Registered RAM modules are commonly used in servers and equipment. They contain integrated circuits that regenerate address and control signals using an onboard PLL. Data signals pass directly from the memory bus to the RAM ICs. RAM is used as working memory by the operating system, programs, and software. Within the system hierarchy, RAM sits below processor registers and caches as relatively fast, medium-capacity memory. Current RAM technologies use synchronous signals synchronized to the memory bus clock, unlike older asynchronous designs. RAM modules are printed circuit boards containing silicon memory chips attached via copper or pins.