This document discusses the use of hydrocarbon refrigerants as an alternative to ozone depleting substances in Jamaica. It provides an overview of hydrocarbon refrigerant properties and safety considerations for use. Test results from refrigerant changeouts in Jamaica show average energy savings of 20% from switching to R-22a. Widespread adoption of natural refrigerants in Jamaica could yield significant economic benefits and annual cost savings for businesses through reduced cooling costs. Hydrocarbon refrigerants are presented as a viable long-term replacement for CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs.
Please join GEO Inc. for a technical presentation on C3™ Technology (Cooling, Compression, Condensation) that will provide regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the appropriate and diverse uses of this advanced vapor extraction and treatment system. Additionally, this slideshow will help identify when C3 Technology should be used, and how to apply the technology most effectively to achieve optimal efficiency and output rates.
UlSD Hydrotreater Challenges Overcome to Improve on Stream Factor - MEPEC 2013Alpesh Gurjar
The presentation outlines the experience in overcoming the challenges that faced and the lessons learned, to achieve safe, reliable and profitable Diesel Hydrotreater (2HDU) operation, while meeting all throughput and yield targets and product specifications. The 2HDU success over the 6½ years clearly demonstrated the importance and value of in-house process engineering expertise and experience, while working as a part of cross-functional team.
In response to an increasing push for clean diesel emissions, medium and heavy duty diesel-powered trucks have adopted complex exhaust or emission aftertreatment systems.
These systems treat post-combustion gases after they leave the engine, reducing environmental impact without sacrificing power or performance.
Optimization of H2 Production in a Hydrogen Generation UnitMárcio Garcia
This article presents the results of the use of advanced process control algorithm
to optimize the H2 production of Henrique Lage Renery (REVAP) located in the state of
S~ao Paulo, Brazil. The control methodology is applied to the second Hydrogen Generation
Unit (HGU) of the Renery and consists of optimizing its production in order to guarantee
the hydrogen supply for the renery's header without production loss. The designed controller
had the support of dynamic simulation for disturbances modelling and identication which
contributed for the improvement of the control strategy. The results in this paper represents
the application of the control methodology in the real plant.
POWER TRANSFORMER INSULATION REVITALIZATIONDejan Pantić
Depth purifying and drying of solid insulation ON LOAD
Transformer oil reclamation / regeneration
On-site On-load On-line
No oil vacuuming, no oil heating
VULCAN VGP-1000 High Temperature Mn Sulfur Guard TechnologyGerard B. Hawkins
High Temperature Sulfur Removal in the Presence of Chlorides, for Magnaformers
Catalytic Reforming Overview
Commercial Catalytic Reforming Processes
Application for Catalytic Reforming
Sulfur Removal
Magnaforming Overview
Please join GEO Inc. for a technical presentation on C3™ Technology (Cooling, Compression, Condensation) that will provide regulators, consultants, and field applicators with an understanding of the appropriate and diverse uses of this advanced vapor extraction and treatment system. Additionally, this slideshow will help identify when C3 Technology should be used, and how to apply the technology most effectively to achieve optimal efficiency and output rates.
UlSD Hydrotreater Challenges Overcome to Improve on Stream Factor - MEPEC 2013Alpesh Gurjar
The presentation outlines the experience in overcoming the challenges that faced and the lessons learned, to achieve safe, reliable and profitable Diesel Hydrotreater (2HDU) operation, while meeting all throughput and yield targets and product specifications. The 2HDU success over the 6½ years clearly demonstrated the importance and value of in-house process engineering expertise and experience, while working as a part of cross-functional team.
In response to an increasing push for clean diesel emissions, medium and heavy duty diesel-powered trucks have adopted complex exhaust or emission aftertreatment systems.
These systems treat post-combustion gases after they leave the engine, reducing environmental impact without sacrificing power or performance.
Optimization of H2 Production in a Hydrogen Generation UnitMárcio Garcia
This article presents the results of the use of advanced process control algorithm
to optimize the H2 production of Henrique Lage Renery (REVAP) located in the state of
S~ao Paulo, Brazil. The control methodology is applied to the second Hydrogen Generation
Unit (HGU) of the Renery and consists of optimizing its production in order to guarantee
the hydrogen supply for the renery's header without production loss. The designed controller
had the support of dynamic simulation for disturbances modelling and identication which
contributed for the improvement of the control strategy. The results in this paper represents
the application of the control methodology in the real plant.
POWER TRANSFORMER INSULATION REVITALIZATIONDejan Pantić
Depth purifying and drying of solid insulation ON LOAD
Transformer oil reclamation / regeneration
On-site On-load On-line
No oil vacuuming, no oil heating
VULCAN VGP-1000 High Temperature Mn Sulfur Guard TechnologyGerard B. Hawkins
High Temperature Sulfur Removal in the Presence of Chlorides, for Magnaformers
Catalytic Reforming Overview
Commercial Catalytic Reforming Processes
Application for Catalytic Reforming
Sulfur Removal
Magnaforming Overview
Heavy Oil recovery traditionally starts with depletion drive and (natural) waterdrive with very low recoveries as a result. As EOR technique, steam injection has been matured since the 1950s using CSS (cyclic steam stimulation), steam drive or steam flooding, and SAGD (steam assisted gravity drainage). The high energy cost of heating up the oil bearing formation to steam temperature and the associated high CO2 footprint make steam based technology less attractive today and many companies in the industry have been actively trying to find alternatives or improvements. As a result there are now many more energy efficient recovery technologies that can unlock heavy oil resources compared with only a decade ago. This presentation will discuss breakthrough alternatives to steam based recovery as well as incremental improvement options to steam injection techniques. The key message is the importance to consider these techniques because steam injection is costly and has a high CO2 footprint
Johan van Dorp holds an MSc in Experimental Physics from Utrecht University and joined Shell in 1981. He has served on several international assignments, mainly in petroleum and reservoir engineering roles. He recently led the extra heavy-oil research team at the Shell Technology Centre in Calgary, focusing on improved in-situ heavy-oil recovery technologies. Van Dorp also was Shell Group Principal Technical Expert in Thermal EOR and has been involved with most thermal projects in Shell throughout the world, including in California, Oman, the Netherlands, and Canada. He retired from Shell after more than 35 years in Oct 2016. Van Dorp (co-)authored 13 SPE papers on diverse subjects.
The International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research and Technology is an international online journal in English published Quarterly offers a fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process All submitted research articles are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors consultation with the Editorial Board or others working in the field as appropriate to ensure they are likely to be the level of interest and importance appropriate for the journal.
Presentation on Alternative Refrigerants related to mechanical engineering for application in mechanical systems (air conditoning and refrigerators etc) and chemical engineering
Mr Sanjay Goyal, Director & Sr. VP, VRV, Light Commercial Business & Technical Support, Daikin India gave presentation on The Ecological Power of Green Refrigerant at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur.
CO2 As A Future Refrigerant - An Aranca ReportAranca
As CO2 based refrigeration technology grows in both viability and availability, it shows appreciable promise to reduce atmospheric pollution by Ammonia and other often potent greenhouse gases. Read this Aranca report to know how alternative energy sector is gearing for the challenge.
A case study on Process Condensate Stripper in Ammonia Plant by Prem Baboo.pdfPremBaboo4
A trouble shooting case study in Fertilizers unit, India.Solving the problem of Feed/Effluent Exchanger E-3321A/B in Process Condensate stripping section of Ammonia plant by Analytical approach. The problem solved by in house experts without changing the heat exchangers while others plant change the heat exchangers. Number of modification done and huge amount of energy saved. The paper intended how to save energy by changing heat exchanger and pressure of PC Stripper. The treated process condensate was earlier cooled by CW in final cooler from about 90ºC to 40ºC. This available heat of PC is being recovered by exchanging heat with DM water in a plate heat exchanger. The pressure of PC stripper has been raised to about 1.5 kg/cm²g to make the extra heat recovery possible. Now pressure is 41.5 kg/cm2. A new Plate heat exchanger was procured & installed for the heat recovery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf
conversion from HCFC to hydrocarbons
1. Hydrocarbon
Refrigerants the
Jamaican Experience
The Natural Energy Saving
Alternative
Horace Nelson, Member RTOC
Managing Director
Rexham Engineering Services Ltd
984-9780, 922-2520.
email: horacen@msn.com
3. Most of the Caribbean countries have low
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
consumption, but anyway we have a
commitment to Montreal Protocol to phase-out
the CFCs by 2010.
Many refrigerants are available to replace
CFCs. R-22 and other HCFCs are not long
term replacement for CFCs, because they will
phased out in the near future.
4. Hydrocarbons are naturally occurring substances that are
obtained from refineries after distillation. They have been
used as refrigerants for many decades, mostly in very large
industrial plant.
The hydrocarbon refrigerants can be used in:
New technologies and
Substitute in current technologies.
5. National Potential for Energy Saving,
Using Hydrocarbon Refrigerants
This year, Jamaica will spend at least
US$1.00 billion on imported oil.
JPSCo. uses about a quarter of this,
and about 60% of that goes into
cooling and refrigeration.
6. National Potential for Energy Saving,
Using Hydrocarbon Refrigerants
i.e., US 1 billion x 0,25 x 0.6
= US$150.00 million of foreign
exchange is used for cooling.
If we save only 20% of that amount,
we save US$30.00 million per year.
18. Solutions,
Accomplishments and
Success Stories
A solution was found for reducing the high levels of electrical
energy being consumed by the Air Conditioning Units on the
Mona Campus. This was accomplished by the implementation
of an energy conservation measure to change out CFC, HFC
and HCFC refrigerants with the more efficient HC Refrigerant;
DURACOOL R22A. This change provided an average
projected enhancement in efficiency of 15% to 20 % that
would also be reflected in savings to the Electrical Utility
Budget.
The advantage of using Hydrocarbon Refrigerant is that it is
environmentally friendly and little or no changes are required
to be made to the Air Conditioning Units being retrofitted.
32. Advantages of hydrocarbon technology
1. No ozone depletion. No ozone depleting is a very
important requisite of all other CFCs substitutes.
2. No global warming. The global warming effect is
negligible
3. No second conversation. Any second conversion, like in
the case of the refrigerants with halogens (e.g.HFC-
134a) that will require it in the long run.
4. Energy saving. There is an energy-saving effect with an
optimized refrigeration system of up 10% over CFC and
HCF-134a. This means a further lifelong contribution to
not to accelerate global warming.
5. Quiet refrigerators. When a refrigerator use
hydrocarbon, it became in a quitter ”whispering
refrigerator.
33. Advantages
6. More availability. The HCs will probably (contrary to,
e.g. HCF-134a be available in most Article 5 country and
other self-relying countries if there is a definite market
for them.
7. Technically simple to adopt. They are compatible with
the materials used in CFC systems- with the copper and
the mineral oils-facilitating their application and
diminishing the conversation cost. When it used HFC-
134a the hygroscopic oils could caused problems. This
sensitivity towards humidity is greatly increased in the
tropical or subtropical climates.
8. 5. No patents, no license, no dependence. This
technology offers independence at national level, and
applies, to the company level as wall.
34. HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES AS
REFRIGERANT
They have zero ozone –depleting potential (ODP) and a
negligible global warming potential (GWP).
Their efficiency is slightly better than other leading alternative
to CFC-12.
They have low viscosity and high thermal conductivity that
allow a good performance of the system.
They are miscible with oils.
Their latent heat of vaporization is very much higher in
comparison to CFC-12.
They possess high chemical stability.
They are compatible with the materials used with traditional
refrigerant: metal components and oils.
Their density is approximately one-third of CFC-12, thereby it
requires low charge.
They are not toxic.
They are flammable substances.
35. Propane –isobutane mixtures (R-290/R-600a)
They can be used with compressors designed for CFC-12,
with only minor changes needed to electrical components
to maintain safety. The mixture possesses very high latent
of vaporization and low value of density (one –third of
CFC-12), which makes the mixture attractive. The charge
levels are approximately 40% that CFC-12.
They give capacity similar to CFC-12. They operate with
pressures similar to R-12, but at condensing conditions,
the pressure of the mixtures will be lower. The HC blends,
therefore, operate with a lower compression ratio, thus
improving the operation of compressor.
The discharge temperature of HC mixture is similar to
CFC-12 and R-134a at the same evaporating and
condensing temperatures.
36. The propane/isobutane mixture is a zeotropic blend. All zeotropic
blends have temperature glide, that in practice, it will the
difference in the bubble and dew temperatures at same pressure.
The temperature glide for propane/isboutane blend is around
8ºC. When a zeotrope boils, the composition of the vapour may
not be the same as the liquid. The zeotropic must be taken from a
cylinder as liquid to keep the right composition.
37. At the start of the evaporator, the temperature of the
refrigerant will be higher than the bubble point
because some refrigerant will have flashed off
already during expansion. As the blends flows
through the evaporator, its boiling point raises as the
composition of the liquid phase changes. The
evaporating temperature increase as the refrigerant
flows through evaporator and more of the blends
evaporates. The same occurs in the condenser. In
this case, the condensing temperature decrease
through condenser
38. General safety considerations
Hydrocarbons like propane and isobutane are flammable. The
safety principle for the use of HCs is a basic idea: the
coincidence of air and flammable mixture and ignition source
has to be avoided. To generate a flammable mixture in a room
with around 16 m (2.5x2.5x2.5) is necessary 670 grams of
isobutane or propane assuming even dispersion.
You should eliminate ignition sources by using only sealed or
non-sparking electrical components. (the experience shows that
problems with conventional refrigeration components are
unlikely) and by eliminating naked flames.
Besides, it takes into account that refrigerators are often
repaired in developing countries, either in domestic workshops
or in appliance centres. To avoid the risk of explosions during
repair or resulting from faulty repair, the following measures are
proposed:
– Reducing the possibilities for faults;
– Leak testing as part of routine maintenance; and
– Training programmes for technicians.
39. For eliminating ignition sources:
Replace electrical component with sealed type;
Replace electrical component with solid state;
Enclose electrical component (s) in a sealed box;
Re-locate electrical component (s) away from the
refrigeration circuit;
Ensure all wiring connections can not work loose.
40. Storage and transport of hydrocarbon
refrigerant
Hydrocarbon refrigerant should be transported and be
stored in the same way as flammable gasses. It is best to
store these gases outside as follows:
In a secure, locked compound protected from weather and
direct sun;
There should be no ignition sources and no smoking in
2m of the cylinders;
The cylinder valves should be closed and capped; in case
the hydrocarbon refrigerant has to be stored inside these
additional guidelines should be followed:
The cylinders must be store at ground level;
A flammable gas alarm should be fitted next to the
cylinder.
41. Simple workplace precautions
You must take these simple precautions when
working with HC refrigerants:
Work in a well ventilated area, or outside;
No smoking
No flames in 2 m of the charging/venting area’
Do not use switches in 2 m of the charging
/venting area;
Have a fire extinguisher (dry powder type);
Wear gloves, goggles and clothing which cover
you.
42. If hydrocarbon refrigerant must be decanted:
This should be done outside or in a well-ventilated area;
The cylinder that is being filling must be weighed. Note
that the weight of the same volume of HC refrigerant is
40% of the weight of other refrigerants-the same volume
of refrigerant will weigh 60% less (e.g. a cylinder which
can safely contain 14 kg of CFC-12, will only be able to
contain 5.6 kg of HC)
The transfer hose should be as short as possible to
minimise loss and risk;
The transfer hose should be evacuated or carefully purged
before transferring refrigerant;
When decanting a blend, it must be removed from the
supply cylinder as liquid;
Aerosol can type (sometimes used for servicing) should
never be refilled
43. Charging the appliances with hydrocarbon
refrigerant
Refrigerant should be only charge in a clean, dry and leak
free system.
When charging hydrocarbon refrigerant:
The charging area must be well ventilated;
The charging equipment must be safe for use with
hydrocarbon refrigerants;
As little refrigerant as possible must be vented to the air;
There should be a dry powder type fire extinguisher in the
charging area;
The hydrocarbon blend must be removed from cylinder as
liquid
44. Charging by weight
The amount of hydrocarbon
refrigerant should be marked on
appliances.
The weights of hydrocarbons
refrigerant are approximately 40% that
of CFC-12 and 45% that of HFC-134a
For example, if any appliance used to be
charged with 150 grams of CFC-12, it will
need only 60 grams of hydrocarbon blend.
45. Charging by Volume
The same volume of hydrocarbon
refrigerant as R-12 must be used, but it
will weigh less.
If any appliance used to be charged
with 150 grams of R-12, the charging
still must be filled HC refrigerant to
the level that indicated 150 grams of R-
12. It will weigh 60 g, but will have the
same volume as 150 grams of R-12
46. Conversion Procedure
The normal drop-in conversion procedure is simple and it
should not add much time to normal service/repair.
Follow these steps:
Recover the R-12 (R134a);
1. Make the necessary repairs to the system;
2. Pressure and leak test the system;
3. Replace, reposition or enclose electrical components as
necessary to make the system safe;
4. Evacuate the system;
5. Charge with HC blend refrigerant;
6. Seal the process tube.
47. CONCLUSIONS
Demand for natural refrigerants will
increase worldwide.
Customer satisfaction is easily
achieved with Duracool Products.
Test Results shows an average 20%
savings in air conditioning cost.
48. CONCLUSIONS
Natural Refrigerants will create significant
cost reduction to hotels, hospitals, industrial
and commercial facilities.
Natural Refrigerants will create significant
cost reduction for homes and mobile
refrigeration and air conditioning.
The use of natural refrigerants will create
significant economic benefits to the
Jamaican economy.
49. CONCLUSIONS
Annual cost savings of approximately
$1.00M per 100-ton of cooling can be
realized with a change from R-22 to R22a.
Duracool HC refrigerants can replace CFC,
HCFC, and HFC refrigerants.
Refrigerant change-out to HC projects,
would realize a payback period within 6 – 8
months.
Equipment maintenance cost would be
reduced with a change to HC
refrigerants, due to reduced discharge
pressures.