Rbcs function
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RBCs are biconcave disks that are 62.5% water, 35% hemoglobin, and 2.5% other substances. Their membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and integral proteins like band-3 and glycophorins. The membrane skeleton, made of spectrin and ankyrin, maintains the biconcave shape and anchors the lipid bilayer. RBCs primarily use glucose through the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to generate ATP for metabolism. Erythropoiesis occurs in three stages - the mesoblastic, hepatic, and medullary stages - and is regulated by factors like erythropoietin and nutrients.
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2. Heme synthesis takes place in the liver and bone marrow and is regulated by negative feedback inhibition by heme.
3. Issues with heme metabolism can cause porphyrias or jaundice in newborns from immature bilirubin conjugation enzymes.
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1.blood and its contituents.pptx
DETAILED PPT ON BLOOD AND ITS CONSTITUENTS, COAGULATION PROCESS
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Lecture 5 - 6th week.pptx
The document discusses the process of erythropoiesis, or red blood cell formation, including the regulation of erythropoiesis through erythropoietin (EPO) production and feedback loops to control hemoglobin levels. It describes the multi-step differentiation process from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow to mature red blood cells, and the roles of the liver and kidney in producing EPO at different developmental stages. The document also outlines the metabolic pathways in red blood cells, their lifespan of around 120 days before removal by the spleen, and the breakdown of hemoglobin into bilirubin to be processed and excreted by the liver and intest
physiology of blood
1. The concept of the internal environment.
2. Homeostasis. The concept of the norm, hard and plastic constants.Homeokinez.
3. General characteristics of blood. Hematokrit and its clinical evaluation.
4. Functions of blood.
5. The chemical composition of the plasma.
6. Plasma electrolytes and their significance.
Anatomy
This document discusses the formed elements of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. It describes their structures, functions, and production through hematopoiesis. Key cell types like neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils are examined in more detail. The roles of hemoglobin, plasma, blood groups, coagulation, and fibrinolysis are also summarized. Common blood disorders are briefly mentioned.
Lab diagnosis of anaemia/ oral surgery courses
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Blood and its components
This presentation helps you to know the basics of blood and its components. Including Plasma, RBC, WBC and its types, and platelets.
Blood
Introduction
RBC
WBC
1. Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophil’s
Basophils
2. Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocyte
PLATELETS
Blood is a bright red, viscous, slightly alkaline fluid that accounts for approximately 7 % of total body weightThe average human has 5 litres of blood (Average Blood Volume is 4 to 6 liters).
It is a transporting fluid.
Red colour is due to the presence of oxyhaemoglobin.
Ph - 7.4 slightly alkaline.
Specific gravity - 1.060
Viscosity is 5 times greater then the water i.e thicker than water.
Blood is the only fluid tissue.
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells, the formed elements, are suspended in fluid componenet called plasma.
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Chemical transmission in the nervous system neurotransmitter.pptx
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respiratory adjustments during exercise.pptx
Respiratory adjustments allow the body to meet increased oxygen demands during exercise. Pulmonary ventilation increases up to 20-25 times at maximum exercise to supply more oxygen. The pulmonary diffusion capacity for oxygen also increases over 3 times through greater blood flow and more open capillaries in the lungs. Oxygen consumption increases up to 15-20 times during heavy exercise through higher cardiac output, ventilation, capillary density and hemoglobin levels. While pulmonary factors do not limit oxygen transport, the heart's ability to increase cardiac output is often the main limiting factor for maximum oxygen consumption. Physical training can decrease the oxygen deficit through improvements in the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems.
cardiovascular adjustments during exercise.pptx
Cardiovascular adaptation to exercise involves changes in several key parameters:
1. Heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output all increase significantly during exercise to meet the body's increased demand for oxygen and nutrients in active tissues.
2. Blood pressure increases as well, with systolic blood pressure rising linearly with exercise intensity. Diastolic pressure may not change or slightly increase during severe exercise.
3. Blood flow also increases dramatically, particularly to working muscles, skin, and the heart itself. This is facilitated by vasodilation and increased capillary density in these areas.
Autonomic nervous system sympathetic and parasympathetic system
The autonomic nervous system regulates functions of smooth muscle, heart, glands and other organs without conscious control. It maintains optimal internal body conditions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division regulates fight or flight responses using norepinephrine and exits from the spinal cord thoracolumbar region. The parasympathetic division regulates rest and digest functions using acetylcholine and exits from the cranial and sacral regions of the spinal cord. Autonomic transmission occurs via two neurons with neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
spinal cord and its lesion. Central nervous system
The spinal cord extends from the brainstem down the vertebral column. It conveys sensory information like touch via dorsal roots and motor commands via ventral roots. Within the spinal cord, sensory information crosses to the opposite side and travels up the dorsal columns. Motor neurons in the anterior horn cells innervate muscles and organs. A complete spinal cord transection results in paralysis and loss of sensation below the injury. There are initial stages of spinal shock and later reflex recovery. An incomplete lesion preserves some function. Hemisection causes loss of sensation and motor function on one side with sparing on the other. Various conditions like syringomyelia can also cause spinal cord lesions.
Cardiac Cycle.pptx
The document summarizes the cardiac cycle, including:
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Neuromuscular dysfunction.pptx
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high altitude and deep sea diving.pptx
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eye.pptx
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.pptx
The endocrine system regulates whole body function through hormones. Hormones are released by endocrine glands and circulate through the bloodstream to target sites. Key endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries/testes. The pituitary gland regulates other glands through releasing hormones like TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, and GH. Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 regulate metabolism, and calcitonin regulates calcium levels. The parathyroid secretes PTH which increases calcium absorption and resorption from bones.
rbcs function.pptx
RBCs are biconcave disks that are 62.5% water, 35% hemoglobin, and 2.5% other substances. Their membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer and integral proteins like band-3 and glycophorins. The membrane skeleton, made of spectrin and ankyrin, maintains the biconcave shape and anchors the lipid bilayer. RBCs primarily use glucose through the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway to generate ATP for metabolism. Erythropoiesis occurs in three stages - the mesoblastic, hepatic, and medullary stages - and is influenced by hormones, nutrients, and other environmental factors.
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Rbcs function
- 1. Structure and Function of RBC. (ERYTHROPOIESIS) MS. SHAMA PRAVEEN TUTOR PHYSIOLOGY
- 2. STRUCTURE OF RBCs 62.5% water, 35% hemoglobin & 2.5% other substances (glucose, lipids). Circular, biconcave in shape.(explained) Red cell membrane is made up of integral protein, lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton. Lipid bilayer:- Provide impermeable barrier. Maintain a slippery exterior, so that red cells do not stick to the vascular endothelium. Integral protein:- important membrane proteins are band-3 protein, glycophorins, Rh D protein and various ion channels.
- 3. Integral proteins Antigenic determination and cellular metabolism. Band-3 is the major anion exchanger (chloride-bicarbonate exchange) and also regulates metabolic pathways. Glycophorins modulate interaction between red cells and interaction of red cells to endothelium. Glycophorins-C provides stability and shape to red cell membrane and its deficiency leads to elliptocytosis.
- 4. Membrane skeleton Present on internal side of red cell membrane. Ankyrin and Spectrin are important membrane skeleton proteins. Spectrin is composed of 2 subunits: α and β. these subunits align in antiparallel fashion to form flexible rod like structure. Spectrin molecules maintain cellular shape, provide structural support to membrane lipid bilayer and regulate lateral mobility of integral membrane proteins. Ankyrin provides primary linkage between membrane skeleton and lipid bilayer.
- 6. Metabolism of red cells Glucose is the primary fuel for red cells. ATP is formed by Embden-Mayerhoff pathway. The HMP shunt provides NADPH. 90% of glucose is oxidized by EM pathway and 10% by HMP shunt. 2 ATP molecules are generated by glycolysis through EM pathway. HMP shunt generates NADPH, keeps glutathione in reduced state, which is a strong reducing agent and prevents damage to the red cell
- 7. Functions of RBCs Transportation of gases. Blood group classification. Maintenance of acid base balance. Contribute to 50% of viscosity of blood.
- 8. ERYTHROPOIESIS Process of formation of red cells. Three stages of erythropoiesis:- mesoblastic, hepatic and medullary. Mesoblastic Stage: during intrauterine life, erythropoiesis first takes place in mesoderm of yolk sac. Hepatic stage: from the 5th week of gestation, erythropoiesis takes place in the liver and spleen. Medullary stage: from the 5th month of intrauterine life, the bone marrow starts forming red cells. After birth, bone marrow becomes the sole site of erythropoiesis.
- 10. Factors affecting Erythropoiesis hormonal factors:- Erythropoietin, androgens, estrogen, thyroxine, interleukins . Dietary factors:- vitamin12, folic acid, iron, proteins, copper, cobalt, vitamin C. Other factors:- intrinsic factors, environmental factors, drugs and chemicals.
- 11. Thank you