Exam Questions Shoulder Regiuon - Anterior
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Exam Questions Shoulder Regiuon - Anterior
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Exam Questions Posterior Arm
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Exam Questions Scapula
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Exam Questions Forearm Superficial Flexors
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Exam Questions Shoulder Joint
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Exam Questions Posterior Arm
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Exam Questions Scapula
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Exam Questions Forearm Superficial Flexors
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Exam Questions Shoulder Joint
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Exam Questions Radius
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Exam Questions Rotator Cuff
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Exam Questions Ulna
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. 1 are attached proximally to the ischial tuberosity
2 are innervated by the sciatic nerve
3 are innervated by the femoral nerve
4 extend the hip joint
5 derive their blood supply from a branch of the femoral artery
The hamstring muscles:
3. 1 are attached proximally to the ischial tuberosity T
2 are innervated by the sciatic nerve T
3 are innervated by the femoral nerve F
4 extend the hip joint T
5 derive their blood supply from a branch of the femoral artery T
The hamstring muscles:
Branches of the profunda femoris artery (in turn a branch of the femoral artery) supply the adductor and
hamstring muscles.
5. 1 gracilis F
2 semimembranosus T
3 sartorius F
4 long head of biceps femoris F
5 rectus femoris F
This muscle is called:
6. 1 it is attached distally to the posterior aspect of the medial tibial
condyle
2 it takes origin, in part, from the ischial spine
3 the oblique popliteal ligament is an extension from its distal
attachment
4 it is innervated by the common peroneal component of the sciatic
nerve
5 it forms one of the boundaries of the popliteal fossa
Concerning the semimembranosus muscle:
7. 1 it is attached distally to the posterior aspect of the medial tibial
condyle
T
2 it takes origin, in part, from the ischial spine F
3 the oblique popliteal ligament is an extension from its distal
attachment
T
4 it is innervated by the common peroneal component of the sciatic
nerve
F
5 it forms one of the boundaries of the popliteal fossa T
Concerning the semimembranosus muscle:
It is the tibial component of the sciatic nerve that innervates the semimembranosus muscle.
The upper medial boundary of the popliteal fossa is made up of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus
muscles.
8. 1 the long head of biceps femoris
2 the short head of biceps femoris
3 adductor longus
4 gracilis
5 sartorius
This muscle is called:
9. 1 the long head of biceps femoris T
2 the short head of biceps femoris F
3 adductor longus F
4 gracilis F
5 sartorius F
This muscle is called:
10. 1 adductor brevis
2 adductor longus
3 adductor magnus
4 sartorius
5 quadriceps femoris
Which one of these muscles is part-hamstring and part-adductor?
11. 1 adductor brevis F
2 adductor longus F
3 adductor magnus T
4 sartorius F
5 quadriceps femoris F
Which one of these muscles is part-hamstring and part-adductor?
Adductor Magnus arises in part from the ischial tuberosity. This part is the hamstring component of the muscle.
12. 1 it is innervated by both components (tibial and common peroneal) of the sciatic nerve
2 it is intimately related to the lateral collateral ligament of the knee joint
3 it has the sciatic nerve running deep to it
4 it has the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve running superficial to it
5 it is attached distally to the fibular head
Concerning biceps femoris:
13. 1 it is innervated by both components (tibial and common peroneal) of the sciatic nerve T
2 it is intimately related to the lateral collateral ligament of the knee joint T
3 it has the sciatic nerve running deep to it T
4 it has the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve running superficial to it T
5 it is attached distally to the fibular head T
Concerning biceps femoris:
The biceps femoris flexes and laterally rotates the knee.
The long head of biceps femoris is innervated by the tibial component of the sciatic nerve while the short
head receives its nerve supply from the common peroneal nerve.
14. 1 it lies posterior to semimembranosus
2 it arises in common with quadratus femoris
3 it is innervated by the tibial component of the sciatic nerve
4 its distal attachment is to the posterior surface of the medial tibial condyle
5 it helps form the lower medial boundary of the popliteal fossa
Concerning the semitendinosus muscle:
15. 1 it lies posterior to semimembranosus T
2 it arises in common with quadratus femoris F
3 it is innervated by the tibial component of the sciatic nerve T
4 its distal attachment is to the posterior surface of the medial tibial condyle F
5 it helps form the lower medial boundary of the popliteal fossa F
Concerning the semitendinosus muscle:
The distal attachment of semitendinosus is to the medial surface of the proximal end of the tibial shaft alongside the tendons of
Gracilis and Sartorius (also known as the pes anserinus or the goose’s foot).
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus together make up the upper medial boundary of the popliteal fossa.
16. 1 short head of biceps femoris
2 adductor longus
3 semitendinosus
4 adductor brevis
5 long head of biceps femoris
The following muscles have an attachment to the linea aspera of the femur:
17. 1 short head of biceps femoris T
2 adductor longus T
3 semitendinosus F
4 adductor brevis T
5 long head of biceps femoris F
The following muscles have an attachment to the linea aspera of the femur:
Semitendinosus and long head of biceps femoris are both true hamstrings. Their
proximal attachments are thus to the ischial tuberosity. Neither has any attachment
to the femur.
18. 1 the short head of biceps femoris is supplied by the tibial component of the sciatic nerve
2 the long head of biceps femoris is supplied by the common peroneal component of the sciatic
nerve
3 the semimembranosus is supplied by the tibial component of the sciatic nerve
4 adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial component of the sciatic nerve
5 adductor longus is supplied wholly by the obturator nerve
Concerning the motor innervation of the thigh musculature:
19. 1 the short head of biceps femoris is supplied by the tibial component of the sciatic nerve F
2 the long head of biceps femoris is supplied by the common peroneal component of the sciatic
nerve
F
3 the semimembranosus is supplied by the tibial component of the sciatic nerve T
4 adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial component of the sciatic nerve T
5 adductor longus is supplied wholly by the obturator nerve T
Concerning the motor innervation of the thigh musculature:
The tibial component of the sciatic nerve innervates the long head of biceps femoris
while the common peroneal component supplies the short head. The tibial
component of the sciatic nerve also innervates the semimembranosus and the
hamstring part of adductor magnus.
20. 1 the lateral intermuscular septum lies immediately behind the vastus lateralis muscle
2 the lateral intermuscular septum lies immediately in front of the biceps femoris muscle
3 the medial intermuscular septum separates the adductor magnus from the biceps femoris
muscle
4 the biceps femoris has a dual innervation from the sciatic and obturator nerves
5 the biceps femoris muscle has no attachment to the femoral shaft
Concerning the posterior compartment of thigh:
21. 1 the lateral intermuscular septum lies immediately behind the vastus lateralis muscle T
2 the lateral intermuscular septum lies immediately in front of the biceps femoris muscle T
3 the medial intermuscular septum separates the adductor magnus from the biceps femoris
muscle
F
4 the biceps femoris has a dual innervation from the sciatic and obturator nerves F
5 the biceps femoris muscle has no attachment to the femoral shaft F
Concerning the posterior compartment of thigh:
The lateral intermuscular septum is a tough fibrous sheet that extends from the deep surface of
the fascia lata to the posterior aspect of the femoral shaft. It separates the vastus lateralis from
the biceps femoris, lying immediately posterior to the former and immediately anterior to the
latter.
The medial intermuscular septum is much thinner and much less prominent than the lateral
intermuscular septum, and lies between vastus medialis and the adductors.
Biceps femoris is innervated by both components of the sciatic nerve but not by the obturator
nerve.
The short head of biceps femoris takes origin from the linea aspera on the posterior aspect of
the femoral shaft.