RS-45 is being promoted as a drop-in replacement for R-22 in flooded chiller systems. It has a low temperature glide of 1.5°C, matching capacity and coefficient of performance of R-22. A chemical plant converted their flooded R-22 chiller system to RS-45, finding it performed well with only minor adjustments needed. RS-45 is described as the best option for replacing R-22 in flooded systems due to its similar properties and wide applicability range.
Bachir Bella - Emerson Climate Technologies - REFRIGERANTI A BASSO GWP IN APP...Centro Studi Galileo
This document summarizes test results of using low GWP refrigerants as drop-in replacements in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. R32 showed higher capacity but lower COP than R410A in residential AC tests. HFO refrigerants like DR5 and L41b performed similarly to R410A. In commercial refrigeration tests, DR7 and L40 showed capacities close to or slightly lower than R404A but better efficiencies at high temperatures. Vapor injection can extend the operating range of R32 systems. Standards development for mildly flammable refrigerants like R32 and HFOs is needed to allow their use in new equipment and meet phasedown targets. In conclusion, low-GWP
Presented at Cytef 2016: Refrigeration Science and Technologies. Low GWP and Ultra-Low GWP Refrigerants to replace R-‐404A and R-‐134a in Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration and Heating&Cooling.
Special Plants for N2, O2 and Instrument Air from NOXERIOROscar de Groen
NOXERIOR focuses on producing dry compressed air and separating nitrogen and oxygen on-site using either pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or hollow-fibre membrane technology. Their modular PSA generators and membrane systems are used for instrument air, nitrogen, and oxygen generation in oil/gas, mining, and power industries. NOXERIOR aims to establish long-term relationships with customers based on quality, reliability, and on-time project delivery.
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
Totsucat technologies provide pre-sulfided hydrotreating catalysts that allow refineries to start up processing units in a safer, more efficient manner compared to traditional in-situ sulfiding. The pre-sulfided catalysts can be loaded directly into the reactor and the unit started up quickly by introducing feed without the need for an extended sulfiding period. This reduces costs, environmental impacts, and safety risks compared to handling hazardous sulfiding chemicals. Case studies demonstrate benefits such as earlier introduction of cracked feeds, more stable operations, and lower temperatures with Totsucat catalysts.
Please join GEO Inc. for a technical presentation on C3™ Technology (Cooling, Compression, Condensation) that will provide regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the appropriate and diverse uses of this advanced vapor extraction and treatment system. Additionally, this slideshow will help identify when C3 Technology should be used, and how to apply the technology most effectively to achieve optimal efficiency and output rates.
Oils and their relationship to refrigeration systems -RETA conference 2015Manuel Muñoz Alonso
This document summarizes a presentation on lubricants used in refrigeration systems. It discusses different lubricant types and their properties, compatibility with common refrigerants like CO2, ammonia, and hydrocarbons. It also provides a case study on monitoring the condition of an alkylbenzene lubricant used in an ammonia system over several years, finding the lubricant maintained its properties with no degradation and wear particles stabilized after an initial increase.
Bachir Bella - Emerson Climate Technologies - REFRIGERANTI A BASSO GWP IN APP...Centro Studi Galileo
This document summarizes test results of using low GWP refrigerants as drop-in replacements in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. R32 showed higher capacity but lower COP than R410A in residential AC tests. HFO refrigerants like DR5 and L41b performed similarly to R410A. In commercial refrigeration tests, DR7 and L40 showed capacities close to or slightly lower than R404A but better efficiencies at high temperatures. Vapor injection can extend the operating range of R32 systems. Standards development for mildly flammable refrigerants like R32 and HFOs is needed to allow their use in new equipment and meet phasedown targets. In conclusion, low-GWP
Presented at Cytef 2016: Refrigeration Science and Technologies. Low GWP and Ultra-Low GWP Refrigerants to replace R-‐404A and R-‐134a in Commercial and Industrial
Refrigeration and Heating&Cooling.
Special Plants for N2, O2 and Instrument Air from NOXERIOROscar de Groen
NOXERIOR focuses on producing dry compressed air and separating nitrogen and oxygen on-site using either pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or hollow-fibre membrane technology. Their modular PSA generators and membrane systems are used for instrument air, nitrogen, and oxygen generation in oil/gas, mining, and power industries. NOXERIOR aims to establish long-term relationships with customers based on quality, reliability, and on-time project delivery.
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
Totsucat technologies provide pre-sulfided hydrotreating catalysts that allow refineries to start up processing units in a safer, more efficient manner compared to traditional in-situ sulfiding. The pre-sulfided catalysts can be loaded directly into the reactor and the unit started up quickly by introducing feed without the need for an extended sulfiding period. This reduces costs, environmental impacts, and safety risks compared to handling hazardous sulfiding chemicals. Case studies demonstrate benefits such as earlier introduction of cracked feeds, more stable operations, and lower temperatures with Totsucat catalysts.
Please join GEO Inc. for a technical presentation on C3™ Technology (Cooling, Compression, Condensation) that will provide regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the appropriate and diverse uses of this advanced vapor extraction and treatment system. Additionally, this slideshow will help identify when C3 Technology should be used, and how to apply the technology most effectively to achieve optimal efficiency and output rates.
Oils and their relationship to refrigeration systems -RETA conference 2015Manuel Muñoz Alonso
This document summarizes a presentation on lubricants used in refrigeration systems. It discusses different lubricant types and their properties, compatibility with common refrigerants like CO2, ammonia, and hydrocarbons. It also provides a case study on monitoring the condition of an alkylbenzene lubricant used in an ammonia system over several years, finding the lubricant maintained its properties with no degradation and wear particles stabilized after an initial increase.
Pneumatic Products BAP desiccant dryer purifiers are designed to provide a continuous supply of clean, safe breathing air from your existing compressed air system.
Calgaz has been a major player in the calibration gas market for 35 years, pioneering the use of non-refillable cylinders (NRCs) in the 1980s. NRCs have advantages over larger refillable cylinders for field calibration due to their portability and ease of use. They are widely used by the gas detection industry to calibrate equipment through single-point calibration in the field or multi-point calibration in laboratories. Leading companies can achieve stability of up to three years for non-reactive gas mixtures in NRCs through improvements in cylinder quality and treatment processes.
VULCAN VGP Series catalyst can selectively hydrogenate acetylene and other impurities in refinery off gases to allow for recovery of valuable olefins. The catalyst removes acetylene, oxygen, arsine and phosphine at typical operating temperatures of 150-260°C through hydrogenation and chemisorption reactions. The performance of the catalyst gradually declines due to fouling and requires periodic regeneration by heating in air and steam to remove carbon deposits.
1) Methanation is the final stage of synthesis gas purification to reduce carbon oxides like CO and CO2 to trace levels using a nickel-based catalyst.
2) Typical methanation reactions are highly exothermic and occur between 270-290°C with carbon oxide inlet levels of 0.1-1.0% and carbon oxide slip less than 5 ppm.
3) Normal methanator operation involves monitoring inlet/outlet temperatures and carbon oxide levels to detect any issues like catalyst aging or poisoning that could impact the removal of carbon oxides to the required levels.
Low Global Warming Replacements for HCFCs in Stationary Air Conditioning Equi...UNEP OzonAction
Honeywell has been researching and developing low global warming refrigerants for over 10 years to replace HCFCs. They have developed refrigerants such as 1234yf for auto air conditioning and 1234ze for foam insulation with global warming potentials less than 10. For stationary air conditioning applications, they are exploring hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) blends such as L-41 and N-20 that have global warming potentials less than 500 and can replace R-410A and R-22 with similar or better performance. Testing shows these refrigerants can be used in existing equipment without major redesigns.
R410A refrigerant requires careful consideration of installation location to ensure proper performance and avoid issues. The outdoor unit location should allow unblocked airflow and avoid heat sources. Indoor units require minimum clearances and should not be placed too high or in locations blocking airflow. Installation tools and procedures also differ from R22 systems and require special gauges and charge hoses to handle higher pressures.
This document describes the development and validation of a mathematical model for a radial flow ammonia converter. The model equations account for material and energy balances across the three catalyst beds. Comparison to plant data from Abu Qir Fertilizers Company showed good agreement between the model and actual performance. The model is useful for optimizing operating conditions, evaluating catalyst performance over time, and determining the effects of adding a fourth catalytic bed.
ORIFICE RESTRICTOR: DESIGN GUIDELINES
SPECIFICATION OF FUNCTION
DESCRIPTION OF FLUID
INLET FLUID PHASE(S)
FLOWRATE
UPSTREAM PRESSURE
DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE
OPERATING TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES: MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES: MAXIMUM
UPSTREAM DENSITY
UPSTREAM COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR.
IS RESTRICTOR PART OF SAFETY SYSTEM?
LINE SIZE
LINE REFERENCE
CALCULATED ORIFICE DIAMETER
The document contains a list of typical process equipment used in reforming and catalyst regeneration sections of a refinery, including reactors, columns, vessels, furnaces, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors and blowers. It also provides comparisons of different reforming processes and their key parameters such as RON, reaction pressure, LHSV, H2/HC ratio, yield and cycle length. Finally, it summarizes the assessment of a recommended process/technology for criteria such as performance, reliability, safety, costs and flexibility.
Joachim Gerstel - DuPont - NUOVI REFRIGERANTI A BASSO GWP ALTERNATIVI ALL’R-4...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses testing of low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant alternatives to replace R-404A in commercial refrigeration systems. Two alternatives, DR-7 and DR-33, were tested in a reach-in freezer and a display case with an external condensing unit. DR-7 has a GWP of 246 and is suitable for smaller systems, while DR-33 has a GWP of 1410 and is suitable for all system types. Testing found that both alternatives provided equivalent or improved energy efficiency compared to R-404A, with comparable operating pressures and temperatures. The alternatives show potential as low-GWP replacements for R-404A in commercial refrigeration applications.
Alternative to HCFC in air conditioning equipment as split UNEP OzonAction
1) Several alternatives to HCFC refrigerants for split air conditioners were evaluated including HFO1234yf, HFC32, propane, CO2, and HFC410A.
2) Based on evaluations of energy efficiency, total emissions, safety, and cost, HFC32 was recommended as the best alternative for new split air conditioners at this time.
3) Safety standards for use of flammable refrigerants are being developed internationally and nationally, and charge limits have been set to limit risk, with higher limits for lower risk refrigerants like HFC32.
VULCAN VGP-1000 High Temperature Mn Sulfur Guard TechnologyGerard B. Hawkins
High Temperature Sulfur Removal in the Presence of Chlorides, for Magnaformers
Catalytic Reforming Overview
Commercial Catalytic Reforming Processes
Application for Catalytic Reforming
Sulfur Removal
Magnaforming Overview
Determination of Oxygen in Anhydrous Ammonia
SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of trace amounts of oxygen in Liquefied anhydrous ammonia.
The trace oxygen analyzer provides for trace oxygen analysis in decade steps ranging from 0 - 10 to 0 - 10,000 ppm v/v (full scale).
Spirax Sarco provides steam system solutions and services including surveys, audits, installation, engineering, packaged solutions, controls, steam traps, condensate pumps, high purity products, pipeline ancillaries, and training. Their services help improve steam system efficiency, productivity, and safety through solutions tailored to customer needs and budgets.
This document provides specifications for ingestive cleaning of Solar turbine engines to remove contamination from the compressor air path. It establishes requirements for cleaning procedures, intervals, equipment, and cleaning products. Cleaning can be performed on-crank or on-line, and specific flow rates and volumes are provided for cleaning solutions and rinse water depending on the engine model. The cleaning product must meet standards for water quality and additive composition to avoid harming engine materials.
This document provides a nitrogen purging procedure for repairing a 16" gas pipeline between UTUE KP and UBIT PP in Nigeria. It outlines the objectives, scope of work, safety considerations, equipment needs, and step-by-step work procedures. The key steps include isolating and depressurizing the pipeline, installing nitrogen tie-in points, purging the line with nitrogen in cycles until gas concentration drops below 5% LEL, recording purge results, and demobilizing equipment. The procedure is intended to remove combustible gases and oxygen from the pipeline to allow for safe repair work.
The document provides a procedure for reducing steam reforming catalysts using LPG feed instead of the preferred hydrogen or natural gas. It cautions that LPG reduction carries risks of carbon formation and requires close monitoring and control of steam to carbon ratios. The 11-step procedure involves purging oxygen, heating with steam, gradually introducing LPG at 5-10% of design rate while maintaining steam to carbon ratios of 30:1 to 7:1, and slowly ramping up LPG to design rates over 12-24 hours to fully reduce the catalyst. Frequent monitoring is needed to check for complete reduction and prevent carbon formation.
GBH Enterprises provides activated carbon regeneration services for refineries using a multi-step air-steam process. The process involves slowly depressurizing the carbon bed, applying steam to desorb contaminants, then introducing increments of air up to 5000 ppm to burn off remaining contaminants. Temperature and oxygen levels are monitored throughout to ensure safe regeneration of the activated carbon for reuse in purification processes.
UlSD Hydrotreater Challenges Overcome to Improve on Stream Factor - MEPEC 2013Alpesh Gurjar
The presentation outlines the experience in overcoming the challenges that faced and the lessons learned, to achieve safe, reliable and profitable Diesel Hydrotreater (2HDU) operation, while meeting all throughput and yield targets and product specifications. The 2HDU success over the 6½ years clearly demonstrated the importance and value of in-house process engineering expertise and experience, while working as a part of cross-functional team.
Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 OPTIONS IN REACTOR MODELING
2.1 General
2.2 Level of Complexity of Model
2.3 Mode of Operation of Model
2.4 Deterministic versus Empirical Modeling
2.5 Platforms for Model
2.6 Steady State versus Dynamic Model
2.7 Dimensions Modeled in Reactor
2.8 Scale of Modeling for Multiphase Reactors
2.9 Writing and Using the Model
APPENDICES
A CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT REACTOR MODELS
B NEEDS FOR MODELING AT DIFFERENT SCALES IN
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTORS
C REACTOR MODELS EMPLOYED WITHIN GBHE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
This document summarizes an engineering assessment of the industrial refrigeration system at Stonyfield Farm Yogurt. The assessment analyzed the system's sequencing strategy and identified opportunities to optimize energy efficiency. It was found that modifying the compressor sequencing set points could save up to 27,471 kWh annually with a 5-year payback. Additional longer-term opportunities were identified to study floating head pressure controls, right-sizing equipment, and adding variable speed drives. The assessment provides an overview of industrial refrigeration systems, components, optimization strategies, and the detailed analysis conducted for the Stonyfield Farm case study.
This document provides an overview and market analysis of the global refrigeration industry from 2011-2016. It defines key terms and outlines the major global drivers in the industry, including EU legislation phasing out R22 and a push for increased energy efficiency. Charts show penetration rates of new technologies over time in different regions and the market size of major countries. The largest players in compressor, rack, condensing unit and evaporator manufacturing are identified globally and locally. Major end user sectors are noted to be food manufacturing, distribution and storage. The document concludes with projected compound annual growth rates for refrigeration market value by country through 2016, with China and India topping the list.
Pneumatic Products BAP desiccant dryer purifiers are designed to provide a continuous supply of clean, safe breathing air from your existing compressed air system.
Calgaz has been a major player in the calibration gas market for 35 years, pioneering the use of non-refillable cylinders (NRCs) in the 1980s. NRCs have advantages over larger refillable cylinders for field calibration due to their portability and ease of use. They are widely used by the gas detection industry to calibrate equipment through single-point calibration in the field or multi-point calibration in laboratories. Leading companies can achieve stability of up to three years for non-reactive gas mixtures in NRCs through improvements in cylinder quality and treatment processes.
VULCAN VGP Series catalyst can selectively hydrogenate acetylene and other impurities in refinery off gases to allow for recovery of valuable olefins. The catalyst removes acetylene, oxygen, arsine and phosphine at typical operating temperatures of 150-260°C through hydrogenation and chemisorption reactions. The performance of the catalyst gradually declines due to fouling and requires periodic regeneration by heating in air and steam to remove carbon deposits.
1) Methanation is the final stage of synthesis gas purification to reduce carbon oxides like CO and CO2 to trace levels using a nickel-based catalyst.
2) Typical methanation reactions are highly exothermic and occur between 270-290°C with carbon oxide inlet levels of 0.1-1.0% and carbon oxide slip less than 5 ppm.
3) Normal methanator operation involves monitoring inlet/outlet temperatures and carbon oxide levels to detect any issues like catalyst aging or poisoning that could impact the removal of carbon oxides to the required levels.
Low Global Warming Replacements for HCFCs in Stationary Air Conditioning Equi...UNEP OzonAction
Honeywell has been researching and developing low global warming refrigerants for over 10 years to replace HCFCs. They have developed refrigerants such as 1234yf for auto air conditioning and 1234ze for foam insulation with global warming potentials less than 10. For stationary air conditioning applications, they are exploring hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) blends such as L-41 and N-20 that have global warming potentials less than 500 and can replace R-410A and R-22 with similar or better performance. Testing shows these refrigerants can be used in existing equipment without major redesigns.
R410A refrigerant requires careful consideration of installation location to ensure proper performance and avoid issues. The outdoor unit location should allow unblocked airflow and avoid heat sources. Indoor units require minimum clearances and should not be placed too high or in locations blocking airflow. Installation tools and procedures also differ from R22 systems and require special gauges and charge hoses to handle higher pressures.
This document describes the development and validation of a mathematical model for a radial flow ammonia converter. The model equations account for material and energy balances across the three catalyst beds. Comparison to plant data from Abu Qir Fertilizers Company showed good agreement between the model and actual performance. The model is useful for optimizing operating conditions, evaluating catalyst performance over time, and determining the effects of adding a fourth catalytic bed.
ORIFICE RESTRICTOR: DESIGN GUIDELINES
SPECIFICATION OF FUNCTION
DESCRIPTION OF FLUID
INLET FLUID PHASE(S)
FLOWRATE
UPSTREAM PRESSURE
DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE
OPERATING TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES: MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE EXTREMES: MAXIMUM
UPSTREAM DENSITY
UPSTREAM COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR.
IS RESTRICTOR PART OF SAFETY SYSTEM?
LINE SIZE
LINE REFERENCE
CALCULATED ORIFICE DIAMETER
The document contains a list of typical process equipment used in reforming and catalyst regeneration sections of a refinery, including reactors, columns, vessels, furnaces, heat exchangers, pumps, compressors and blowers. It also provides comparisons of different reforming processes and their key parameters such as RON, reaction pressure, LHSV, H2/HC ratio, yield and cycle length. Finally, it summarizes the assessment of a recommended process/technology for criteria such as performance, reliability, safety, costs and flexibility.
Joachim Gerstel - DuPont - NUOVI REFRIGERANTI A BASSO GWP ALTERNATIVI ALL’R-4...Centro Studi Galileo
The document discusses testing of low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant alternatives to replace R-404A in commercial refrigeration systems. Two alternatives, DR-7 and DR-33, were tested in a reach-in freezer and a display case with an external condensing unit. DR-7 has a GWP of 246 and is suitable for smaller systems, while DR-33 has a GWP of 1410 and is suitable for all system types. Testing found that both alternatives provided equivalent or improved energy efficiency compared to R-404A, with comparable operating pressures and temperatures. The alternatives show potential as low-GWP replacements for R-404A in commercial refrigeration applications.
Alternative to HCFC in air conditioning equipment as split UNEP OzonAction
1) Several alternatives to HCFC refrigerants for split air conditioners were evaluated including HFO1234yf, HFC32, propane, CO2, and HFC410A.
2) Based on evaluations of energy efficiency, total emissions, safety, and cost, HFC32 was recommended as the best alternative for new split air conditioners at this time.
3) Safety standards for use of flammable refrigerants are being developed internationally and nationally, and charge limits have been set to limit risk, with higher limits for lower risk refrigerants like HFC32.
VULCAN VGP-1000 High Temperature Mn Sulfur Guard TechnologyGerard B. Hawkins
High Temperature Sulfur Removal in the Presence of Chlorides, for Magnaformers
Catalytic Reforming Overview
Commercial Catalytic Reforming Processes
Application for Catalytic Reforming
Sulfur Removal
Magnaforming Overview
Determination of Oxygen in Anhydrous Ammonia
SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of trace amounts of oxygen in Liquefied anhydrous ammonia.
The trace oxygen analyzer provides for trace oxygen analysis in decade steps ranging from 0 - 10 to 0 - 10,000 ppm v/v (full scale).
Spirax Sarco provides steam system solutions and services including surveys, audits, installation, engineering, packaged solutions, controls, steam traps, condensate pumps, high purity products, pipeline ancillaries, and training. Their services help improve steam system efficiency, productivity, and safety through solutions tailored to customer needs and budgets.
This document provides specifications for ingestive cleaning of Solar turbine engines to remove contamination from the compressor air path. It establishes requirements for cleaning procedures, intervals, equipment, and cleaning products. Cleaning can be performed on-crank or on-line, and specific flow rates and volumes are provided for cleaning solutions and rinse water depending on the engine model. The cleaning product must meet standards for water quality and additive composition to avoid harming engine materials.
This document provides a nitrogen purging procedure for repairing a 16" gas pipeline between UTUE KP and UBIT PP in Nigeria. It outlines the objectives, scope of work, safety considerations, equipment needs, and step-by-step work procedures. The key steps include isolating and depressurizing the pipeline, installing nitrogen tie-in points, purging the line with nitrogen in cycles until gas concentration drops below 5% LEL, recording purge results, and demobilizing equipment. The procedure is intended to remove combustible gases and oxygen from the pipeline to allow for safe repair work.
The document provides a procedure for reducing steam reforming catalysts using LPG feed instead of the preferred hydrogen or natural gas. It cautions that LPG reduction carries risks of carbon formation and requires close monitoring and control of steam to carbon ratios. The 11-step procedure involves purging oxygen, heating with steam, gradually introducing LPG at 5-10% of design rate while maintaining steam to carbon ratios of 30:1 to 7:1, and slowly ramping up LPG to design rates over 12-24 hours to fully reduce the catalyst. Frequent monitoring is needed to check for complete reduction and prevent carbon formation.
GBH Enterprises provides activated carbon regeneration services for refineries using a multi-step air-steam process. The process involves slowly depressurizing the carbon bed, applying steam to desorb contaminants, then introducing increments of air up to 5000 ppm to burn off remaining contaminants. Temperature and oxygen levels are monitored throughout to ensure safe regeneration of the activated carbon for reuse in purification processes.
UlSD Hydrotreater Challenges Overcome to Improve on Stream Factor - MEPEC 2013Alpesh Gurjar
The presentation outlines the experience in overcoming the challenges that faced and the lessons learned, to achieve safe, reliable and profitable Diesel Hydrotreater (2HDU) operation, while meeting all throughput and yield targets and product specifications. The 2HDU success over the 6½ years clearly demonstrated the importance and value of in-house process engineering expertise and experience, while working as a part of cross-functional team.
Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 OPTIONS IN REACTOR MODELING
2.1 General
2.2 Level of Complexity of Model
2.3 Mode of Operation of Model
2.4 Deterministic versus Empirical Modeling
2.5 Platforms for Model
2.6 Steady State versus Dynamic Model
2.7 Dimensions Modeled in Reactor
2.8 Scale of Modeling for Multiphase Reactors
2.9 Writing and Using the Model
APPENDICES
A CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT REACTOR MODELS
B NEEDS FOR MODELING AT DIFFERENT SCALES IN
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTORS
C REACTOR MODELS EMPLOYED WITHIN GBHE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
This document summarizes an engineering assessment of the industrial refrigeration system at Stonyfield Farm Yogurt. The assessment analyzed the system's sequencing strategy and identified opportunities to optimize energy efficiency. It was found that modifying the compressor sequencing set points could save up to 27,471 kWh annually with a 5-year payback. Additional longer-term opportunities were identified to study floating head pressure controls, right-sizing equipment, and adding variable speed drives. The assessment provides an overview of industrial refrigeration systems, components, optimization strategies, and the detailed analysis conducted for the Stonyfield Farm case study.
This document provides an overview and market analysis of the global refrigeration industry from 2011-2016. It defines key terms and outlines the major global drivers in the industry, including EU legislation phasing out R22 and a push for increased energy efficiency. Charts show penetration rates of new technologies over time in different regions and the market size of major countries. The largest players in compressor, rack, condensing unit and evaporator manufacturing are identified globally and locally. Major end user sectors are noted to be food manufacturing, distribution and storage. The document concludes with projected compound annual growth rates for refrigeration market value by country through 2016, with China and India topping the list.
Optimization of industrial refrigeration plantsZondits
This presentation summarized an engineering assessment of the refrigeration system at Stonyfield Farm Yogurt to optimize efficiency. The assessment analyzed the existing compressor sequencing strategy and developed two proposed optimized strategies estimated to save 27,471 kWh annually and 18,322 kWh annually, respectively. Additional opportunities for further study were also identified, such as floating head pressure controls, condenser and evaporator fan upgrades, and refrigerant cycling for evaporators.
This document describes tests of a refrigeration system that uses flooded evaporation in the evaporator. Key aspects of the new system include a bubble expansion valve to control liquid flow, an ejector pump to circulate refrigerant, and a method to recover pressure drop losses. Testing showed the new system improved evaporator temperature by 3.5K and reduced power consumption by 10% compared to a standard direct expansion system. Operating data and test results are presented, showing the flooded evaporator system significantly improved heat exchanger efficiency.
Refrigeration works by removing heat from a space using a refrigerant in a closed loop system. As the refrigerant absorbs heat, it changes state from a liquid to a gas. It is then condensed back to a liquid, releasing the heat. The four main components are the compressor, condenser, metering device, and evaporator. Refrigerants have saturation temperatures where they change state based on pressure. Proper refrigerant charging can be done using pressure/temperature charts and measuring subcooling or superheat.
Walk in cooler & freezer cold room plant & refrigerated cold storage warehous...svfd1721
This document provides instructions for the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of walk-in coolers and freezers. It discusses product information and applications, installation procedures, operational instructions, control settings, and maintenance guidelines. The document contains diagrams of electrical wiring and refrigeration systems. Maintaining proper temperature settings, cleaning, and routine maintenance are emphasized for optimal performance of walk-in cold storage units.
The document discusses different types of evaporators used in refrigeration systems. It describes evaporators as heat transfer systems that evaporate liquid refrigerant to remove heat from refrigerated spaces. Evaporators are classified based on their construction, refrigerant feed method, operating conditions, air or liquid circulation method, controls, and application. Common types include tube banks, forced draught coils with closely spaced fins, dry expansion coils, and flooded coils that are completely filled with liquid refrigerant. The document also discusses evaporators used for cooling liquids, summarizing five general types: double pipe, shell and coil, shell and tube, Baudelot, and tank type coolers.
The document provides calculations to determine the cooling load requirements for a cold storage facility. It outlines the following:
1) The structural heat gain through the walls, floor, and ceiling is calculated to be 44.82 kW.
2) The infiltration load from air changes is calculated to be 20.37 kW.
3) The product load from cooling the soybeans is calculated to be 982.5 kW.
4) Additional loads include lighting at 5 kW and occupant heat at 9.2 kW.
5) The total cooling load is calculated to be 1061.89 kW or 301.67 TR.
The evaporator is the part of a refrigeration system that absorbs heat from the space being cooled and transfers it to the refrigerant. There are several types of evaporators including bare tube, plate, finned, shell and tube, and shell and coil evaporators. Bare tube evaporators use copper or steel tubing for heat transfer. Plate evaporators have copper or aluminum coils embedded in rigid plates. Finned evaporators have fins added to bare tubes for increased effectiveness. Shell and tube evaporators have many tubes in a drum or shell and can be dry expansion or flooded types. Natural convection evaporators rely on air density differences while forced convection evaporators use high velocity air over closely finned coils for faster
www.brewer-garrett.com
Ohio Energy Services Company, Brewer-Garrett, is one of very few contractors equipped to handle design/build, installation, and service of Industrial Ammonia Refrigeration Systems.
Cut and paste this URL for more info: http://tinyurl.com/42egwbs
This document discusses modular cold containers for cold storage. It describes how the containers would be made of recycled plastic waste converted to carbon fiber, powered by solar panels and piezoelectric pads. The containers would be portable, low-cost storage modules that can be assembled as needed. Manufacturing would involve converting plastic waste to carbon fiber for construction and using solar and piezoelectric technologies for power. The design aims to provide an efficient, renewable cold storage solution for transporting perishable goods in India.
The document discusses several studies by the Construction Industry Institute that found benefits to using a design/build project delivery method for construction projects. The studies found that design/build reduced project schedules by 33%, project costs by 6%, and improved project quality compared to traditional design-bid-build methods. Many companies in the food, beverage, and distribution industries were involved across the different studies.
Evaporators are used to reduce the volume of a liquid by boiling it. This concentrates the liquid and removes solvents. There are different types of evaporators that use heat exchange and decreasing pressure between effects to boil liquids. Key components include a heat exchanger, vacuum system, vapor separator and condenser. Process factors like material properties, temperatures, and pressures must be considered during evaporator operation.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Cold storages are used for keeping perishashable food products. Design criteria for building and refrigeration concept for estimation of cooling load is decribed below.
This document provides information on refrigeration and air conditioning. It defines refrigeration as the process of transferring heat from a low temperature region to a high temperature region. The key components and working principles of vapor compression and vapor absorption refrigeration systems are described. It also discusses terms used in air conditioning like dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and relative humidity. The layout and working of a basic window room air conditioner is explained. Domestic refrigerators like single door, two-door, and their components are outlined.
This document appears to be the title page and table of contents for the second edition of the book "Heat Exchanger Design Handbook" by Kuppan Thulukkanam. The title page provides publication details about the book and its author. The table of contents gives an overview of the book's chapter structure and topics covered, including an introduction to heat exchangers, their classification and selection, thermohydraulic fundamentals, design considerations for different heat exchanger types, and applications.
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The massive HFC phase-down step in 2018 and the Global Warming Potential (GWP) limit of 2500 in 2020 do not leave you any choice:
If you want to stay in business,
you have to stop installing
R-404A / R-507A - NOW!
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IRJET- Comparison of COP of R134A with Hydrocarbons by using VCR Cycle
ART RS-45 Brochure
1. RS-45(R-434A)
R22 REPLACEMENT
AT ALL TEMPERATURES
U.S. EPA
Certified
NON-FLAMMABLE
No other company in the world has an R22 replacement
refrigerant for flooded systems: not Dupont, Honeywell,
Arkema, Mexichem, ICOR, etc.
(281) 338-2179 keith@advreftech.com
www.advancedreftech.com
2. Flooded Chiller Diagram
depicting liquid and vaporized refrigerant
The lower glide of RS45 creates a more stable
temperature between the vapor and liquid
R-22 R-407ARS45
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0
8.5
9.4
8.7
7.9
5.4
R-407C R-427A R-438A R-422D
Comparison of glide for common R-22 alternatives at
the same conditions.
Why should you replace R22 with RS45 in flooded
chiller systems?
RS45 is the only TRUE“drop-in”replacement
for R22 in Flooded Systems.
RS45 provides LOW glide and performance
qualities equal to R22.
RS45 BLENDS in seamlessly with existing R22
remaining in the system. (see note 1)
RS45 operates with ALL types of oil,
INCLUDING mineral oil.
RS45 requires NO system component changes.
(see note 2)
Liquid Refrigerant In
Warmer
Secondary
Coolant In
Colder
Secondary
Coolant Out
Vapor Refrigerant Out
Vapor
Liquid Refrigerant
Note 1: The system will not be harmed in RS45 is inadvertently mixed in with existing R22
Note 2: Since RS45 has 40% greater mass flow than R22, the float expansion device will need to accomodate 40% greater mass flow.
3. Why RS45 can be used in flooded systems
1. RS45 has a very low glide (1.5C) making it almost a azeotrope (like R22) ...
a necessity for flooded systems
2. RS45 can match R22 in Capacity at low temperature (-31F)
3. RS45’s Coefficient of Performance (COP) matches R22
4. RS45’s compression Ratio matches R22
5. RS45’s discharge pressure is similar to R22
6. RS45’s discharge temperature is considerably lower than R22 which is a
operating benefit for the compressor and oil
7. RS45 can be mixed with R22 without operating problems if all the R22 is
inadvertantly not evacuated from a system
8. RS45 operates with all refrigerant oils including mineral oil
No other company in the world has a R22 replacement refrigerant for flooded systems:
not Dupont, Honeywell, Arkema, Mexichem, ICOR, etc.
4. CAPACITY
RS-45 is unique in being a capacity match for R22
across the range of applications where R22 is
commonly found. No other refrigerant mirrors the
capacity of R22 at low temperature (-35°C evap) &
high temperature (+7°C evap).
APPLICATION RANGE
Owing to its unique thermodynamic properties,
RS-45 (R-434A) has a much wuder applicatiion
range when replacing R22. RS-45 is an excellent
replacement for R22 both at high and low tem-
peratures, which is illustrated in charts 1 & 2. In
addition RS-45 has very low glide and can be used
in flooded evaporators and other applications
where glide can affect performance.
COEEFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE
RS-45 (R-434A) has a Coefficient of Performance
which matches R22 as illustrated in charts 1 and 2.
RS-45
Air Conditioning
COP
CapacitykW/m3
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Chart 2: RS-45 (R-434A) Capacity & Coefficient of Performance - Air Conditioning
Condensing Temperature 0
C
R22 COP
RS-45 COP
R22 Capacity
RS-45 Capacity
Refrigeration
COP
Capacityk
-40 -30 -20 -10 0
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Chart 1: RS-45 (R-434A) Capacity & Coefficient of Performance - Refrigeration
Evaporator Temperature 0
C
R22 COP
RS-45 COP
R22 Capacity
RS-45 Capacity
COMPRESSION RATIO
RS-45 (R-434A) has a compression ratio which
matches R22 across the range of apprications
where R22 is commonly found.
LUBRICANTS
RS-45 (R-434A) is suitable for use with both the
traditional lubricants including mineral (MO) &
alkylbenzene (AB) oils, & also the new synthetic
lubricants including polyol ester (POE), polyalkyl-
glycol (PAG) & others. The ability to use traditional
lubricants both reduces cost and avoids the use of
hygroscopic synthetic oils which can absorb mois-
ture during maintenance.
5. FLAMMABILITY
RS-45 (R-434A) is non-flammable according to
ASHRAE Standard 34 which includes non-flamma-
bility as formulated & worst case fractionation.
RS-45 has an ASHRAE Safety Rating of A1, the
same as R22.
EQUIPMENT MODIFICATIONS
For the same duty RS-45 (R-434A) has a higher
liquid volume flow rate than R22 which may
require retrofitting to optimize performance,
notably the following:
Capillary tube: the length may need to be
decreased,thediameterincreasedoracombination
of both.
Expansion valve: recommendation is that the TX
valve is sized to accomodate a mass flow 40%
greater than R22.
RS-45
Evaporator Glide
R407C
RS-45
GlideK
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Chart 3: RS-45 (R-434A) Glide
Evaporator Temperature 0
C
R407C Glide
RS-45 Glide
Discharge Temperature: Refrigeration
COP
DischargeTemperature0
C
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
250
200
150
100
50
0
Chart 4: RS-45 (R-434A) Discharge temperature
Evaporator Temperature 0
C
R22 COP
RS-45 COP
R22 Discharge Temperature
RS-45 Discharge Temperature
DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE
RS-45 (R-434A) has a considerably lower discharge
temperature than R22 which provides significant
operating benfits including a much lower risk of
oil degradation
OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL
RS-45 has no ability to deplete ozone with a zero
ODP.
GLIDE
RS-45 is a near azeotropic blend with a glide of
1.5°C.
DISCHARGE PRESSURE
RS-45 (R-434A) has similar discharge pressures to
R22.
An engineering report can be commissioned on complex systems.
This will determine if any changes to the system are necessary.
6. RS-45
PROPERTY RS-45 R22
Molecular Weight 105.3 86.5
Boiling point (1 atm) °C -44.9(1)
-40.8
°F -48.8(1)
-41.4
Temperature Glide K 1.5 0
Critical Temperature °C 77.83 96.1
°F 172.1 204.8
Critical Pressure bara 39.31 49.9
psia 570.2 724
Liquid Density (25°C) kg/m3
1096 1191
Density of saturated vapour (25°C) kg/m3
53.1 44.2
Latent Heat of Vaporization at boiling point kj/kg 190(1)
234
Cv (25°C & 1bara) kj/kg.K 0.775 0.559
Cp (25°C & 1bara) kj/kg.K 0.861 0.662
Cp/Cv (25°C & 1bara) 1.111 1.185
Vapour Pressure (25°C) bara 11.8(1)
10.4
psia 163(1)
151
Vapour Visosity (25°C & 1bara) cP 0.0128 0.0126
Liquid Visosity (25°C) cP 0.140 0.166
Liquid Thermal Conductivity (25°C) W/m.K 0.0665 0.0837
Surface Tension (25°C) N/m 0.00528 0.00808
Specific heat of liquid (25°C) kj/kg.K 1.50 1.26
Ozone Depletion Potential ODP 0 0.055
Flammability limit in air (1 atm) vol% none none
Inhalation exposure (8 hr day & 40 hr week) ppm 1000 1000
(1)
Bubble Point 1 February 2007
RS-45 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
RS-45 PRESSURE-ENTHALPY CHART
100
10
1
0.1
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
-60 -40 -20 -0 20 40 60 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Pressure(bara)
0.006
0.01
Key:
saturation line
constant entropy line kJ/kg.K
constant temperature line 0
C
constant specific volume m3
/kg
Reference State (IIR):
For liquid at 0 0
C
Enthalpy = 200 kJ/kg
Entropy = 1 kJ/kg.K
0.015
1.5
1.0
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.15
0.25
0.025
0.04
0.0660
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
80
100
120
7. Flooded Chiller Conversion from R22 to RS-45 (R434A)
(Houston, TX Chemical Plant)
ComStar International Inc. thanks the HVAC service company, STAR Service Inc. of Houston,TX/New Orleans, LA, and specifically
Brian Keating (Project Manager), who performed this conversion with the assistance of Advanced RefrigerantTechnologies, LLC
of League, TX. The process involved converting an R22 Flooded System to the unique capacity match of RS-45 (R434A).
STAR SERVICE'S CONCLUSIONS
Initial start-up: At the initial startup after conversion, the system was not exposed to significant load conditions. A steam
heat exchanger was utilized to simulate minimal heat load conditions. Each compressor was started and allowed to carry the
load independently. All compressors performed load demand tasking with exceptional performance operation. Each test
resulted in a low discharge pressure of 160 PSI. Suction pressure was easily achievable at 50 PSI and oil pressure was ranging
from 45 lbs. to 65 lbs. DP. At that time, compressors were run under low load conditions. Day 3 of testing: Load requirement
demands were increased to normal operating conditions of system requirement. Upon exposure to additional heat load
requirements, the increased amount of suspended vapor dropped the liquid receiver level to below desired level. An
additional 500 lbs. of RS-45 was added to meet the demand requirements of the normal operating conditions (heat load
demand). Due to the low ambient conditions, the system still operated with relatively low discharge pressure of 175 PSI.
Suction pressure was still easily achievable at 50 PSI and oil pressure DP was achievable. The approach on the evaporator
dropped to 10°F (from 15) due to a lack of excessive oil in the evaporator. Furthermore, it appears that the retrofit should be
considered easily achievable and the outcome should receive satisfactory results. Also the close pressure temperature
relationship characteristics would not require substantial PLC control modifications or PSV replacement.
PREPARATION OF FLOODED
R-22 SYSTEM
• Removed approximately 3,000 lbs.
of R22 refrigerant and alkyl
benzene oil.
• Serviced two of three compressors
and changed out several critical
system components.
• Performed leak checks.
• Performed vacuum/dehydration
process, pulled system to depth of
2mm HG until a depth of 1.5mm
HG was achieved.
• Holding period of six hours at a
minimal rise of 100 microns.
• Charged system with 2000 lbs.
of RS-45.
SPECIFICATIONS OF R22 FLOODED SYSTEM TO BE CONVERTED
• 3 carrier 5H80 compresses driven by 75HP motors in direct drive,
tandem configuration.
• System utilizes independent discharge oil separators.
• System shares common discharge and suction with check valves on the
discharge line.
• Oil system utilizes a typical oil skimmer line configuration, skimmed off
of the evaporator at 60% desired liquid flooded level.
• Utilizes a suction surge drum to promote liquid free suction gas.
• Refrigerant/oil mixture is delivered to a batch oil pot, is heated to 120°F.
Oil is then pressurized by discharge oil separator gas and superheated
refrigerant pressure.
• R22 refrigerant change of approximately 3,000 lbs.
• Alkyl benzene 300 oil is being utilized.
COMPARATIVE RESULTS & COMMENTS
Table showing results of R22 prior to conversion and RS-45 post conversion.
R22 to RS-45 {R-434a) Comparison
R22 RS-45 (R-434a)
Suction pressure 50 psig SO psig
Suction superheat > S° F 11° F
Discharge 189 psig 175 psig
Discharge superheat 40° F 45° F
Evap Refrigerant temp 26° F 24.8° F
Entering process temp 57° F 48° F
Leaving process temp 47° F 38° F
Evaporation approach 21° F 12.8° F
Oil pressure compressor #1 22 psig dp 35 psig dp
Oil pressure compressor #2 35 psig dp 45 psig dp
Oil pressure compressor # 3 N/A 50 psig dp
Oil type 300 alkyl benzene 300 alkyl benzene
8. Liquid Refrigerant In
Warmer
Secondary
Coolant In
Colder
Secondary
Coolant Out
Vapor Refrigerant Out
Vapor
Liquid Refrigerant
Benefits of RS-45 (R434A) Over Other Alternatives:
As the working pressures of RS-45 (R434A) are lower than 24 bar, there was no need to change the safety valves
and other parts rated to 24 bar (348 PSI) which would have been necessary with a conversion to R404A, R507,
R422A or R428A.
Owners can continue to use an A1 safety classification product, thus avoiding toxic or flammable chemicals like
ammonia and hydrocarbons, respectively, which, amongst other things, also requires a major overhaul of
facilities.
Flooded Evaporator Schematic
Note 1: Use in liquid overfeed, flooded, recirc and DX systems.
Note 2:The system will not be harmed in RS45 is inadvertently mixed in with existing R22
Note 3: Since RS45 has 40% greater mass flow than R22, the float expansion device will need to
accomodate 40% greater mass flow.
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
8.5
9.4
8.7
7.9
5.4
R-22 R-407AR434A R-407C R-427A R-438A R-422D
RS-45 Low Glide Performance
Comparison
Comparison of glide for common R22 alternatives at the same conditions.
Flooded systems require ultra low glide refrigerants.
3
SPEED PERFORMANCE LOWINVESTMENT SUSTAINABLE
Since RS-45 (R434A) is compatible with all refrigeration oils, including mineral oils, installations using this
lubricant do not need to move to a POE, which would have been necessary with R404A, R507, R407C or R427A,
thereby reducing the conversion time, cost of oil, emergence of new leaks and the constraints imposed by the
use of very hygroscopic lubricants.
RS-45 (R434A) low temperature glide of 3o
F enables the system to be directly charged with RS-45. From a
technical standpoint, there is no need to remove the remaining refrigerant because no fractation of the mixture
would occur as would happen with R404A and R507. However, good practice protocol and EPA guidlines call for
refrigerants not to be mixed.
RS-45 (R434A) achieves good condensation and it is therefore unnecessary to change the condensers or make
any changes in this regard as would be the case with R404A and R507.
RS-45 (R434A) does not involve any significant loss of cooling power compared to R22 in contrast to what
would happen with R422D, R417A, R407C and R427A.
9. British Energy replaces R22 with RS-45 (R434A) in
Flooded Chiller
British Energy, PLC, the largest electricity generator in the UK by colume with its HQ at Gloucester, has successfully
replaced R22 in a large flooded chiller. Performance of the chiller after conversion from R22 to RS-45 matches the
original design parameters for the unit so that, in terms of a comparison with R22, in the key areas of capacity and
energy usage the machine is working equally as effective as it was on R22.
The HQ site at Barnwood, Gloucester operates the data centres for the eight nuclear power stations in the UK. As
part of their enveironmental strategy, British Energy has already converted all the the site’s systems from R22 to
none ozone depleting replacements, but has until recently been unable to find a suitable alternative to R22 for their
flooded chillers.This has been of considerable concern in view of the imminent phase-out of the ise of virgin R22 for
service work, and the fact that replacement of a chiller of this size would cost over £500,000.
British Energy has experimented with R22 alternatives, such as R422D, but found that the chiller could not achieve
the temperature difference across the evaporator that is an essential requirement. Consequently, in May 2009, one
of their flooded chillers was converted to RS-45 (from R422D) with details as follows:
continued on next page
10. Dunham Bush Chiller Model PCX 700
Condeser number SEPX790
Dunham Bush Screw Compressor Model 2515DHFIL00
Age 30 Years
Flooded Evaporator
Pilot Operated Thermostatic Expansion Valve + Partial Hand Expansion Valve
Heat Recovery circuit on Condenser
Recommended Charge 1,200 kgs R22
Charged with 1,200 kgs RS-45
Original oil Miniral Viscosity 170
Charged with POE Viscosity 170
The control system operates compressor un-loader system based on a number of inputs which include but
are not limited to chilled water leaving temperature, suction pressure, discharge pressure, motor loading
percentage. The following readings were taken on 6 October:
Energy usage would appear to be lower with RS-45 with 50
C achieved at 65 amps, against design of 5.50
C at 108
amp.The system was operating up to 5.50
temperature difference on chilled water which was equal to design capacity.
Before the initial conversion from R22 to R422D, the lubricant in the chiller had been changed from mineral oil to
polyol ester.
The superheat was very consistent and did respond to adjustments to the expansion devices. Overall the customer
is very happy with the performance of the chiller as it appears to be very similar to the R22 performance.
John Bravery of engineering contractor Balfour Beatty oversaw the conversion of the chiller to RS-45 with John
Ormerod of refrigerant supplier A-Gas UK in attendence.The changeover process was quite straightforward, and no
problems with this chiller have since been encountered since the machine has been achieving the duty previously
obtained when operating on R22.
Geoff Benton, British Energy’s Site Engineer, said:
“We have been planning to phase out R22 on this site before the cut-off date for using new R22 for service work
kicks in at the end of 2009, but finding a refrigerant which can match the performance of R22 in the flooded chillers
here had not been possible until the arrival if RS-45 (R434A). The fact that using RS-45 to replace R22 in one of our
flooded chillers has resulted in an identical performance to using R22 in this unit means that we will be converting
the remaining flooded chiller on site, and thereby achieving our overall objective to be free of ozone depleting
substances prior to the phase out date in Europe. Overall, we are very pleased with the performance if RS-45 in what
I understand is one of the most difficult applications for R22 replacements.”
Suction Pressure 74.32 psig
Discharge Pressure 188.30 psig
Motor amps 50 (Maximum setting 80, FLA 120)
Entering chilled water temperature 10.60
C 510
C
Leaving chilled water temperature 8.010
C (set point 80
C) 460
C
Suction Temperature 5.50
C 41.90
C
Evaporator Superheat 2.10
C 350
C
Motor Load% 55.62%
Outside air Temperature 170
C 620
C
11. EDF ENERGY Replaces R417A with RS-45 (R434A) in
Flooded and DX Chillers at Barnwood Gloucester
HQ site
Following the successful conversion of the two
Dunham Bush PCX 700 flooded heat pumps at the
Barnwood,GloucesterSiteofEDFEnergy,furtherretrofit
works have been carried out to Star Refrigeration
Thermo siphoning chillers which are also flooded.
These chillers were originally installed and
commissioned in 1992 with R22 as the refrigerant,
then in keeping with the whole site. A program of
retrofits was carried out during the late 90’s to remove
Ozone Depleting Substances from the site and,
with advice from Star Refrigeration, R417A was
recommended and used until 2010.
A noticeable drop in performance of these machines
was experienced which was unfortunately not
documented, although the compressor running
times were increased.
In 2010 EDF Energy committed to a program of cooling
tower replacements for the Star Chillers and carried
out compressor top end overhauls, and the
replacement of the liquid line control valves and
liquid level controls. During this time, it was decided
also to replace R417A with RS-45 (R434A).
This work has proved to be extremely worthwhile,
as not only has there been an efficiency improvement
during mechanical cooling, but extremely good
results have been experienced during the Thermo-
siphoning cycle. During the winter months, the chillers
have not run in mechanical cooling for up to 3 months.
In comparing the energy performance of the Star
Refrigeration Chillers using RS-45 with the original
commissioning sheets (for R22), performance is
similar with an even higher energy efficiency.
Looking at the original commissioning sheets which
were taken with the machines operating on R22,
at similar ambient conditions, there has been a
significant drop in Active power from 80.1kw to 67kw
with the machine:
R22 RS-45
Chilled water out temperature 0C 14.8 12.8
Chilled water in temperature 0C 17.9 15.3
Ambient dry bulb temperature 0C 16.2 16.3
Discharge temperature 0C 45.7 34.1
Active power kw 80.1 67.1
12. EDF ENERGY Replaces R417A with RS-45 (R434A) in
Flooded and DX Chillers at Barnwood Gloucester
HQ site (continued)
The Thermo-siphoning cycle is also performing well
although we have been unable to make a comparison
with the machine operating on R22. Looking at the
design specification, the overall performance of the
system measures up very well with its performance
on R22. The machine details are as follows:
There are three 400kw Star Refrigeration Ltd Chillers
complete with evaporative cooling towers. The
chillers are piped up in a series, with a high tempera-
ture chilled water flow design of 140C. Each chiller has
a Sabroe SMC108L compressor driven by a direct
drive 75kw motor. The three chillers have a design Δt
of 5.50C, which is being achieved as each machine will
produce in excess of a Δt of 20C which will give a total
Δt of 6-70c.
These changes have been carried out by John Bravery
and John Dudman of Balfour Beatty Workplace, with
the support and investment of the EDF site engineer
Geoff Benton who has made this project possible. The
result has been to extend the life of the plant, which is
still performing to as good or better than design,
while providing energy savings to reduce the carbon
footprint of the site.
A successful retrofit to a circuit of one of the Trane DX
type CGMA211BR chillers with a shell and tube evapo-
rator has been carried out.The chiller was designed to
run with R22, but was subsequently retrofitted to
R422D, which has now been replaced with RS-45
(R434A). Good results have been experienced with
RS-45 demonstrating a better energy performance.
13. Press Release
MUSKEGON, MI - 10/21/2016 (PRESS RELEASE JET) -- ComStar International Inc, the world’s most comprehensive
manufacturer of environmentally safe, industrial strength chemical products, has successfully replaced another direct
liquid overfeed ice rink refrigeration system with RS-45 (R434a) refrigerant.
Lakeshore Sports Centre is a 41-year-old sports complex with two full-size ice sheets cooled by a system with
approximately 10,000 pounds of R22 refrigerant operating with mineral oil. Due to a unfortunate leak in one of the ice
sheets, Sean Rekeny, the Lakeshore manager, conferred with the rinks’decision-makers and determined they needed
a second option to restore function rather than merely add more R22 refrigerant.
Since the United States Environmental Protection Agency declared that new production and import of most R22 will
cease by 2020, conventional refrigerant costs have risen and also left ice rink managers facing depleted supplies.
After weighing the options, the Lakeshore team decided to convert over to the RS-45 (R434a) drop-in R22 replacement
refrigerant from ComStar. Worries of problems associated with installing a different refrigerant other than R22 proved
to be unfounded.
Rekeny said, “Surprisingly, we have no detectable issues with oil return after a week of operating, which was our
concern running mineral oil with a HFC blend. In fact, the only modifications we did were adjusting a few liquid valves.
Nothing else was needed.”
ComStar, a 47-year-old U.S. company, manufactures the only R22 replacement refrigerant for use in flooded, liquid
overfeed ice rink systems without changing components or oil. ComStar’s RS-45 (R434a) refrigerant is a true drop-in
replacement for R22 and blends with any remaining R22, with low glide for high performance applications.
“As a father of two hockey-playing sons, I am very pleased that we at ComStar can offer ice rinks an affordable and
sustainable alternative to R22 during the phase-out,”said Steve Mella, CEO of ComStar.
The compressor system, built in 1997, has two Vilter 440 reciprocating compressors with 75-horsepower belt-driven
electric motors. Initially, a full charge of R22 was 5,000 pounds for each ice sheet. Lakeshore evacuated the R22,
transferred it to the other sheet, and recharged the sheet with 4,000 pounds of RS-45.
In similar conversions, ComStar offers buy back the R22 removed from the system, thereby offsetting the ice rinks’cost
of buying the RS-45 refrigerant. However, Lakeshore decided to transfer the small amount of R22 pulled from the first
ice sheet into the second ice sheet which will continue to operate with R22 until next spring when they will change
over the second ice sheet to RS-45.
“At the end of the day, we are very satisfied with the changeover and excited for the future,”said Rekeny, who deemed
the project a great success
15. RS-45 (R434A): Q & A
1. Q: What is RS-44?
A: RS-45 is a non ozone depleting Drop-in replacement for R22 in most applications.
2. Q: Yes, but what does RS-45 contain?
A: RS-45 is a blend of R143a, R125, R134a and isobutane.
3. Q: Is RS-45 subject to a phase out programme under any regulations as is the case with CFCs and HCFCs?
A: No. None of the components of RS-45 is subject to a phase out schedule under the Montreal protocol or any
regulations.
4. Q: Can RS-45 be used with mineral and alkylbenzene lubricants?
A: Yes. There is no need to change to a synthetic polyol ester (POE) oil with RS-45 which operates satisfactorily
with traditional lubricants.
5. Q: What is the temperature glide of RS-45?
A: 1.5oC
6. Q: Is RS-45 non flammable and non toxic?
A: RS-45 is both non flammable and non toxic. RS-45 is non flammable under all conditions of fractionation
under ASTM 681-98.
7. Q: Is RS-45 approved by compressor manufacturers?
A: The individual components which comprise RS-45 are widely used in compressors produced by major
manufacturers.
8. Q: What is the compression ratio of RS-45?
A: High compression ratios can result in increased energy expenditure and the potential for compressor
damage. RS-45 has a compression ratio which matches R22 across the range of applications where R22 is
commonly found.
9. Q: Can RS-45 be used to top up a system containing R22?
A: The standard recommendation is not to mix refrigerants. RS-45 does not form an azeotropic mixture with
R22 so that adding RS-45 to R22 in a system will not generate any higher pressures..
10. Q: Is RS-45 as efficient as R22?
A: Tests show that RS-45 has a higher Coefficient of Performance than R22 and hence is considered to be more
energy efficient than R22.
11. Q: What trials have been carried out on RS-45 and what are the results?
A: RS-45 has shown comparable results to R22 in systems where an expansion device is present. RS-45 is particularly
effective at low temperatures. The results show good oil return to the compressor.
12. Q: Does RS-45 need to be charged in the liquid or gaseous form?
A: Because RS-45 is a blend, the recommendation is to charge it into the system in the liquid form. However, if
the entire contents of the cylinder are being charged, then vapour charging is acceptable.
13. Q: Does the RS-45 disposable cylinder have a dip tube?
A: No. The disposable should be inverted to discharge RS-45 in the liquid form.
14. Q: Is RS-45 on the SNAP (Significant New Alternative Policy programme) list in the USA?
A: Yes.
16. 15. Q: Does RS-45 have an ASHRAE number & what is its classification?
A: Yes. RS-45 has been designated an ASHRAE number of R434A with a classification of A1, which is low toxicity
& non flammable under all conditions of fractionation.
16. Q: How does the pressure rating of RS-45 compare with R22?
A: The discharge pressure of RS-45 is slightly higher than R22 and similar to R407C.
17. Q: How does the capacity of RS-45 compare to R22?
A: The capacity of RS-45 is matches R22 from high to low temperatures across the temperature range where
R22 is commonly found.
18. Q: How does the temperature rating of RS-45 compare to R22?
A: The discharge temperatures of RS-45 are considerably lower than R22.
19. Q: What are the flammability characteristics of RS-45?
A: RS-45 is non flammable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and has the same classification as
R12, R134a, R404A, R409A (FX56), R507 (AZ-50) etc.
20. Q: What are the decomposition products resulting from the combustion of RS-45?
A: The decomposition products resulting from subjecting RS-45 to a high temperature source are similar to
those when R22 is exposed to fire conditions. The decomposition products in each case are irritating and
toxic, and breathing apparatus should be worn where a possibility to exposure exists.
21. Q: Are there any special precautions with RS-45?
A: There are no specific precautions which must be taken with RS-45. As with all refrigerants, common sense
and good housekeeping is always recommended. Because the use of hygroscopic synthetic POE lubricants
are avoided with RS-45, scrupulous attention to preventing moisture contamination is not necessary,
although the ingress of moisture should be avoided at all times.
22. Q: Is RS-45 compatible with refrigeration and air conditioning systems designed for R22?
A: Yes. RS-45 is compatible with all materials commonly used in systems that were designed and charged with
R22. As in the case of R22, magnesium and zinc alloys should be avoided.
23. Q: Can RS-45 be recovered and recycled?
A: Yes. RS-45 can be recovered and re-used after a cleaning process such as reclamation.
24. Q: What technical guidance do you advise when changing from R22 to RS-45?
A: The procedure for converting from R22 to RS-45 is straightforward. Use the same type of lubricant, replace
the filter/drier and charge approximately the same quantity of RS-45 as the original R22 charge after fully
evacuating. Ensure that the expansion device is correctly sized for the higher flow rate of RS-45 (similar to R404A).
25. Q: How does RS-45 compare in price with R407C and other alternatives?
A: RS-45 is competitive in price with other R22 alternatives.
26. Q: What is the main advantage of RS-45?
A: RS-45 has a low glide (one third of R407C) and avoids all the problems associated with a high glide refrigerant,
eg icing up of the evaporator, fractionation of the blend leading to higher pressures in the condenser, a
limited application range etc. RS-45 is a suitable replacement for R22 across the range of temperatures
where R22 is commonly found at high and low temperatures. RS-45 can be used to replace R22 without the
need to change the original mineral oil in the system. There is, therefore, no necessity to retrofit to a synthetic
lubricant such as POE.
17. 27. Q: Is RS-45 compatible with hoses, seals, gaskets and O-rings commonly used with R22?
A: RS-45 (R434A) is compatible with materials commonly used in refrigeration systems previously charged with
R22. In general, materials which are compatible with R22 can be used with RS-45 (R434A). It is recommended
to check equipment manufacturer's retrofit literature and obtain recommendations from equipment
manufacturers with regard to materials' compatibility. In older systems which have been operating on R22
for many years, replacement of some seals may be required due to the different composition of RS-45
(R434A) which contains HFCs.
28. Q: How does the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of RS-45 compare with R22?
A: Tests show that RS-45 provides a higher COP than R22 depending upon the application and equipment.
29. Q: What is the specification for RS-45?
A: RS-45 complies with the refrigerant specification ARI 700 for fluorocarbon refrigerants.
30. Q: What is the effect of high exposure by inhalation of RS-45?
A: As is the case with all CFC, HCFC and HFC based refrigerants, high exposure to RS-45 may produce anaesthetic
effects. Very high exposures may cause an abnormal heart rhythm and prove suddenly fatal as is the case with
all CFC, HCFC and HFC based refrigerants.
31. Q: What is the flash point, flammability explosion limits and auto-ignition temperature for RS-45?
A: RS-45 is non flammable as defined in the ASHRAE EN 681-98 test, and hence does not have a flash point or
explosion limits. The auto-ignition temperature of RS-45 has not been determined but is expected to be
greater than 750°C.
32. Q: Can RS-45 be used in flooded evaporators?
A: Field trials have demonstrated that RS-45 can safely be used to replace R22 in flooded systems.
33. Q: What types of leak detectors should be used with RS-45?
A: Leak detectors used with HFCs are suitable for use with RS-45.
34. Q: What would be the effect of a large release of RS-45?
A: In common with other refrigerants of this type, the area should be immediately evacuated. The vapour may
concentrate at floor level and in poorly ventilated areas may be slow to disperse. Forced ventilation should
be provided before entering such areas.
35. Q: Is RS-45 available in both returnable and disposable cylinders?
A: Yes.
36. Q: Can RS-45 be used in systems designed to replace R22 and initially charged with a hydrocarbon?
A: Although no development work has been carried out on hydrocarbon systems designed to replace R22, we
believe that RS-45 would be suitable but an increased refrigerant charge would be required.
37. Q: Is RS-45 suitable for use with new equipment?
A: RS-45 has the potential to replace R22 in new equipment because it has a capacity which matches R22 at
high and low temperatures, low discharge temperature, can be used with traditional lubricants, a low
temperature glide, zero ODP and is energy efficient.