COX-2 inhibitors are a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that directly targets cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2, an enzyme responsible for inflammation and pain. Targeting selectivity for COX-2 reduces the risk of peptic ulceration and is the main feature of celecoxib, rofecoxib, and other members of this drug class.Coxibs are NSAIDs that are highly selective for the COX2 enzyme. Because the COX2 enzyme mediates prostaglandin production responsible for inflammation and pain, coxibs are analgesic and antiinflammatory, but they lack the side effects related to inhibiting the COX1 enzyme (e.g., bleeding and gastrointestinal irritation).
cholingeric and Anticholinesterase drug in detail .this ppt contains introduction ,mechanism of action ,pharmacological action ,uses and adverse effect of the drug
COX-2 inhibitors are a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that directly targets cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2, an enzyme responsible for inflammation and pain. Targeting selectivity for COX-2 reduces the risk of peptic ulceration and is the main feature of celecoxib, rofecoxib, and other members of this drug class.Coxibs are NSAIDs that are highly selective for the COX2 enzyme. Because the COX2 enzyme mediates prostaglandin production responsible for inflammation and pain, coxibs are analgesic and antiinflammatory, but they lack the side effects related to inhibiting the COX1 enzyme (e.g., bleeding and gastrointestinal irritation).
cholingeric and Anticholinesterase drug in detail .this ppt contains introduction ,mechanism of action ,pharmacological action ,uses and adverse effect of the drug
Prokinetics are the type of drugs which enhances gastrointestinal motility/transit by
increasing the frequency or strength of contractions.
They speed up gastric emptying by enhancing coordinated propulsive motility.
Treat Gastrointestinal symptoms : Abdominal discomfort, Bloating, constipation,
Heart burn, nausea and vomiting. And few gastrointestinal disorders : irritable bowel
Syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia.
Increases gastric emptying
Relief of gastric stasis
Decreases reflux esophagitis/heart burn
Decreases regurgitation of gastric contents& emesis
https://youtu.be/Ro8lrPggUyo
Contents of the video are useful For B.PHARM SEMESTER VI AND PHARM.D 3 YEAR STUDENTS in Medicinal Chemistry
Contents are:-
Drug classification of Anti-HIV drugs
Chemical structure of drugs
Synthesis, Mechanism of action, Medicinal use, adverse effect, and Brand name of Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Didanosine
Quinolones are synthetic, bactericidal antibacterial agents with broad-spectrum activity. They inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase II, a DNA gyrase that is necessary for the replication of the microorganism.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Affects All Age Groups. Can occur in children, although rare. Duodenal ulcers tends to occur first at around the age 25 and continue until the age of 75. Gastric ulcers peak in people between the ages of 55 and 65. Men Have Twice The Risk as Women Do
Anthelmintic
According to the syllabus based on “PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA”
“I Dedicate this work to all the
Students , Pharmacy Faculty & Family Members
Drx. Shubhanshu R.s. Jaiswal
Helminthiasis also known as Worm Infection, is any macro parasitic disease of humans & other animals in which a Part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as Helminths.
Neuraminidase inhibitors are antiviral drugs used to treat acute respiratory infections and influenza (a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory system and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality) Zanamivir is approved for treatment of uncomplicated acute illness caused by influenza virus in persons aged greater than or equal to 12 years who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days.
The lectures in points :-
1- quinolones general information.
2-Fluoroquinolones action , side actions & interactions .
3-Fluroquinolones group members in detail .
4-Fluroquinolones in the clinical use .
5-Practical tips .
6-Rapid review .
7- Test yourself .
Prokinetics are the type of drugs which enhances gastrointestinal motility/transit by
increasing the frequency or strength of contractions.
They speed up gastric emptying by enhancing coordinated propulsive motility.
Treat Gastrointestinal symptoms : Abdominal discomfort, Bloating, constipation,
Heart burn, nausea and vomiting. And few gastrointestinal disorders : irritable bowel
Syndrome, gastritis, gastroparesis and functional dyspepsia.
Increases gastric emptying
Relief of gastric stasis
Decreases reflux esophagitis/heart burn
Decreases regurgitation of gastric contents& emesis
https://youtu.be/Ro8lrPggUyo
Contents of the video are useful For B.PHARM SEMESTER VI AND PHARM.D 3 YEAR STUDENTS in Medicinal Chemistry
Contents are:-
Drug classification of Anti-HIV drugs
Chemical structure of drugs
Synthesis, Mechanism of action, Medicinal use, adverse effect, and Brand name of Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Didanosine
Quinolones are synthetic, bactericidal antibacterial agents with broad-spectrum activity. They inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase II, a DNA gyrase that is necessary for the replication of the microorganism.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Affects All Age Groups. Can occur in children, although rare. Duodenal ulcers tends to occur first at around the age 25 and continue until the age of 75. Gastric ulcers peak in people between the ages of 55 and 65. Men Have Twice The Risk as Women Do
Anthelmintic
According to the syllabus based on “PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA”
“I Dedicate this work to all the
Students , Pharmacy Faculty & Family Members
Drx. Shubhanshu R.s. Jaiswal
Helminthiasis also known as Worm Infection, is any macro parasitic disease of humans & other animals in which a Part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as Helminths.
Neuraminidase inhibitors are antiviral drugs used to treat acute respiratory infections and influenza (a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory system and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality) Zanamivir is approved for treatment of uncomplicated acute illness caused by influenza virus in persons aged greater than or equal to 12 years who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days.
The lectures in points :-
1- quinolones general information.
2-Fluoroquinolones action , side actions & interactions .
3-Fluroquinolones group members in detail .
4-Fluroquinolones in the clinical use .
5-Practical tips .
6-Rapid review .
7- Test yourself .
The quinolones are a family of antibiotics containing a bicyclic core structure related to the compound 4-quinolone .
Since their discovery in the early 1960s, they have gained increasing importance as key therapies to treat both community-acquired and severe hospital-acquired infections.
During the 1970s–1980s, the coverage of the quinolone class was expanded by the breakthrough development of fluoroquinolones, which show a much broader spectrum of activity and improved pharmacokinetics compared to the first-generation quinolone.
Those fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, are active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens; importantly, they are also active against the causative agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Quinolones are widely prescribed for several different types of human infections. With side effects including gastrointestinal reactions, CNS reactions, and some minor adverse effects.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
3. 01.
02.
These are synthetic antimicrobials
having a quinolone structure and are
active primarily against gram-
negative bacteria, though the newer
fluorinated compounds also inhibit
gram- positive ones.
Introduction The first member Nalidixic acid
introduced in mid-l960s had
usefulness limited to urinary and g.i.
tract infections because of low
potency, modest blood and tissue
levels, restricted spectrum and high
frequency of bacterial resistance.
4. 03.
04.
Introduction
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) have high
potency, expanded spectrum, slow
development of resistance, better
tissue penetration and good
tolerability.
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are synthetic,
fluorinated analogues of nalidixic acid. The
important FQs are norfloxacin,
ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin (first-generation
FQs), ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin
and moxifloxacin (second-generation FQs)
6. Mechanism of Action
FQs inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis
(bactericidal). They inhibit DNA gyrase,
thus blocking DNA replication in gram-
negative bacteria. Inhibition of
topoisomerase IV in gram-positive
bacteria prevents separation of
replicated DNA.
7. Antibacterial Spectrum
Ciprofloxacin is the prototype drug. It is highly effective against aerobic gram-negative
organisms – E. coli, Enterobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella,, H. influenzae, N.
gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, V. cholerae and Campylobacter jejuni.
It has activity against S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and M. tuberculosis.
Most of the anaerobes, Bacteroides fragilis, C. difficile, etc. are resistant to ciprofloxacin. Newer
FQs like levofloxacin, gemifloxacin and moxifloxacin have greater activity against streptococci
and some activity against anaerobes.
8. Pharmacokinetics
Ciprofloxacin is administered by oral, i.v. or topical routes. It is
well absorbed from the gut, but food delays its absorption. It is widely
distributed in the body, and reaches high concentration in kidney, lung,
prostatic tissue, bile, macrophages, etc. It is excreted mainly in urine.
9. Adverse Effects
1. The The common adverse effects are related to the GI
tract, e.g. nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort.
2. CNS effects include headache, dizziness, insomnia,
confusion, hallucinations and convulsions.
3. Hypersensitivity reactions include skin rashes, urticaria,
itching, eosinophilia and photosensitivity.
10. Adverse Effects
3. Tenosynovitis and tendon rupture can occur especially in
athletes.
4. Moxifloxacin can cause prolongation of QT interval.
5. FQs are contraindicated in pregnancy.
6. FQs have caused cartilage damage in immature animals –
hence, they should be avoided in young children.
12. Drug Interactions
Ciprofloxacin increases the plasma concentration of
theophylline, warfarin, etc., by inhibiting their metabolism.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may potentiate
CNS side effects of FQs – confusion, irritability and rarely
convulsions may occur. Like tetracyclines, absorption of FQs is
reduced by antacids, ferrous salts and sucralfate.
13. Therapeutic Uses
1. UTI : FQs are one of the most commonly used AMAs for UTI. They are
effective against gram-negative bacilli, such as E. coli, Proteus and
Enterobacter.
2. PROSTATITIS: FQs are used in prostatitis as an alternative to cotrimoxazole.
3. BACTERIAL DIARRHOEAS: FQs are effective for a variety of GI infections
caused by E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, etc. For traveller’s diarrhoea (due to E.
coli), FQs are as effective as cotrimoxazole.
4. TYPHOID FEVER : Ciprofloxacin (750 mg orally b.d. for 10 days) is the
preferred drug for treatment of typhoid. It is bactericidal and causes rapid
resolution of symptoms. Levofloxacin or ofloxacin can also be used.
14. Therapeutic Uses
4. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES : ■
Gonococcal infections
Chancroid
Chlamydial cervicitis and urethritis
5. SKIN, SOFT-TISSUE AND BONE INFECTIONS : FQs can be used in combination
with an agent effective against anaerobes especially in diabetic foot infections.
6. Ciprofloxacin can be used to ERADICATE MENINGOCOCCI from nasopharynx,
thus eliminating the carrier state, but the preferred drug is rifampin.
7. MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS: In MDR-TB, atypical mycobacterial infections in
AIDS patients and leprosy, FQs are used in combination with other AMAs.
15. Therapeutic Uses
8. Prophylaxis and treatment of infections in neutropenic patients:
FQs can be used.
9. Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and ofloxacin are used
topically for conjunctivitis due to susceptible organisms.
10. RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS: Newer FQs (levofloxacin and
moxifloxacin) are highly effective for community-acquired
pneumonia and chronic bronchitis.
11. ANTHRAX: Ciprofloxacin is the preferred drug for treatment and
prophylaxis of anthrax.