Ionizing Radiation -How is Gray different from Sievert -Deterministic & Stochastic Radiation Risks -Air Kerma-Time, Distance and Shielding Principles -Dosimetry
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Ionizing Radiation -How is Gray different from Sievert -Deterministic & Stochastic Radiation Risks -Air Kerma-Time, Distance and Shielding Principles -Dosimetry
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
Radiation Introduction, Hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Pro...Sabir Rasheed
Introduction of radiation, hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Protection.
Biology Effects.
Nuclear effects.
Different Radiation Measuring instruments.
1.Types of personnel monitoring devices
2.Instruments for measuring external Exposure.
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
Radiation Introduction, Hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Pro...Sabir Rasheed
Introduction of radiation, hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Protection.
Biology Effects.
Nuclear effects.
Different Radiation Measuring instruments.
1.Types of personnel monitoring devices
2.Instruments for measuring external Exposure.
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
History of Radiation
Natural and Man-Made Background Sources of Radiation
Fundamentals
Exposure Limits & Regulations
Detection of Radiation
Safe Practices with Radiation
Biological Effects of Radiation
Where to Find Further Information
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docxNX Healthcare
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Veterinary Diagnostics Market PPT 2024: Size, Growth, Demand and Forecast til...IMARC Group
The global veterinary diagnostics market size reached US$ 6.6 Billion in 2023. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market to reach US$ 12.6 Billion by 2032, exhibiting a growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3% during 2024-2032.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
COVID-19 PCR tests remain a critical component of safe and responsible travel in 2024. They ensure compliance with international travel regulations, help detect and control the spread of new variants, protect vulnerable populations, and provide peace of mind. As we continue to navigate the complexities of global travel during the pandemic, PCR testing stands as a key measure to keep everyone safe and healthy. Whether you are planning a business trip, a family vacation, or an international adventure, incorporating PCR testing into your travel plans is a prudent and necessary step. Visit us at https://www.globaltravelclinics.com/
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
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PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
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- The role of FDG PET in NET.
2. Radiation Hazards & Safety
Muhammad Naveed Saeed
CardioVascular Technologist
Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory
KFSH&RC Heart Centre
April 06, 2017
3. What is Radiation
PHYSICS
the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or
as moving subatomic particles, especially high-
energy particles that cause ionization.
BIOLOGY
divergence out from a central point, in particular
evolution from an ancestral animal or plant group
into a variety of new forms.
5. non-occupational exposure
It is well-known that there is naturally occurring background
radiation exposure for everyone, everywhere. The average person
in the United States receives an approximate 3 mSv per year from
naturally occurring radioactive background activity from land and
atmospheric sources. For example, for those individuals with
atmospheric exposure at high elevation locations such as New
Mexico and Colorado, there is an increase of approximately 1.5
mSv more per year than at sea level. Individuals flying on
commercial airplanes on coast-to-coast round trip flights are known
to accumulate another 0.03 mSv, since the high altitude fails to filter
out other sources of background radiation. In addition, radon gas in
homes accounts for approximately 2 mSv per year as a background
exposure. In simple terms, the radiation exposure from one chest x-
ray is equivalent to the amount of radiation exposure from our
natural surroundings over a 10-day period.
6. Occupational exposure / Ionizing
Radiation
Ionizing radiation is radiation that carries enough energy to
free electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
Ionizing radiation is made up of energetic subatomic
particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds (usually greater
than 1% of the speed of light), and electromagnetic waves on
the high-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
7. External Exposure / Irradiation
External irradiation occurs
when all or part of the body
is exposed to penetrating
radiation from an external
source.
During exposure, some of
this radiation is absorbed by
the body and some passes
completely through.
Following external exposure,
an individual is not
radioactive.
s
Local
Partial
Body
Whole
Body
8. Internal Exposure
Internal exposure is from
radioactive materials that
have been taken into the
body.
Radioactive material can
enter the body through:
Injection
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Once radioactive materials
are in the body, they irradiate
body tissues as long as they
remain in the body
Thyroid
Lung
Liver
Bone
10. Cath Lab Exposure
In the cath lab and interventional suite, high-dose fluoroscopy
may sometimes be needed. Remember the dose is
approximately 10-fold for skin entrance exposures compared
to normal fluoroscopy (10-50 mGy/min vs. 100-200
mGy/min). Comparing radiation exposure for diagnostic
coronary angiography to coronary interventional procedures,
a diagnostic study may have a total exposure of 900-1900
mGy, whereas the coronary interventional procedure often
ranges from 2400-5500 mGy. With radiofrequency catheter
ablation procedures, the fluoro time may increase from
approximately 5 minutes for diagnostic study to 40 minutes
for a radiofrequency catheter ablation study. Compare this
with the average 22 minutes of fluoro time for coronary
interventional procedures.
11. Type of Radiation
Primary Radiation:
Useful beam.
Most hazardous to the
patient.
Emitted directly from the x-
ray tube to the image
intensifier.
Secondary Radiation:
Most commonly referred to
as scattered radiation.
Scattered by object in
primary beam (such as a
patient).
This is most hazardous to
the healthcare worker.
12. Measuring Units
RAD (Gray) Gy- Radiation Absorbed Dose -This is the
amount of radiation the patient absorbs. One Gray is one
joule deposited per kilogram of mass.
REM (Sievert) Sv –Radiation dose for healthcare providers
who working with radiation producing equipment. The Sievert
is used to measure radiation effects.
16. Personnel Dosimetry
Dosimetry coordinator will receive monthly reports.
You will receive an annual report.
RSO investigate if you exceed ALARA limits.
Level I = 1.25 mSv Level II = 3.75 mSv
(per monitoring period)
17.
18.
19. ICRP Prescribed Limits per annum
Members of public
Radiation workers
20 mSv per annum above background
20 mSv to eye
500 mSv to hands
1 mSv per annum above background
5 mSv to eye
20 mSv to hands
Pregnant women must receive not more than 5mSv
during the course of pregnancy
20. Pregnant Radiation Workers
May declare pregnancy (voluntary).
For declared pregnant rad workers:
Dose history review.
5 mSv limit (to protect fetus).
Fetal monitoring badge.
Possible work limitations.
Monthly review by the Radiation
Safety Office.
21.
22. Dose Equivalence
• Dose equivalence takes into account the
effectiveness of the radiation to damage human tissue
• Unit is Sievert (Sv); old unit is rem
• Dose Equivalence is the product of the Dose (Gray)
multiplied by a Radiation Weighting Factor (WR)
• Dose Equivalence = D x WR
Radiation Weighting factors (WR) are approximately:
Alpha particles = 20
Protons, neutrons = 10
Beta particles = 1
Gamma rays and x-rays = 1
23. Why is Radiation Safety an Issue?
In most hospitals, radiation safety is the joint responsibility of
the facility’s radiation safety officer and the technologists who
work in the department but typically we have only minimal
training. Because we are unfamiliar with all of the sources of
radiation exposure, we know little about risk-reduction and
safety strategies.
30. 3 ALARA Principles For
Reducing Radiation Exposure in
Cath Lab
Time – less time, less dose.
31. 3 ALARA Principles For
Reducing Radiation Exposure in
Cath Lab
Distance – more distance – less dose
32. 3 ALARA Principles For
Reducing Radiation Exposure in
Cath Lab
Shielding – more shielding – less dose
33. • ALARA means keeping dose “As Low As
Reasonably Achievable”
• Reducing dose wherever practicable reduces the
probabilities associated with stochastic effects
• ALARA principles guide the periodic
scanning of x-ray equipment for scatter and
leakage as well as following the time and
distance rules
Ionising Radiation and ALARA
34. Prescribed Limits for Dose
Equivalence
• The ICRP (International Commission for Radiation
Protection) is an international non-governmental
organisation providing recommendations and guidance
on ionising radiation protection based on current
scientific evidence
35. Radiation Risk
ICRP data:
1 mSv increases lifetime cancer risk of 1/20,000
Lifetime cancer risk for whole population is 1/4
36. Effect of Ionising Radiation on
Humans
The effects of ionizing radiation on humans are
classified in two broad categories:
• Deterministic
• Stochastic
37. Deterministic Effects
These effects have thresholds above which damage occurs and
effects are then dose dependent e.g. lens opacification, burns, hair
loss.
Determinisitic effects like the burns below suffered by those who put
their hands in the path of a x-ray beam are relatively easy to avoid
Effect of Radiation on Humans
38. Stochastic Effects
• Mutational, non-threshold effects in which the chance of
occurring rather than the severity are dose dependent.
• These affects are not predictable e.g. cancer
• Note that stochastic effects are not predictable and give rise to
the notion that there is no absolutely safe dose and the concept
of ALARA.
Effect of Radiation on Humans
39. Protecting the Provider
Patient safety remains the number-one major concern of
healthcare professional.
The healthcare providers should receive equal attention
compare with other high risk departments (occupational and
non occupational hazard areas).
40. The take home messages…
1. Use intermittent fluoroscopy. Stay off the
fluoro pedal whenever possible
2. Remove the x-ray grids when appropriate to
reduce patient dose
3. Use last image hold technology with
electronic collimation
4. Employ automatic adjustment of beam
quality to limit kVp and mA (built in)
5. Reduce image magnification when possible.
(Note that at a normal mode, an entrance
skin dose increases 2.4 times when
magnification increases from 23-cm field to a
15-cm field and increases 4.4 times the dose
when the magnification goes to an 11-cm
field)
41. The take home messages…
6. Use pulsed fluoroscopy. (Dose reduction
of approximately 20% over continuous
fluoro dose at 30 pulses per second and
reduction to 80% at 15 pulses per
second)
7. When the time comes that an x-ray dose
of CT angiography is minimal, this will
likely turn out to be our best non-invasive
screening tool for CAD. In the meantime,
wear sun block
8. Radiology Info: The radiology information
source for patients. Available at:
http://www.radiologyinfo.org. Accessed
January 10, 2005.
42. Special Thanks to Keith
(Quality Coordinator)for
helping/reviewing and editing
my presentation