislation constraints (F-Gas Directive in EC)
5. INVESTMENT & OPERATING COST (1)
For a refrigeration system of one supermarket energy cost during lifetime is
85% of the total running cost
Due to above investment running cost must be considered together
Comparison between a DX-CO2 and a conventional HFC system cost splitting
for a reference system 100 kW MT / 30kW LT
80000
70000
60000 refrigerant
50000 pipi ng/ins.
€ 40000 condenser
30000
elec.panel
20000
compr.unit
10000
0
CO2 HFC R404A
6. INVESTMENT & OPERATING COST (2)
In a proper economical analysis other factors must be considered:
a) cost for refilling of refrigerant during the lifetime of the system
b) cost for inspections due to leak emission control (F-GAS Directive)
c) unforeaseeable cost increase and unavailable of synthetic refrigerant
d) disposal cost
7. EFFICIENCY (1)
CO2 itself is not “more efficient” or “less efficient” than other fluids.
Efficiency theoretically does not depend on the fluid used (Carnot’s law) but
from the combination of plant design and refrigerant.
Guideline should be: for a given refrigerant (operating fluid) to improve as
much as possible the design of the system so as to obtain maximum
performance.
Compared with other refrigerants CO2 has a lower critical temperature, which
might require a modified cycle for some applications.
8. EFFICIENCY (2)
A simple comparison with HFC solution cannot enhance differences due to better
heat transfer characteristics or lower influence of pressure drop on efficiency
Efficient CO2 – only systems use one or more of the following:
1) maximum heat recovery
2) extremely low condensing pressure in winter time when no Heat Recovery is
required
3) LPR design – standard solution for some heat pumps and single compressor units
4) recompression of flash vapor in warm ambient conditions
(air cooled systems)
Not – in – kind solutions (like expander, ejector) do exist, but they are still under
evaluation and/or laboratory test
10. FLASH VAPOR RECOMPRESSION (2)
SIMULATION FOR BARCELLONA CLIMATE
Temperature profile July Temperature profile September
40 40
Te m pe rature [°C]
Tem perature [°C]
30 30
average
20
20
max_daily average
10
10
0
0
0 5 10 15 20
0 5 10 15 20
hour
hour
14. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS - 1
“New” CO2 systems are on the market since 2006, after a long development
started in late ‘90s (first CO2 only installation : 1999 – Italy /first CO2–only
multi-compressor rack : 2001 - Italy)
Now there are standardized and proven design concepts
Example : booster system
for supermarkets
CO2 as a refrigerant was used in early 20th century (until ’50s) but the
application was completely different, so a complete re-invention of
technology was necessary.
15. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS - 2
Other concepts using only CO2 as a refrigerant are well proven and
available on the market:
-Single stage, with a capacity up to 300 kW at -10° eva poration for large
C
cold rooms, hypermarkets, water and brine chilling
-2-stage internal compound up to 100 kW at -35°C evaporation for deep
freezing (cold rooms, hypermarkets)
- Cascade for LT (supermarkets, freezing tunnels,…)
19. HEAT PUMPS FOR HOT WATER
For one specific applications CO2 transcritical concept has no rivals : sanitary
water heat pumps.
The gliding temperature for an isobaric/non-isothermal heat rejection reduces
thermodynamic losses bringing performances at a level that cannot be reached
with any other existing commercial solution :
- Water heating in one pass from 10° up to 90°
C C
-COP higher than 4,0 for air-source heat pump with air 7°
C-50% R.H. and water
in-out 10-65°C
20. HEAT PUMPS – FOR HOT WATER
AIR HEAT 25
Best applications:
- Hotels
- Hospitals
- Laundries – Elderly people houses
- Wheneven hot water is needed in large amounts