This document contains 22 radiology case spots describing various pathologies. For each spot, the document provides a brief description of the imaging findings and diagnosis. The cases cover a wide range of topics including musculoskeletal, chest, neurologic, breast and vascular pathologies. Differential diagnoses are also provided for some cases to aid in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
Radiology Spotters collection by Dr Pradeep. Nice collection Radiology spotters mixed collection ppt made by or collected by Dr. Pradeep, this is a collection of confusing spotter and very important spotter commonly asked in exams, our references is radiopaedia, learning radiology and Aunt Minnie.. Thanks
Radiology Spotters collection by Dr Pradeep. Nice collection Radiology spotters mixed collection ppt made by or collected by Dr. Pradeep, this is a collection of confusing spotter and very important spotter commonly asked in exams, our references is radiopaedia, learning radiology and Aunt Minnie.. Thanks
Radiology Spotters mixed Bag Collection for post graduates student .PPTDr pradeep Kumar
Radiology Spotters collection by Dr Pradeep. nice collection of radiology spotter made by or collected by Dr. Pradeep, this is a collection of confusing spotter and very important spotter commonly asked in exams, our references is radiopaedia, learning radiology and Aunt Minnie.. Thanks.
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
Radiology Spotters mixed Bag Collection for post graduates student .PPTDr pradeep Kumar
Radiology Spotters collection by Dr Pradeep. nice collection of radiology spotter made by or collected by Dr. Pradeep, this is a collection of confusing spotter and very important spotter commonly asked in exams, our references is radiopaedia, learning radiology and Aunt Minnie.. Thanks.
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
glucagon secretion via the stimulation of pancreatic GLP‐1 receptors in beta and alpha cells and by increasing insulin sensitivity [5]. GLP-1 and its analogues can also amplify insulin signaling in brain cells, leading to increased insulin sensitivity in neurons [7, 8]. Within the cardiovascular system, GLP-1 receptors are expressed on endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) [9]. GLP-1 receptors are also widely expressed in the central nervous system, including the brainstem, cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala [7, 10, 11]. There, the cellular expression of GLP-1 receptors is predominantly confined to neurons and dendrites [11]. GLP-1RAs are overall well-tolerated, with their most common adverse effects being nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea [7]. It has been recently shown that there are cholecystokinin-expressing neurons in the caudal brainstem, which are activated postprandially and are responsive to GLP-1RAs, explaining in part the body weight-lowering effects of GLP-1RAs but also their ability to induce nausea [12]. Based on similarities in their amino acid sequence, GLP-1RAs are peptide derivatives of either exendin-4 (exenatide, lixisenatide, and efpeglenatide) or human GLP-1 (albiglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, and semaglutide). Moreover, based on their pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile, GLP-1RAs can be classified into short-acting (exenatide and lixisenatide) and long-acting (albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide extended-release, liraglutide, semaglutide, and efpeglenatide) [5, 6]. T he main pharmacokinetic difference between shortacting (half-life of 2–5 h) and long-acting (half-life > 12 h) GLP-1RAs is that short-acting GLP-1RAs are subject to wide fluctuations in the plasma concentration of the active compound, while long-acting GLP-1RAs exert a more constant effect on the GLP-1 receptor [13]. Furthermore, short-acting GLP-1RAs predominantly affect postprandial glucose levels, mainly by reducing
glucagon secretion via the stimulation of pancreatic GLP‐1 receptors in beta and alpha cells and by increasing insulin sensitivity [5]. GLP-1 and its analogues can also amplify insulin signaling in brain cells, leading to increased insulin sensitivity in neurons [7, 8]. Within the cardiovascular system, GLP-1 receptors are expressed on endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) [9]. GLP-1 receptors are also widely expressed in the central nervous system, including the brainstem, cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala [7, 10, 11]. There, the cellular expression of GLP-1 receptors is predominantly confined to neurons and dendrites [11]. GLP-1RAs are overall well-tolerated, with their most common adverse effects being nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea [7]. It has been recently shown that there are cholecystokinin-expressing neurons in the caudal brainstem, which are activated postprandially and are responsive to GLP
Vascular malformations are difficult to treat and patients are affected psychologically and physically. The aim of the presentation is to discuss various treatment modalities available for management of venous malformations of Hand.
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3. Opera glass hands
Psoriatric arthritis
Proximal as well as distal arthropathy with
ankylosis and subluxation.Telescoping of the
fingers is shown.
Both psoriatric and rheumatoid arthritis can
produce arthritis mutilans, with characteristic
deformities of telescoping.
Rheumatoid arthritis
there is a MCP joint predominance in rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) vs interphalangeal predominant
distribution in PsA
bone proliferation not a feature in RA
osteoporosis not a feature in PsA
4.
5. SPOT 2:61 year female, Painful, swollen fingers of several months
duration. Both hands are involved, and the pain became worse with
activity and was relieved by NSAIDs.
6. Gull-wing appearance:
Erosive osteoarthritis
There is central erosions with marginal
proliferation at both of the DIP and PIP joints.
Diffuse loss of cartilage space is noted at inter-
phalangeal and first carpometacarpal joints.
Erosive osteoarthritis has a predilection for the
hands.
subchondral erosions (at least two central
erosions affecting separate IP joints); typical
central location of the erosions produces the
classic "gull wing" appearance
7.
8. SPOT 3:66 year female with Joint pain under
investigation.
9. Systemic sclerosis
Extensive soft tissue calcification in a predominantly
periarticular distribution.
Acro-osteolysis of the soft tissues of the terminal
tufts.
Extensive demineralisation of bones.
There are no erosions.
Periarticular calcification of the hands and feet is
characteristic of systemic sclerosis involving the
musculoskeletal system.
Other conditions where multiple sites of soft tissue
periarticular calcification is seen include:
1. Gout
2. End stage renal failure with changes
of hyperparathyroidism
11. Lhermitte-Duclos disease
Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma
Rare tumour of the cerebellum
The mass is striated and hyperintense onT2
and grey matter isointense onT1, with no
restricted diffusion and no contrast
enhancement.
Differential diagnosis
In the setting of sepsis or acute deterioration,
1. cerebellitis
2. subacute cerebellar infarction
12. Treatment :
The dysplastic mass grows very slowly, and initial
treatment revolves around treating
hydrocephalus.
Surgical resection is often curative.
Importantly it is crucial to remember association
with Cowden syndrome, hence, increase in risk of
other neoplasms such breast, endometrial and
thyroid cancers. So, recommendation for further
imaging or clinical assessment of possible
tumours in these locations should be included in
the radiologist's report.
13. SPOT 5: 3 year female, Delayed
developmental milestones.
14. Van der Knaap disease
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with
subcortical cysts
Rare inherited AR disease characterised by diffuse
subcortical leukoencephalopathy associated with
white matter cystic degeneration.
Subcortical white matter involved early in course of
disease with involvement of the subcortical U-fibers.
Subcortical cysts especially temporal poles and
frontoparietal lobes.
The main differential diagnosis is metachromatic
leukodystrophy (MLD).
If U-fibers or cysts involved, MLC is considered.
15. The lesions are seen sparing the basal ganglia
as well as both thalami.
No pathological enhancement.
Mild to moderate dilatation of the ventricular
system as well as prominent cortical sulci and
basal cisterns.
No significant infra-tentorial abnormality.
16. SPOT 6:40 year old male patient complaining of confusion
after being in the parking area for hours.
18. Radiographic features
Tends to bilaterally affect the brain.The globus
pallidus is the most commonly affected area .
CT brain
Classically seen as low attenuation in the globus
pallidus region. Other features include diffuse hypo-
attenuation in cerebral white matter .
MRI brain
T1: affected areas are usually low signal,
haemorrhagic areas can be high signal
T2/FLAIR: affected areas are high signal
T1 C+ (Gd): can show patchy peripheral
enhancement in affected areas in the acute phase
DWI: affected areas show restricted diffusion in the
acute phase
19. DIFFERENTIALS:
1. Mitochondrial encephalopathies: tends to
affect other basal ganglial regions
1. Leigh disease
2. Kearns-Sayre syndrome
2. Other toxic encephalopathies
1. cyanide neurotoxicity
2. methanol neurotoxicity: tends to affect the
putamen
3. Metabolic disorders
1. Wilson disease
20. 7. Afebrile female infant
presents with bilateral cheek
swelling and discoloration
21.
22. Parotidhemangioma
Contrast enhanced axial CT images
demonstrate bilateral, lobulated,
enhancing masses in the expected region of
the parotid glands.
No cystic areas are seen within the masses.
No normal parotid tissue is seen.
Prominent enhancing vessels can be seen
adjacent to these masses
25. CT
proptosis
enlarged superior ophthalmic veins
extraocular muscles may be enlarged
orbital oedema
may show SAH/ICH from a ruptured cortical vein
Angiography (DSA)
rapid shunting from ICA to CS
enlarged draining veins
retrograde flow from CS, most commonly into the ophthalmic
veins
Ultrasound
arterialised ophthalmic veins may be seen on Doppler study
26. Caroticocavernous fistulas
Classification
It can be broadly classified into two main types:
1. Direct: direct communication between intracavernous ICA
and cavernous sinus
2. Indirect: communication exists via branches of the carotid
circulation (ICA or ECA)
Another method is to classify according to four main types:
Type A: direct connection between the intracavernous ICA and
CS
Type B: dural shunt between intracavernous branches of the ICA
and CS
Type C: dural shunts between meningeal branches of the ECA
and CS
Type D: B + C
28. “Lyre sign”- Carotid body
tumour
Refers to the splaying of
the internal and external carotid by a carotid
body tumour.
Classically described on angiography
Chemodectoma or carotid body
paraganglioma, is a highly vascular glomus
tumour that arises from the paraganglion
cells of the carotid body.
It is located at the carotid bifurcation with
characteristic splaying of the ICA and ECA.
29.
30.
31. Differential diagnosis
vagal schwannoma: tends to displace both
vessels together rather than splaying them
vagal neurofibroma: tends to displace both
vessels together rather than splaying them
lymph node mass: may look similar if
hypervascular
glomus vagale tumour: same pathology but
located more rostrally
carotid bulb ectasia
32. SPOT 10 : C/o halitosis, regurgitation while swallowing.
33. Zenker's diverticulum
Zenker's diverticulum (posterior hypopharyngeal
diverticulum)
is an acquired mucosal herniation
through an area of anatomic weakness in the region of
the cricopharyngeus muscle (Killian's dehiscence).
35. SCHIMITAR SYNDROME
Congenital pulmonary venolobar syndrome.
Characterised by a hypoplastic lung that is drained
by an anomalous vein into the systemic venous
system.
The anomalous vein drains most commonly into
IVC.
The anomalous draining vein seen as a tubular
structure paralleling the right heart border in the
shape of aTurkish sword (“scimitar”).
Occurs exclusively on right side.
37. Peri Ventricular
Leukomalacia (PVL)
It is a white matter disease that affects the
periventricular zones.
In prematures -is a watershed zone between
deep and superficial vessels.
PVL occurs most commonly in premature infants
born at less than 33 weeks gestation (38% PVL)
and less than 1500 g birth weight (45% PVL).
Detection of PVL is important because a
significant percentage of surviving premature
infants with PVL develop cerebral palsy,
intellectual impairment or visual disturbances.
38.
39. PVL grade 3
PVL is diagnosed as grade 3 if there are areas
of increased periventricular echogenicity,
that develop into extensive periventricular
cysts in the occipital and fronto-parietal
region.
41. Germinal matrix hemorrhage:
periventricular hemorrhage or preterm
caudothalamic hemorrhage.
highly vascular & stress sensitive germinal
matrix,.
The germinal matrix is only transiently present as
a region of thin-walled vessels.
It has matured by 34 weeks gestation, such that
hemorrhage becomes very unlikely after this age.
Most GMHs occur in the first week of life
42.
43. Grade 4 Intracranial
hemorrhage
grade 4 hemorrhages to be venous
hemorrhagic infarctions, which are the result
of compression of the outflow of the veins by
the subependymal hemorrhage.
There is a large subependymal bleeding but
also a large area with increased echogenicity
in the brain parenchyma lateral to the
ventricle.
This is probably the result of a venous infarct.
45. SINUS PERICRANII
Cranial venous anomaly in which there is an abnormal
communication between intracranial dural sinuses and
extracranial venous structures, usually via an emissary
transosseous vein.
Low flow vascular malformation.
Most frequently involves the superior sagittal sinus.
Cranial vault defect can be seen.
Association with blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome.
48. Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
Widespread intra-alveolar deposition of spherical calcium
phosphate microliths (calcospherites).
Often discovered incidentally on a chest radiograph.
The radiographic features are frequently out of proportion to
clinical symptoms .
Due to a mutation that causes inactivation of a sodium-
dependent phosphate cotransporter, which itself is found mainly
in alveolar type ii cells.
This cotransporter normally clears phosphate from degraded
surfactant, and when inactivated there is accumulation of
phosphate in the alveolus, and calcium phosphate microliths are
then thought to form .
Usually, there is no abnormal calciummetabolism.
Associations
Testicular microlithiasis
49. FINDINGS:
Sandstorm" of diffuse pulmonary
microcalcification in a peripheral distribution
"Lucent mediastinum" sign
"Black pleura" sign
51. Multiple Angiomyolipomas
Multiple Angiomyolipomas in a patient with
tuberous sclerosis.
Sporadic AML is typically small, unilateral and
asymptomatic, usually seen as an incidental
finding.
53. Degenerative cyst
Patient with arthrosis of the knee and a large
well-defined osteolytic lesion in the epiphysis
of the tibia.
In young patients the differential diagnosis:
1. Chondroblastoma
2. intraosseous ganglion
3. giant cell tumor.
In this elderly patient with arthrosis this
lesion is a degenerative cyst.
55. Intraosseus ganglion
A well-defined lucent lesion in the epiphysis of
the proximal tibia in young patient.
On the sagittalT2WI with FS, the lesion has
high SI, but there is no extensive edema, which
makes the diagnosis chondroblastoma less
likely.
In an older patient with arthrosis the most
likely diagnosis would be a degenerative cyst.
57. NORMAL MAMMOGRAM (MALE)
There is more fatty tissue and there are a
number of blood vessels.
There is a small amount of fibrous connective
tissue, but basically most of this breast is just
fat.
59. Leiomyoma
Looks like a fibroadenoma, but men do not
get fibroadenomas.
It is a solid encapsulated mass and at biopsy it
happened to be a leiomyoma.
If there are more than 2 mitoses per high
power field the pathologist calls it a
leiomyosarcoma.
61. Extracapsular silicone
implant rupture.
The capsule is the layer of fibrous tissue
generated by the breast in response to the
implant, which acts as a foreign body.
The outer layer of the implant which contains
its contents is referred to as the "envelope."
When the silicone extends beyond the
capsule as in this case, this is extracapsular
rupture.
63. Linguine sign:
Intracapsular implant rupture.
After implantation of a silicone or
saline breast implant, a fibrous capsule (scar)
forms around the implant shell.
In an intracapsular rupture, the contents of
the implant are contained by the fibrous scar,
while the shell appears as a group of wavy
lines.
Editor's Notes
Axial maximum-intensity projection slab from a CT cerebral angiogram shows dilatation of both superior ophthalmic veins and engorgement of the cavernous sinuses.