The currently used refrigerant properties were recommended as unsuitable for the future use due to their high ozone-depleting rate. To abide with the Montrcal Protocol norms have been taken into account and suitable alternative, which is innocuous to ozone layer.
Performance of HFC-152a is researched to develop the HFC-152a as alternative mixture. The HFC-152a has been tested under various systems. Its properties, comparison with HFC-134a, cost, risk assessment, efficiency and technological issues have been discussed.
3 Things You Should Know About the Changing Refrigeration ClimateAllison Banko
This webinar provides the latest information regarding the regulatory changes and the potential impacts to food manufacturers and distributors. It also focuses on emerging technologies which meet the new guidelines and are innovative for cooling and freezing applications.
The currently used refrigerant properties were recommended as unsuitable for the future use due to their high ozone-depleting rate. To abide with the Montrcal Protocol norms have been taken into account and suitable alternative, which is innocuous to ozone layer.
Performance of HFC-152a is researched to develop the HFC-152a as alternative mixture. The HFC-152a has been tested under various systems. Its properties, comparison with HFC-134a, cost, risk assessment, efficiency and technological issues have been discussed.
3 Things You Should Know About the Changing Refrigeration ClimateAllison Banko
This webinar provides the latest information regarding the regulatory changes and the potential impacts to food manufacturers and distributors. It also focuses on emerging technologies which meet the new guidelines and are innovative for cooling and freezing applications.
Una soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - DaikinCentro Studi Galileo
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
Centro Congressi Stella Polare: Sala Sagittarius
Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...Centro Studi Galileo
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
Centro Congressi Stella Polare: Sala Sagittarius
Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
Sweetening and sulfur recovery of sour associated gas and lean acid gas in th...Frames
Effective and efficient removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential step when sweetening gas for downstream processes. By simultaneously turning the captured hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, a Frames THIOPAQ O&G system improves gas value, while creating a saleable chemical widely sought after in the agricultural and bulk chemical industry.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Congres F-gassen 2015. Workshop 8: Scroll CO2, bied veel meer dan alleen een ...RCCKL
Gábor Böszörményi en Jack Quadflieg van Emerson gaan in op Scroll CO2, een ideale keuze voor lage temperatuur Cascade en Boostersysteem.
Met de combinatie digitale scroll ZBD en ZB range voor medium temperatuur en ZO scroll compressoren voor CO2 subkritische lage temperatuur heeft Copeland een betrouwbaar en volledig productportfolio te bieden dat al zeer succesvol is toegepast. Met een case study laten we zien hoe en waar Scolls CO2 zijn ingezet en welke voor- en nadelen het biedt in vergelijk met de traditionele CO2 oplossingen.
Het gebruik van (digitale)scroll in cascade systemen helpt klanten en eindgebruikers de extra investeringskosten met R134a en R744 vergeleken met Standard HFK's te neutraliseren. Significante kostenbesparingen kunnen gerealiseerd worden in vergelijking met Cascade systemen op basis van semihermetische oplossingen met inverters. Het compacte ontwerp van de scroll minimaliseert de vloeroppervlakte van de machinekamer. Daarom is dit een ideale keuze voor kleine retail toepassingen. Bovendien, samen met de Stream compressoren voor transkritische CO2 toepassingen, biedt de ZO(D) scroll vele mogelijkheden om de grootte van de booster systemen te verminderen en de investeringskosten te beperken. Digitale scroll technologie (10-100% modulatie) kan worden ingezet om de hoge kosten van inverter technologie te reduceren, resulterend in een aanzienlijke kostenbesparingterwijl de efficiency van het apparatuur gewaarborgd wordt.
Lees alles over F-gassen op http://www.koudeenluchtbehandeling.nl/f-gassen-dossier
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
Centro Congressi Stella Polare: Sala Sagittarius
Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
Application: Chemical agents employed in natural gas processing include drilling fluid additives, methanol injection for freeze protection, glycol injection for hydrate inhibition, produced water treatment chemicals, foam and corrosion inhibitors, de-emulsifiers,and drag reduction agents. Chemicals are frequently administered by way of chemical injection skids.
Challenges: Level monitoring controls chemical inventory
and determines when the tanks require filling.The careful
selection and application of level controls to chemical injection systems can effectively protect against tanks running out of chemicals or overfilling.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Mr Sanjay Goyal, Director & Sr. VP, VRV, Light Commercial Business & Technical Support, Daikin India gave presentation on The Ecological Power of Green Refrigerant at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur.
Una soluzione efficiente e competitiva con un basso GWP - F. Flohr - DaikinCentro Studi Galileo
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
Centro Congressi Stella Polare: Sala Sagittarius
Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
Refrigeranti a basso GWP per il condizionamento e le pompe di calore - B. Bel...Centro Studi Galileo
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
Centro Congressi Stella Polare: Sala Sagittarius
Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
Sweetening and sulfur recovery of sour associated gas and lean acid gas in th...Frames
Effective and efficient removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential step when sweetening gas for downstream processes. By simultaneously turning the captured hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, a Frames THIOPAQ O&G system improves gas value, while creating a saleable chemical widely sought after in the agricultural and bulk chemical industry.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Congres F-gassen 2015. Workshop 8: Scroll CO2, bied veel meer dan alleen een ...RCCKL
Gábor Böszörményi en Jack Quadflieg van Emerson gaan in op Scroll CO2, een ideale keuze voor lage temperatuur Cascade en Boostersysteem.
Met de combinatie digitale scroll ZBD en ZB range voor medium temperatuur en ZO scroll compressoren voor CO2 subkritische lage temperatuur heeft Copeland een betrouwbaar en volledig productportfolio te bieden dat al zeer succesvol is toegepast. Met een case study laten we zien hoe en waar Scolls CO2 zijn ingezet en welke voor- en nadelen het biedt in vergelijk met de traditionele CO2 oplossingen.
Het gebruik van (digitale)scroll in cascade systemen helpt klanten en eindgebruikers de extra investeringskosten met R134a en R744 vergeleken met Standard HFK's te neutraliseren. Significante kostenbesparingen kunnen gerealiseerd worden in vergelijking met Cascade systemen op basis van semihermetische oplossingen met inverters. Het compacte ontwerp van de scroll minimaliseert de vloeroppervlakte van de machinekamer. Daarom is dit een ideale keuze voor kleine retail toepassingen. Bovendien, samen met de Stream compressoren voor transkritische CO2 toepassingen, biedt de ZO(D) scroll vele mogelijkheden om de grootte van de booster systemen te verminderen en de investeringskosten te beperken. Digitale scroll technologie (10-100% modulatie) kan worden ingezet om de hoge kosten van inverter technologie te reduceren, resulterend in een aanzienlijke kostenbesparingterwijl de efficiency van het apparatuur gewaarborgd wordt.
Lees alles over F-gassen op http://www.koudeenluchtbehandeling.nl/f-gassen-dossier
Convegno Europeo
IL PASSAGGIO AI REFRIGERANTI ALTERNATIVI:
IMPATTO SU IMPIANTI NUOVI ED ESISTENTI
Le Ultime Tecnologie nel Condizionamento e nella Refrigerazione; Sistemi, Attrezzatura, Componenti, Formazione e Certificazione; il Phase Down
15 marzo 2018 | 14.00 - 18.30
Mostra Convegno Expocomfort
Centro Congressi Stella Polare: Sala Sagittarius
Organizzato da ATF - Associazione Tecnici del Freddo
Application: Chemical agents employed in natural gas processing include drilling fluid additives, methanol injection for freeze protection, glycol injection for hydrate inhibition, produced water treatment chemicals, foam and corrosion inhibitors, de-emulsifiers,and drag reduction agents. Chemicals are frequently administered by way of chemical injection skids.
Challenges: Level monitoring controls chemical inventory
and determines when the tanks require filling.The careful
selection and application of level controls to chemical injection systems can effectively protect against tanks running out of chemicals or overfilling.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Mr Sanjay Goyal, Director & Sr. VP, VRV, Light Commercial Business & Technical Support, Daikin India gave presentation on The Ecological Power of Green Refrigerant at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur.
Case study of conversion from HCFC to hydrocarbons of the campus of the University of Technology of Jamaica (Dr. Horace Nelson, University of Technology).
Presentation on Alternative Refrigerants related to mechanical engineering for application in mechanical systems (air conditoning and refrigerators etc) and chemical engineering
CO2 As A Future Refrigerant - An Aranca ReportAranca
As CO2 based refrigeration technology grows in both viability and availability, it shows appreciable promise to reduce atmospheric pollution by Ammonia and other often potent greenhouse gases. Read this Aranca report to know how alternative energy sector is gearing for the challenge.
European Regulation about Fgas and alternative refrigerants - Regolamentazione Europea gas fluorurati e refrigeranti alternativi (sintetici e naturali)
09 Croatia Use Of Hfc And Ammonia Systems In Public Buildings And Industry Az...
01 Daikin Non Hcfc Alternatives For Ac Split System Hilde Dhont
1. Alternatives for HCFCs in single split type (room) air conditioners Prepared by DAIKIN Industries Ltd. Presented by Daikin Europe N.V Joint Network Meeting for Europe and Central Asia (ECA) and South Asia (SA) Networks of Ozone officers Istanbul, 26-30 April 2010
2.
3. 1996 2004 2010 2015 2020 2030 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 65% 25% 10% 0.5% Consumption cap reduced from 35% to 25% in 2010 2013 2020 2025 2030 2040 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 65% 32.5% 2.5% 2015 90% Current: Consumption cap steadily reduced starting in 2015 Previous: Consumption capped at 2015 levels until 2040 Phase Out Schedule – Developed (A2) Countries (some countries, incl EU are more strict) Phase Out Schedule – Developing (A5) Countries Consumption Consumption Freeze Note: green shows new schedule Montreal Protocol HCFC Accelerated Phase Out – MOP 19 September 2007 Montréal EU
4.
5. 3 1) Energy-efficiencies 2) Total emissions 3) Safety measures 4) Costs 5) Summary 2. Evaluation of alternatives 1. Properties of Alternative Refrigerants Contents 3. Conclusion
6. In case of Residential A/C Commercial A/C Candidates for preventing global warming HCFC22 Single HFC410A Azeotrope R32 Single HFC Propane (R290) Single Natural CO2(R744 ) Single HFC407C Zeotrope HFO1234yf Single Refrigerant physical properties Cond. Press. MPa Capacity R22 ratio COP R22 ratio ODP GWP (IPCC4) Life Year Flamm- ability Toxicity 1.73 100 100 0.05 1810 11.9 No Low 2.72 141 92 0 2090 - No Low 160 97 0 675 5 Low Low 1.53 83 98 0 < 3 - High Low 10.00 243 41 0 1 120 No Low 1.86 102 99 0 1770 - No Low 1.16 57 90 0 4 Low ? 7day HFO mixture ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Low ? 2.80 Under investigation 1. Properties of Alternative Refrigerants Following table shows properties of alternative refrigerants to HCFC22. Red areas show unsuitable properties as an alternative refrigerant. Note: Ammonia is not considered as a candidate refrigerant for small air-conditioners due to its high toxicity Ammonia (R717) Single 1.78 116 106 0 0 0 Low High
7.
8. 2.2 Total Emissions R410A (1.4kg) R744 (1.05Kg) R290 (0.49kg) R32 (1.2kg) HFO1234yf (1.2kg) LCCP comparison (4kW Room A/C) JRAIA; in China 09.4.4 Precondition: refrigerant recovery rate is 30% which is current rate in Japan. LCCP (Life Cycle Climate Performance) means the sum of "the warming impact during refrigerant production” (which is negligible compared to HCFC22) , “ the warming impact according to energy consumption during operation in life cycle” and "the warming impact by emission of refrigerant“. Consideration: LCCP of R32 and propane are less in terms of total emissions. The charge volume of R32 can be reduced by 40% compared to R410A. HFO1234yf needs to be improved in efficiency to be practical. KgCO2 Total emissions = Indirect emissions+Direct emissions+Emissions during producing refrigerant (Refrigerant charge) Indirect impact Direct impact
9.
10. (3) Consideration on the use of 2L refrigerants classified by ASHRAE34 1. Class 2L is similar to ammonia which caused no flammable accidents. Consideration is on going to clarify the safety requirements to use 2L refrigerants 2. Refrigerators, Commercial refrigeration and MAC(wrong use) which employed R290 caused fire accidents in the fields. Beer cooler incident in Australia 10/19/95, CA: charging while engine was still hot 8/18/96, MS: low pressure hose from evaporator blew off 9/27/96, AR: torch used on truck AC unit after venting refrigerant Source: US-EPA in Bogota 2008 <Fire accident examples> Fire accident s in case of HC use for cooking & heaters : ave.68/yr, death: ave.1.3/yr (01-06) ,:Source METI Japan Refrigerators Explosion in UK and South Korea Propane explosion in a New Zealand supermarket. 2.3 Safety measures to use flammable refrigerants Source: EFCTC newsletter Source Telegraph.co.uk Propane (R290) R152a HFO 1234 R32 Ammonia (Toxic) CO2(R744 ) R410A R22 Class3 (High flammable and higher heat of combustion) Class2 (Low flammable limit with high burning velocity) Class 2L (Low flammable limit with low burning velocity) Class 1 (non-flammable)
11. 2.4 Costs (1) Factors of Cost Fluctuation The example of Room A/C Component which increases cost Consideration: CO2 requires significant cost for performance improvement. Consideration: Propane requires additional cost when taking safety measures in application and handling. Required in Japan Necessary Unnecessary Unnecessary Unnecessary Unnecessary Necessary Special joint Sealing etc. Unnecessary Unnecessary Necessary Special joint Sealing etc. Unnecessary Unnecessary Important (ex.230g) Special joint Sealing etc. Necessary Necessary Cost for safety Charge reduction Joint Electronic parts Leak detector Ventilation Modified facility Qualification Qualified person Qualified person Modification Two-stage comp. High-pressure etc. Cheap CO2(R744) Larger comp. Larger pipe etc. Near as R410 Same as R410 Modification required Same as R22 Cost for performance Compressor, EX, etc. Modified facility Modification Modification Modification Modification Expensive HFO1234yf Cheap Cheap Refrigerant price Modified facility Modification Modification Modification Modification Special facility Qualification Qualified person Qualified person Qualification Cost for handling Manufacture Supply chain Installation Service Disposal R32 Propane (R290)
12. 2.5 Summary 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 R22 R410A CO2 Propane HFO1234 R32 The warming impact of refrigerants Assumption: When R32 is used, the charge volume is reduced by 25%. R410-ratio. Note: ○ = Suitable △ = Poor × = Not Suitable O x △ △ x Application cost Economy O x x O O Infrastruc-ture cost High GWP Low efficiency Higher flammable Lower flammable Not commercialized Issues O x O O x Peak power Annual efficiency x O O △ O O x O 2090 HFC410A O x x 1 CO2 x O O 3 Propane △ O O 675 HFC32 △ △ △ 4 HFO1234 yf Safety Total emission (LCCP) Energy efficiency Refrigerant GWP Alternatives
13. 3. Conclusion 1. To evaluate not only GWP but also the total emissions. 2. Higher flammable refrigerants have bigger risks, esp due to handling under poor quality control, or by wrong use. 4. HFC32 is the most practical solution for the time being. When charge volume is small, we recommend to use class A2L refrigerants, by taking measures in accordance with IEC60335-2-40. 3. Use of efficient refrigerants brings economical benefits. When charge volume is large, we recommend to use class A1 refrigerants for the moment. HFO mixture could be a candidate; however, it needs further improvement to become practical. Higher peak power will cause problems for energy supply. CO2 application requires significant cost for performance improvement, and it can be used for limited applications. In case of R32, higher efficiency and less refrigerant charge will lead to lower emissions. Additional leakage prevention measures will contribute to emission reduction further.
The Montreal Protocol is forcing the industry to replace ozone depleting substances with ozone friendly alternatives. For example, CFC and HCFC refrigerants need to be replaced with non ozone depleting refrigerants, such as HFCs. (pointer to Developing Countries **) For the developing countries a more strict step down plan has been established on 19th September this year. This was necessary because of the increasing sales of R22 air conditioners in fast growing markets such as China. (pointer to EU *) The European Union is much stricter than the Montreal Protocol and has stopped sales of R22 air conditioners already at the end of 2003.