Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses CO2 gas coolers and their advantages over traditional HFC outdoor units. It provides an overview of gas cooler design considerations like high pressure requirements, single-phase fluid behavior at high air temperatures, and methods to reduce thermal bypassing. These include symmetrical tubing circuits, slits between tube rows, and future developments like inner grooved copper-iron alloy tubes. The document emphasizes Alfa Laval's laboratory testing and data collection to optimize gas cooler performance and ensure it through the Eurovent certification process.
Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...Centro Studi Galileo
This presentation discusses alternative refrigerants available to replace high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. It introduces Chemours' Opteon line of hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) blend refrigerants, including Opteon XP10, XP40, XP44, XL10, XL20, XL40, and XL55. The presentation reviews the properties and applications of these refrigerants, case studies on their use, and projections on how regulations like the Kigali Amendment and F-Gas Regulation will reduce the allowed GWP of refrigerants over time. Support resources available on opteon.com are also highlighted.
This document discusses refrigerants, including their classification, properties, environmental impacts, and alternatives. Refrigerants are heat carrying fluids that absorb heat from a low temperature system and release it to a high temperature system. Natural substances like ice were early refrigerants, followed by ether, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide in the 19th century. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became popular but were later banned due to ozone depletion and global warming. Current alternatives include hydrocarbons, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrofluorocarbons. An ideal refrigerant has desirable properties like high critical temperature, low boiling point, non-toxicity, stability, and being environmentally friendly.
This document provides details on the urea granulation process. It describes the characteristics of granular urea including composition requirements. It outlines the granulation process which involves spraying liquid urea solution onto seed material in a fluidized bed. Key equipment involved includes the granulator, fluid bed coolers, screens, and conveying equipment. Startup and operating procedures are also summarized, focusing on gradually heating and preparing the granulator while maintaining proper process conditions.
Berg Precision designs and manufactures custom temperature control systems to meet customers' unique application needs. They provide fully automatic units with adaptive controls that maintain precise temperatures and flow rates. Berg has supplied temperature control systems for transportation battery testing facilities that maintain temperatures within +/-0.1 degrees Celsius and for particle accelerators that control ultra-clean water within the same precision.
Solutions for maintaining oxygen levels in mixing vesselsUBMCanon
This document discusses maintaining low oxygen concentrations during open manway charging operations. It introduces the nitrogen purge hopper, an engineered control that applies inert gas at the point of use to reduce and maintain low oxygen concentrations. The purge hopper controls the addition rate, reduces time the manway is open, and controls dust and vapor, helping to safely inert the atmosphere during charging. Data shown illustrates how the purge hopper maintains oxygen levels below thresholds required by safety standards. The document concludes the purge hopper is an effective technology for inerting open vessels during charging operations.
Caleffi International NV - Brochure biomassaArchitectura
The document discusses components for biomass heating systems, including solid fuel boilers and generators. It provides information on:
- Types of biomass fuels such as logs, pellets, and woodchips.
- Standards that classify solid fuel boilers and generators based on factors like fuel type (hand or automatic stoking), heat output, and whether the system uses an open or closed expansion vessel.
- Safety devices used in biomass systems, including temperature relief valves, safety relief valves, draught regulating valves, and anti-condensation valves.
- How the components and safety devices operate and their purposes in ensuring safety and efficiency.
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
Developing Fit-for-Purpose Solutions: Gas Coolers - G. Dal Belin Peruffo - Al...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses CO2 gas coolers and their advantages over traditional HFC outdoor units. It provides an overview of gas cooler design considerations like high pressure requirements, single-phase fluid behavior at high air temperatures, and methods to reduce thermal bypassing. These include symmetrical tubing circuits, slits between tube rows, and future developments like inner grooved copper-iron alloy tubes. The document emphasizes Alfa Laval's laboratory testing and data collection to optimize gas cooler performance and ensure it through the Eurovent certification process.
Hydrofluoro-olefins (HFOs) for Commercial Refrigeration - E. Monfrinotti - Ch...Centro Studi Galileo
This presentation discusses alternative refrigerants available to replace high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. It introduces Chemours' Opteon line of hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) blend refrigerants, including Opteon XP10, XP40, XP44, XL10, XL20, XL40, and XL55. The presentation reviews the properties and applications of these refrigerants, case studies on their use, and projections on how regulations like the Kigali Amendment and F-Gas Regulation will reduce the allowed GWP of refrigerants over time. Support resources available on opteon.com are also highlighted.
This document discusses refrigerants, including their classification, properties, environmental impacts, and alternatives. Refrigerants are heat carrying fluids that absorb heat from a low temperature system and release it to a high temperature system. Natural substances like ice were early refrigerants, followed by ether, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide in the 19th century. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became popular but were later banned due to ozone depletion and global warming. Current alternatives include hydrocarbons, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and hydrofluorocarbons. An ideal refrigerant has desirable properties like high critical temperature, low boiling point, non-toxicity, stability, and being environmentally friendly.
This document provides details on the urea granulation process. It describes the characteristics of granular urea including composition requirements. It outlines the granulation process which involves spraying liquid urea solution onto seed material in a fluidized bed. Key equipment involved includes the granulator, fluid bed coolers, screens, and conveying equipment. Startup and operating procedures are also summarized, focusing on gradually heating and preparing the granulator while maintaining proper process conditions.
Berg Precision designs and manufactures custom temperature control systems to meet customers' unique application needs. They provide fully automatic units with adaptive controls that maintain precise temperatures and flow rates. Berg has supplied temperature control systems for transportation battery testing facilities that maintain temperatures within +/-0.1 degrees Celsius and for particle accelerators that control ultra-clean water within the same precision.
Solutions for maintaining oxygen levels in mixing vesselsUBMCanon
This document discusses maintaining low oxygen concentrations during open manway charging operations. It introduces the nitrogen purge hopper, an engineered control that applies inert gas at the point of use to reduce and maintain low oxygen concentrations. The purge hopper controls the addition rate, reduces time the manway is open, and controls dust and vapor, helping to safely inert the atmosphere during charging. Data shown illustrates how the purge hopper maintains oxygen levels below thresholds required by safety standards. The document concludes the purge hopper is an effective technology for inerting open vessels during charging operations.
Caleffi International NV - Brochure biomassaArchitectura
The document discusses components for biomass heating systems, including solid fuel boilers and generators. It provides information on:
- Types of biomass fuels such as logs, pellets, and woodchips.
- Standards that classify solid fuel boilers and generators based on factors like fuel type (hand or automatic stoking), heat output, and whether the system uses an open or closed expansion vessel.
- Safety devices used in biomass systems, including temperature relief valves, safety relief valves, draught regulating valves, and anti-condensation valves.
- How the components and safety devices operate and their purposes in ensuring safety and efficiency.
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
The document discusses key specifications for LPG, including vapor pressure, composition limits, non-volatile residue and contaminants, water content, toxicity and odor control, and corrosion resistance. It also covers LPG testing considerations, cylinder types and sizing, storage vessel types and capacities, and safety precautions related to LPG's flammability and asphyxiation hazards.
This book covers design of high Pressure equipment and developments, Process flow diagram of different section of Ammonia, Urea and others fertilizers .Fundamentals of ammonia urea plant trouble shooting risk assessment corrosion in different vessels and remedies. This book is useful for Engineers and Sr. Managers for plant commissioning and trouble shooting and Engineering Students. This book contains about 51 tables and 144 useful diagram and chart graphics etc. Detail description of ammonia/CO2 stripping process and new developments. Design Parameters of High pressure vessel and comparison. Study of corrosion for various equipments and control. How to control corrosion by changing of equipments material.
The document provides information about DCM SHIRAM LTD's fertilizer and chemical plants in Kota, Rajasthan, India. It includes a brief company profile, descriptions of the ammonia and urea production processes, an overview of the distributed control system used to monitor and control plant operations, and commonly used field transducers. It concludes with the author reflecting on gaining practical experience and realizing the importance of planning and management in engineering.
Economics of ammonia production from offgasesVK Arora
This document discusses opportunities for producing ammonia from hydrogen-rich off-gas streams from various petrochemical processes. As ethane cracking increases in the US and Middle East, these cracker plants produce large volumes of hydrogen-rich off-gas that can be used to power ammonia plants. Several process options are reviewed for utilizing these off-gases in ammonia production, including PSA, nitrogen wash, and secondary reforming. A case study evaluates the economics of using off-gases from ethane crackers, propane dehydrogenation plants, and methanol plants to power ammonia facilities in the US Gulf Coast and Middle East. Producing ammonia from these off-gases can provide environmental benefits through reduced nitrogen oxide
Process analyzers such as gas chromatographs and continuous gas analyzers play an important role in monitoring and controlling vapor recovery units (VRUs) to optimize processes, ensure safety, and meet emission regulations. VRUs recover vapors from petroleum and chemical facilities to capture hydrocarbons for reuse or sale while cleaning the exhaust stream. Process analyzers measure components in the feed, recycled, and exhaust streams to monitor the VRU's performance in removing hydrocarbons and compliance with emission limits. Typical measurement locations include the inlet and outlet of the VRU.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
The document describes a catalytic isomerization unit (KIT) that increases the octane rating of gasoline. It processes light petroleum fractions to produce gasoline with an octane number of 76-83. The technological process involves reacting normal alkanes over a zeolite catalyst to isomerize the hydrocarbons. The unit is available in capacities of 24 or 48 cubic meters per day and can boost octane by 13 to 30 points. It operates continuously to convert low-octane gasoline into high-octane unleaded petrol.
The document discusses refrigerants used in vapor compression refrigeration systems. It defines refrigerants and describes their desirable properties. It discusses the designation system for refrigerants and provides examples to explain the system. It also discusses various types of refrigerants classified based on safety, chemical composition, and working principle. Common refrigerants like R11, R12, R22, R134a, and their properties and applications are explained. Environmental issues related to refrigerants are also mentioned.
Bluon TdX 20 Compared to R-22 Testing SummaryBluon Energy
Bluon TdX 20 has been formulated as a drop-in replacement for R-22 in existing equipment. Rather than a pure chemical like R-22, Bluon TdX is a proprietary!
The FLUXUS G704 is FLEXIM's gas flow meter for permanent installation in nearly any gas flow metering application. Its non-intrusive measurement technology ensures a precise bi-directional, highly dynamic gas flow measurement of operational and standard volume flows.
The document discusses monitoring programs for critical equipment in ammonia plants to improve reliability and uptime. It outlines key performance indicators to monitor for various units, such as the primary reformer, secondary reformer, and shift converters. Monitoring parameters like temperatures, pressures, emissions and efficiencies can help identify problems early before catastrophic failures and keep the plant running optimally.
This document discusses the use of propane (R290) as a refrigerant and variable speed scroll compressors. It notes that R290 has a very low GWP and is more efficient than other refrigerants, though it poses flammability risks. Variable speed compressors can improve efficiency with R290 over a wide operating range. The document reviews relevant regulations and standards for R290 charge limits. It presents performance data on an R290 scroll compressor and concludes that R290 is a future-proof option for refrigeration and heat pump systems if used with a dedicated compressor design that ensures safety and reliability.
F E R T I L I Z E R I N D U S T R Y L E C T U R E 1Rishi Yadav
The document discusses the fertilizer industry and the manufacturing of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. It explains that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential nutrients for plant growth. Ammonia is synthesized from natural gas and used to produce nitrogen fertilizers like ammonium nitrate. Phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rock and used in phosphorus fertilizers. The different components are granulated, blended, and bagged to produce composite NPK fertilizer. Modern fertilizer production aims to synthesize ammonia and manufacture NPK fertilizers efficiently using optimized reactor designs and processes.
Bluon TdX 20 Advantages - Bluon HVAC SolutionsBluon Energy
Bluon Energy LLC develops and manufactures energy-focused HVAC refrigerants. It provides TdX 20 for commercial and residential air conditioning and heat pumps. The company was incorporated in 2011 and is based in McClellan, California.
Bluon R22 REPLACEMENT UPGRADE IT TO TdX 20Bluon Energy
Bluon Energy is the leading developer and manufacturer of the next generation of HVAC and Refrigeration refrigerants. Learn more about our new product Bluon TdX 20!
The document provides information about Uhde's ammonia process technology. It discusses Uhde's extensive experience designing and building ammonia plants dating back to 1928. Key aspects of the Uhde ammonia process are described, including modifications to reduce energy consumption in steam reforming, CO2 removal using aMDEA, and a high-conversion ammonia synthesis unit using a three-bed radial flow reactor design. The document also provides process details and performance figures for recent large-scale Uhde ammonia plants.
1) Methanation is the final stage of synthesis gas purification to reduce carbon oxides like CO and CO2 to trace levels using a nickel-based catalyst.
2) Typical methanation reactions are highly exothermic and occur between 270-290°C with carbon oxide inlet levels of 0.1-1.0% and carbon oxide slip less than 5 ppm.
3) Normal methanator operation involves monitoring inlet/outlet temperatures and carbon oxide levels to detect any issues like catalyst aging or poisoning that could impact the removal of carbon oxides to the required levels.
This document summarizes guidelines for coal processing facilities from the World Bank Group. It discusses potential environmental impacts including air emissions, wastewater, hazardous materials, wastes, and noise. It provides recommendations to prevent and control fugitive particulate matter and gaseous emissions from coal storage, transfer, and processing activities through measures like dust suppression, enclosed conveyors, and emissions capture and filtration. It also discusses preventing fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen through monitoring, maintenance, vapor balancing, and secondary emissions controls. Significant carbon dioxide emissions can also be produced during synfuel manufacturing processes.
Please join GEO Inc. for a technical presentation on C3™ Technology (Cooling, Compression, Condensation) that will provide regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the appropriate and diverse uses of this advanced vapor extraction and treatment system. Additionally, this slideshow will help identify when C3 Technology should be used, and how to apply the technology most effectively to achieve optimal efficiency and output rates.
Developments in Ammonia Production TechnologyJahanzeb Khan
The document discusses various methods for producing ammonia including:
1) Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen which are combined with nitrogen to make ammonia. However, it is an energy intensive process.
2) Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons involves burning hydrocarbons with oxygen and steam to produce synthesis gas for ammonia. It is simpler than steam reforming but requires oxygen.
3) Coal gasification processes like Lurgi, Winkler, and Koppers-Totzek gasify coal to produce synthesis gas. They differ in pressure and bed type but all produce gas for ammonia synthesis.
The document discusses key specifications for LPG, including vapor pressure, composition limits, non-volatile residue and contaminants, water content, toxicity and odor control, and corrosion resistance. It also covers LPG testing considerations, cylinder types and sizing, storage vessel types and capacities, and safety precautions related to LPG's flammability and asphyxiation hazards.
This book covers design of high Pressure equipment and developments, Process flow diagram of different section of Ammonia, Urea and others fertilizers .Fundamentals of ammonia urea plant trouble shooting risk assessment corrosion in different vessels and remedies. This book is useful for Engineers and Sr. Managers for plant commissioning and trouble shooting and Engineering Students. This book contains about 51 tables and 144 useful diagram and chart graphics etc. Detail description of ammonia/CO2 stripping process and new developments. Design Parameters of High pressure vessel and comparison. Study of corrosion for various equipments and control. How to control corrosion by changing of equipments material.
The document provides information about DCM SHIRAM LTD's fertilizer and chemical plants in Kota, Rajasthan, India. It includes a brief company profile, descriptions of the ammonia and urea production processes, an overview of the distributed control system used to monitor and control plant operations, and commonly used field transducers. It concludes with the author reflecting on gaining practical experience and realizing the importance of planning and management in engineering.
Economics of ammonia production from offgasesVK Arora
This document discusses opportunities for producing ammonia from hydrogen-rich off-gas streams from various petrochemical processes. As ethane cracking increases in the US and Middle East, these cracker plants produce large volumes of hydrogen-rich off-gas that can be used to power ammonia plants. Several process options are reviewed for utilizing these off-gases in ammonia production, including PSA, nitrogen wash, and secondary reforming. A case study evaluates the economics of using off-gases from ethane crackers, propane dehydrogenation plants, and methanol plants to power ammonia facilities in the US Gulf Coast and Middle East. Producing ammonia from these off-gases can provide environmental benefits through reduced nitrogen oxide
Process analyzers such as gas chromatographs and continuous gas analyzers play an important role in monitoring and controlling vapor recovery units (VRUs) to optimize processes, ensure safety, and meet emission regulations. VRUs recover vapors from petroleum and chemical facilities to capture hydrocarbons for reuse or sale while cleaning the exhaust stream. Process analyzers measure components in the feed, recycled, and exhaust streams to monitor the VRU's performance in removing hydrocarbons and compliance with emission limits. Typical measurement locations include the inlet and outlet of the VRU.
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
The document describes a catalytic isomerization unit (KIT) that increases the octane rating of gasoline. It processes light petroleum fractions to produce gasoline with an octane number of 76-83. The technological process involves reacting normal alkanes over a zeolite catalyst to isomerize the hydrocarbons. The unit is available in capacities of 24 or 48 cubic meters per day and can boost octane by 13 to 30 points. It operates continuously to convert low-octane gasoline into high-octane unleaded petrol.
The document discusses refrigerants used in vapor compression refrigeration systems. It defines refrigerants and describes their desirable properties. It discusses the designation system for refrigerants and provides examples to explain the system. It also discusses various types of refrigerants classified based on safety, chemical composition, and working principle. Common refrigerants like R11, R12, R22, R134a, and their properties and applications are explained. Environmental issues related to refrigerants are also mentioned.
Bluon TdX 20 Compared to R-22 Testing SummaryBluon Energy
Bluon TdX 20 has been formulated as a drop-in replacement for R-22 in existing equipment. Rather than a pure chemical like R-22, Bluon TdX is a proprietary!
The FLUXUS G704 is FLEXIM's gas flow meter for permanent installation in nearly any gas flow metering application. Its non-intrusive measurement technology ensures a precise bi-directional, highly dynamic gas flow measurement of operational and standard volume flows.
The document discusses monitoring programs for critical equipment in ammonia plants to improve reliability and uptime. It outlines key performance indicators to monitor for various units, such as the primary reformer, secondary reformer, and shift converters. Monitoring parameters like temperatures, pressures, emissions and efficiencies can help identify problems early before catastrophic failures and keep the plant running optimally.
This document discusses the use of propane (R290) as a refrigerant and variable speed scroll compressors. It notes that R290 has a very low GWP and is more efficient than other refrigerants, though it poses flammability risks. Variable speed compressors can improve efficiency with R290 over a wide operating range. The document reviews relevant regulations and standards for R290 charge limits. It presents performance data on an R290 scroll compressor and concludes that R290 is a future-proof option for refrigeration and heat pump systems if used with a dedicated compressor design that ensures safety and reliability.
F E R T I L I Z E R I N D U S T R Y L E C T U R E 1Rishi Yadav
The document discusses the fertilizer industry and the manufacturing of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. It explains that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are essential nutrients for plant growth. Ammonia is synthesized from natural gas and used to produce nitrogen fertilizers like ammonium nitrate. Phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rock and used in phosphorus fertilizers. The different components are granulated, blended, and bagged to produce composite NPK fertilizer. Modern fertilizer production aims to synthesize ammonia and manufacture NPK fertilizers efficiently using optimized reactor designs and processes.
Bluon TdX 20 Advantages - Bluon HVAC SolutionsBluon Energy
Bluon Energy LLC develops and manufactures energy-focused HVAC refrigerants. It provides TdX 20 for commercial and residential air conditioning and heat pumps. The company was incorporated in 2011 and is based in McClellan, California.
Bluon R22 REPLACEMENT UPGRADE IT TO TdX 20Bluon Energy
Bluon Energy is the leading developer and manufacturer of the next generation of HVAC and Refrigeration refrigerants. Learn more about our new product Bluon TdX 20!
The document provides information about Uhde's ammonia process technology. It discusses Uhde's extensive experience designing and building ammonia plants dating back to 1928. Key aspects of the Uhde ammonia process are described, including modifications to reduce energy consumption in steam reforming, CO2 removal using aMDEA, and a high-conversion ammonia synthesis unit using a three-bed radial flow reactor design. The document also provides process details and performance figures for recent large-scale Uhde ammonia plants.
1) Methanation is the final stage of synthesis gas purification to reduce carbon oxides like CO and CO2 to trace levels using a nickel-based catalyst.
2) Typical methanation reactions are highly exothermic and occur between 270-290°C with carbon oxide inlet levels of 0.1-1.0% and carbon oxide slip less than 5 ppm.
3) Normal methanator operation involves monitoring inlet/outlet temperatures and carbon oxide levels to detect any issues like catalyst aging or poisoning that could impact the removal of carbon oxides to the required levels.
This document summarizes guidelines for coal processing facilities from the World Bank Group. It discusses potential environmental impacts including air emissions, wastewater, hazardous materials, wastes, and noise. It provides recommendations to prevent and control fugitive particulate matter and gaseous emissions from coal storage, transfer, and processing activities through measures like dust suppression, enclosed conveyors, and emissions capture and filtration. It also discusses preventing fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen through monitoring, maintenance, vapor balancing, and secondary emissions controls. Significant carbon dioxide emissions can also be produced during synfuel manufacturing processes.
Please join GEO Inc. for a technical presentation on C3™ Technology (Cooling, Compression, Condensation) that will provide regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the appropriate and diverse uses of this advanced vapor extraction and treatment system. Additionally, this slideshow will help identify when C3 Technology should be used, and how to apply the technology most effectively to achieve optimal efficiency and output rates.
Developments in Ammonia Production TechnologyJahanzeb Khan
The document discusses various methods for producing ammonia including:
1) Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen which are combined with nitrogen to make ammonia. However, it is an energy intensive process.
2) Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons involves burning hydrocarbons with oxygen and steam to produce synthesis gas for ammonia. It is simpler than steam reforming but requires oxygen.
3) Coal gasification processes like Lurgi, Winkler, and Koppers-Totzek gasify coal to produce synthesis gas. They differ in pressure and bed type but all produce gas for ammonia synthesis.
Deija Moore is seeking an entry-level position utilizing her customer service skills. She has certifications in ServSafe, CPR/First Aid, and START. Moore attended Potomac Job Corps from 2014-2015 for Hotel and Lodging training. Her training included rooms division, front desk, food and beverage, and maintenance duties. Currently, Moore works at the Department of Labor as a Hotel and Lodging Trainee. Previously, she was an Office Assistant for Earth Conversation Corps. References are available upon request.
O documento apresenta um curso online sobre raciocínio lógico-quantitativo para concurseiros traumatizados com provas da Esaf. O curso terá 25 aulas ao longo de 5 meses e meio abordando diversos tópicos matemáticos como álgebra, geometria, estatística, probabilidade e finanças. Os professores apresentam suas experiências acadêmicas e profissionais.
Community Apprentice an introduction for corporate partnersJennie Butterworth
Community-Apprentice is an inter-school competition which requires students to develop and demonstrate personal qualities whilst competing to make the biggest biggest impact they can on their local community. To find out more visit www.envision.org.uk
The European F-gas Regulation 517/2014 aims to reduce emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases through two strategies: preventing leakage and emissions, and avoiding the use of F-gases. It defines rules around leakage prevention, training and certification requirements, bans on certain refrigerants, phase down of HFC supply quotas, and implications for the refrigeration and air conditioning sector. The regulation requires leak checks be based on refrigerant quantities in CO2-equivalent amounts and introduces bans on high-GWP refrigerants for certain applications from 2020 onward. It also establishes an HFC phase down schedule from 2015-2030 that will lower the maximum quantities available each year.
01 Daikin Non Hcfc Alternatives For Ac Split System Hilde DhontKoeppen Halvart
1) The document evaluates alternatives to HCFC refrigerants for single split air conditioners, including HFC410A, HFO1234yf, propane, CO2, and HFC32.
2) It finds that HFC32 has the best balance of energy efficiency, total emissions, safety, and cost for new single split air conditioners currently. CO2 requires significant cost improvements while higher flammable refrigerants have bigger safety risks.
3) The document recommends HFC32 as the best alternative for the time being but suggests HFO mixtures could be an option in the future if efficiency is improved.
AREA UNEP ADDIS European certification of competence in Fgas and Alternativ...Centro Studi Galileo
Marco Buoni suggested that ”each of the 28 EU Member States, with the help of their contractor’s association – of which almost all are represented within AREA – should firmly propose the extension of the certification of refrigeration technicians in fluorinated refrigerants, including specific modules on the use of alternative refrigerants. AREA has already prepared a scheme to propose to all the member states to guide them to a quick implementation”
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO - N. Achaichia ECO-EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF SUPERMARKET...Centro Studi Galileo
The document summarizes a presentation on comparing the eco-efficiency of different refrigeration architectures for supermarkets. It describes the environmental metrics, architectures, assumptions, and results considered in the analysis. The analysis found that R407F, R448A, and cascade R1234ze/R744 systems provided environmental benefits of 30-53% compared to R404A baseline, with some architectures having lower operating costs per ton of CO2 removed. R744 systems provided benefits of 49-54% but higher costs of €80-100 per ton removed.
Geopimed Course on "Implementation of GSHP (Ground Source Heat Pump) in Mediterranean Climate II (2nd part)" taught by Aniol Esquerra from Ecoserveis during the first Geopimed meeting held in Barcelona in March 2014.
Alco Controls presented an overview of their refrigeration product portfolio and strategy for new refrigerants. They offer a wide range of products including electric control valves, electronic controllers, thermo-expansion valves, solenoid valves, and pressure controls that are qualified for HFO/HFO blends, CO2, A3, and A2L refrigerants. Their goal is to provide customers with solutions to help them transition to new refrigerants that are compliant with F-gas regulations.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO J. Gerstel - LOW GWP REPLACEMENTS FOR R-404A IN A COMME...Centro Studi Galileo
This document summarizes a presentation on very low GWP refrigerant replacements for R-404A. It introduces two new refrigerants from Chemours, R-454A and R-454C, which have GWPs below 250. Thermodynamic cycle analysis shows their COP is similar to or better than R-404A. Drop-in testing in a commercial freezer found their energy consumption to be within 3-8% of R-404A. Both refrigerants showed comparable material compatibility and higher allowable charge sizes than lower GWP alternatives like propane. The presentation concludes that R-454A and R-454C are very low GWP replacements for R-404A that demonstrate promising properties and performance.
Innovative projects in the refrigeration and Air Conditioning sector UNEP OzonAction
This document summarizes presentations from a regional workshop on low-GWP and energy efficient HCFC replacement technologies in the refrigeration and air conditioning sector. It provides examples of projects from GTZ Proklima in Europe and Asia that demonstrate alternative refrigerant options to HCFCs. Case studies described include a Gree air conditioning unit in China that uses propane instead of HFC-410A, and Johnson Controls chillers that use ammonia or hydrocarbons in Europe with lower energy use and charges than previous HFC systems. The document outlines the objectives, innovations, conclusions and energy savings of these demonstration projects of low-charge ammonia and hydrocarbon refrigerant systems.
03 Gtz Proklima Hc Residential Ac Systems In India & China Markus WypiorKoeppen Halvart
- Hydrocarbon refrigerants like HC-290 (propane) are a safe and excellent alternative to HCFCs in residential air conditioners.
- Demonstration projects in China and India are optimizing air conditioner designs using HC-290 to reduce refrigerant charge and improve energy efficiency.
- The projects aim to support manufacturers in transitioning production to HC-290 units, helping to avoid future HFC emissions from the rapidly growing air conditioner market in developing countries.
XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO B. Bella - LONG TERM SOLUTION FOR COMMERCIAL REFRIGERAT...Centro Studi Galileo
This document summarizes a presentation given at the XVII European Conference on refrigeration and air conditioning technology in Milan. The presentation discussed the latest developments in scroll compressor technology to support low global warming potential refrigerants with GWP below 150, which are being mandated by legislation. It provided details on various refrigerant candidates and their properties. Test results showed that while some alternatives like R290 and R454C had slightly lower capacity and higher discharge temperatures than R404A, their COP was higher or comparable. The use of low-GWP refrigerants also requires addressing flammability risks and compliance with new safety standards.
Una soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - DaikinCentro Studi Galileo
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
Centro Congressi Stella Polare: Sala Sagittarius
Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
This document discusses technological innovations in refrigeration compressors and applications for hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerants. It describes BITZER Italia's compact screw compressor range, which is optimized for high and low saturated discharge temperatures and features infinite or 4-step capacity control. Performance tests show HFO refrigerants R1234yf and R1234ze(E) match well with screw compressors, though R1234ze(E) has around 25% lower cooling capacity than R134a. The document stresses the importance of individual risk assessments and applying relevant safety standards when designing systems using flammable HFO refrigerants.
Similar to AREA Buoni - certification and training in Europe (20)
Evoluzione degli strumenti di misura: IoT, dispositivi smart, reportistica pa...Centro Studi Galileo
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
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AREA Buoni - certification and training in Europe
1. Marco Buoni
VicePresident, AREA
Air Conditioning & Refrigeration European contractors’ Association
(www.area-eur.be)
Secretary General Italian Association of Refrigeration Technician, ATF
(www.associazioneATF.org)
European Experience in
Training and Certification of
Fgas and Alternative Refrigerants
Milano, 20 marzo 2014
2. AREA
The indisputable voice of European RACHP contractors
• Funded in 1988 in Brussels, Belgium
• Represents RACHP contractors
• AREA in figures:
20 national member associations
18 countries from EU and beyond
> 9,000 companies (mainly SMEs)
+/- 125,000 work force
+/- € 20 bn annual turnover
Design, installation, maintenance and repair of all Refrigeration,
Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps RACHP systems
4. AREA Priorities
General mission statement
"support and initiate activities to promote the industry and its high standards of quality, in
order to serve users' interest in a safe and uninterrupted usage of efficient refrigeration,
air conditioning and heat pump equipment, and to create and maintain a favourable
business climate for European refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump contractors,
in terms of quality, safety, employment, fair competition and profitability".
General objectives
Harmonisation of education & training / certification
Promotion of technical evolutions
Environmental protection / tackling climate change / energy efficiency
Recommendations on and promotion of professional techniques & high-level standards
Key issues
Regulatory aspects
- F-Gas Regulation implementation and review
- Monitoring of Ozone Depleting Substances
- Energy efficiency - Climate change
- Eco-design of energy-related products
Professional standards
- Heat pump installation
- F-gas certification and education
Professional guidance
- Low GWP refrigerants, certification and education
5. In synthesis the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat
Pumps systems with HFCs should have:
- Logbook (each unit above 3kg of charge)
- Periodical inspections
- Installation, repair only by certified craftsmen
NOW: To prevent HFCs emissions
In Europe:
F-gas regulation and certification
REGULATION (EC) 842/2006
6. REGULATION (EC) 303/2008
MINIMUM COMPETENCE OF PERSONNEL
REGULATION (EC) 303/2008
MINIMUM COMPETENCE OF PERSONNEL
CATEGORIES
DUTIES AND KNOWLEDGE I II III IV
1 Basic thermodynamics T T T
2
Environmental impact of refrigerants and corresponding environmental
regulations T T T T
3
Checks before putting in operation, after a long period of non-use, after
maintenance or repair intervention, or during
operation
P P
4 Checks for leakage T/P T/P T/P
5 Environment-friendly handling of the system and refrigerant during
installation, maintenance, servicing or recovery P P P
6
Component: installation, putting into operation and maintenance of
reciprocating, screw and scroll compressors, single and
two-stage
P P
7 Component: installation, putting into operation and maintenance of air
cooled and water cooled condensers P
8
Component: installation, putting into operation and maintenance of air
cooled and water cooled evaporators P
9
Component: installation, putting into operation and servicing of
Thermostatic Expansion Valves (TEV) and other components P
10 Piping: building a leak tight piping system in a refrigeration installation P P
7. REGULATION (EC) 303/2008
ARTICLE 4 – PERSONNEL CERTIFICATION
REGULATION (EC) 303/2008
ARTICLE 4 – PERSONNEL CERTIFICATION
Activities
C R I M
Category I OK OK OK OK
Category II OK
OK
(below 3kg
of charge)
OK
(below 3kg
of charge)
OK
(below 3kg
of charge)
Category III OK
Category IV OK
C= leak check on the refrigeration system
direct or indirect method
R = recovery; I = installation ; M = maintenance ;
8. Contractors’ training with low GWP
refrigerants: mind the gap!
the use of HFCs is legislatively decreased
and consequently the use of natural
refrigerants is pushed, there will be a gap
between training offer and training needs
resulting in a shortage of trained
contractors
The revision of the F-Gas Regulation include measures in favour of a decreased use
of HFCs in RACHP equipment. Such measures would, in turn, result in an increased
use of alternatives, namely low GWP (global warming potential) refrigerants, and in
particular the so-called “natural refrigerants” (CO2, hydrocarbons and ammonia).
Mindful of the key role played by contractors in the safe, efficient and reliable
functioning of equipment working with natural refrigerants, AREA sought an overview
of the availability and level of training in the EU.
Solution could be starting from the F-Gas certification of personnel
adding modules for natural refrigerants
9. no refrigerant
represents the ideal
solution in all cases and
for every equipment –
each cooling application
has to be looked at in its
own merits and a
professional choice must
be made taking into
account many more
factors than simply GWP
Applications Refrigerant
Industrial Refrigeration HFO (?)
All kind of Industrial Ref. Ammonia
Cascade systems Carbon Dioxide + Ammonia
Secondary fluids Carbon Dioxide
Commercial Refrigeration
Cabinets Hydrocarbons
Bottle coolers Hydrocarbons
Supermarkets Carbon Dioxide
Domestic Refrigeration
freezers Hydrocarbons
Air Conditioning R32 or HFO (?)
Heat Pumps Hot Water Carbon Dioxide Trans-critical
Large Chillers Ammonia
Small Monobloc Air Conditioning Hydrocarbons
Automotive HFO 1234yf
Applications / low GWP alternative refrigerants
From AREA
guidance on LOW
GWP refrigerants
*more applications for
HFOs and HFO blends will
probably be developed
with full commercialisation
of the refrigerants
10. AREA position on training and certification
of LOW GWP refrigerants (1)
• A future phase-down of HFCs will lead to a
higher use of alternative refrigerants / low GWP
refrigerants. Low GWP refrigerants have issues
on safety, flammability, toxicity and high
pressure which will need to be properly
considered when handling those refrigerants.
With this guidance document, AREA would like
to recommend to worldwide and European
decision-makers minimum requirements for
training and certification of contractors handling
low GWP refrigerants.
11. • It is not AREA’s intention to create a new
certification scheme – only to add specific
modules to the existing HFCs certification
scheme based on Regulation 303/2008. While
HFC certification will be the basis for every
contractor who want to handle every refrigerant,
each added module will focus on the
specificities of the respective LOW GWP
refrigerant (i.e. Hydrocarbons – Flammability).
AREA position on training and certification
of LOW GWP refrigerants (2)
12. (1) Minimum Requirements listed for the
Specific module HC – NH3 – CO2 – HFO*
HC NH3 CO2
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS AND PHYSICS
Thermodynamic properties of Low GWP refrigerant: temperature,
pressure, density, thermal capacity, p/h diagram
T T T
Differences between Low GWP refrigerants and HFCs T T T
Toxicity characteristics, grades and limits for the human body --------------- T T
Characteristic of Flammability of the substances, velocity of
propagation, LFL, UFL, occupancy
T T ---------------
Specific components for that refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle T T T
Material compatibility --------------- T T
Oil compatibility, requirements and oil return T T T
*HFO1234yf: same, minimum requirements as Hydrocarbons HC
*HFO1234ze: same minimum requirements as HFCs
R32 as Hydrocarbons HC
13. HC NH3 CO2
GOOD PRACTICE
Identify typical application of Low GWP refrigerants RAC
systems2
(refer to AREA: Low GWP Refrigerants Guidance)
P P P
State and identify the commonly used refrigerants designation P P P
State the requirements for safely labeling Low GWP refrigerant
RAC systems6 P P P
Select appropriate tools, equipment and PPE for work on Low
GWP RAC systems6 P P P
Recovery of the refrigerant P P P
Venting the refrigerant in a safe way (according to national
legislation)
P P P
Calculate the safe fill weight for the recovery cylinder (density
difference between HFCs and Low GWP refrigerants) 2 P P P
Leak check direct assessment with the correct equipment P P P
Make vacuum of the refrigerant preventing moisture in the
system and without refrigerant emissions
P P P
Make charge of the refrigerant with no emission relief P P P
Make a connection without brazing with alternative connections P P P
Check the correct functioning of the safety ventilation system P P
Check the correct functioning of the safety system controls P P P
[1]
All practical trainings should include theoretical training
[2]
City and Guilds, Level 2 and Level 3 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning CPD Pathways, March 2012 v1.0
[3]
It is normally accepted to vent hydrocarbons with low charges (please refer to national legislation)
[4]
It is normally accepted to vent CO2 (please refer to national legislation)
(2) Minimum Requirements listed for the
Specific module HC – NH3 – CO2 – HFO*
14. HC NH3 CO2
HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Safe system shutdown and isolation 2 P P P
Extinguish a fire, identify the appropriate fire extinguisher P P ---------------
First aid care treatment for frostbite P P P
First aid due to fire burn P P ---------------
First aid suffocation due to breathing problems --------------- P P
Safety issues related to high pressures --------------- --------------- P
Calculate LFL (confined space) T T ---------------
Calculate confined space for asphyxiation (heavier than air) T --------------- T
Check that Health and Safety rules in the refrigeration system
location are respected (emergency exits, fire alarms, leak
detectors…)
T T T
Correct use of Personal Protective Equipment P P P
(3) Minimum Requirements listed for the
Specific module HC – NH3 – CO2 – HFO*
15. HC NH3 CO2
REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
Knowledge of European and National Regulations and
standards
T T T
Storage of the refrigerant T T T
Transport of the refrigerant T T T
Describe the process for handing over system to costumer
completing and passing on appropriate commissioning
documentation2
P P P
(4) Minimum Requirements listed for the
Specific module HC – NH3 – CO2 – HFO*
16. Information on Alternatives?
Article 8)
Certification
Comma 2) Shall cover information in relation to
techologies to replace or to reduce the use of
fluorinated gas
Training
5a) member states shall ensure persons holding
certificates have access to information in relation to
techologies to replace or to reduce the use of
fluorinated gas
5b) member states shall ensure the availability of
training …. As above …
Are
information
enough?
17. No possible a certification scheme
included in the revision of the F-gas
regulation (similar to 303/08)
Member States should act rapidly to
prevent accidents in the transitions
to alternative refrigerants.
Member States should add
certification schemes!
It is not enough article 8,
5a) and 5b): information about
alternatives should be available
Certification Scheme on Alternatives
18. THANK YOU!
Email: buoni@centrogalileo.it
Marco Buoni
VicePresident, AREA
Air Conditioning & Refrigeration European contractors’ Association
(www.area-eur.be)
Secretary General Italian Association of Refrigeration Technician, ATF
(www.associazioneATF.org)
Editor's Notes
F-gas regulation certification and training is up and running in nearly all the EU member states ,
even in Italy has started now with in September certifing the first contractors
under the Italian certification scheme.
If we have to avoid using HFCs which now can be used in every application
The low GWP alternatives can be the following
This table come from the AREA guidance on LOW GWP refrigerants
no refrigerant represents the ideal solution in all cases and for every equipment –
taking in account many more factors than simply GWP for example energy efficiency
more applications for HFOs and HFO blends will probably be developed with full
commercialisation of the refrigerants
Commercial Refrigeration
HFO 1234ze*
Air Conditioning
R32
We will be hearing this refrigerant s in this applications in the following presentations.
Domestic refrigeration and small commercial refrigeration can be easily made with
hydrocarbons with excellent results.
Ammonia in large applications has been used for hundred years succesfully.
Automotive has chosen with few recent exceptions HFO1234yf mainly for the small
modifications to the system and the chain of aftersales.
AREA position on training and certification of LOW GWP refrigerants (1)
So for the future phase-down of HFCs will lead to a higher use of alternative refrigerants / low GWP refrigerants. Low GWP refrigerants have issues on safety, flammability, toxicity and high pressure which will need to be properly considered when handling those refrigerants. With this guidance document, AREA would like to recommend to worldwide and European decision-makers minimum requirements for training and certification of contractors handling low GWP refrigerants.
It is not AREA’s intention to create a new certification scheme – only to add specific modules to the existing HFCs certification scheme based on Regulation 303/2008. While HFC certification will be the basis for every contractor who want to handle every refrigerant, each added module will focus on the specificities of the respective LOW GWP refrigerant (i.e. Hydrocarbons – Flammability).
Training is important and it is the only method to transfer to the contractor the knowledge to install, maintain and repair RACHP systems containing alternative refrigerants considering both the technical and safety issues.
For the training facilities AREA suggests that test rigs, equipment and components related to each alternative refrigerant are recommended to simulate best practices
AREA suggests that certification should be made mandatory.
Each candidate who wants to handle alternative refrigerants should hold a certificate which assessed to the requirements of 303/08 and should take part in an assessment specifically for the alternative refrigerant he wants to handle.
In the same way AREA Task force released here for ChillVenta this new position paper about:
Guidance on minimum requirements for contractors’ training & certification
The table below lists the minimum competences which the candidate should have to obtain the certification specific to each alternative refrigerant
*HFO1234yf: same, minimum requirements as Hydrocarbons HC
*HFO1234ze: same minimum requirements as HFCs
R32 as Hydrocarbons HC
Procedures for working with A2 and A2L (proposed) refrigerants have not yet been formulated, so the procedures for A3 refrigerants (HCs) should be followed until these are available.
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS AND PHYSICS
Thermodynamic properties of Low GWP refrigerant: temperature, pressure, density, thermal capacity, p/h diagram
Differences between Low GWP refrigerants and HFCs
Toxicity characteristics, grades and limits for the human body
Characteristic of Flammability of the substances, velocity of propagation, LFL, UFL, occupancy
Specific components for that refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle
Material compatibility
Oil compatibility, requirements and oil return
GOOD PRACTICE
Identify typical application of Low GWP refrigerants RAC systems2 (refer to AREA: Low GWP Refrigerants Guidance)
State and identify the commonly used refrigerants designation
State the requirements for safely labeling Low GWP refrigerant RAC systems6
Select appropriate tools, equipment and PPE for work on Low GWP RAC systems6
Recovery of the refrigerant
Venting the refrigerant in a safe way (according to national legislation)
Calculate the safe fill weight for the recovery cylinder (density difference between HFCs and Low GWP refrigerants) 2
Leak check direct assessment with the correct equipment
Make vacuum of the refrigerant preventing moisture in the system and without refrigerant emissions
Make charge of the refrigerant with no emission relief
Make a connection without brazing with alternative connections
Check the correct functioning of the safety ventilation system
Check the correct functioning of the safety system controls
HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Safe system shutdown and isolation 2
Extinguish a fire, identify the appropriate fire extinguisher
First aid care treatment for frostbite
First aid due to fire burn
First aid suffocation due to breathing problems
Safety issues related to high pressures
Calculate LFL (confined space)
Calculate confined space for asphyxiation (heavier than air)
Check that Health and Safety rules in the refrigeration system location are respected (emergency exits, fire alarms, leak detectors…)
Correct use of Personal Protective Equipment
REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
Knowledge of European and National Regulations and standards
Storage of the refrigerant
Transport of the refrigerant
Describe the process for handing over system to costumer completing and passing on appropriate commissioning documentation2