Exam Questions Posterior Arm
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Shoulder Joint
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Posterior Arm
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Shoulder Joint
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Scapula
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Shoulder Regiuon - Anterior
The funky professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Forearm Superficial Flexors
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed at;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Scapula
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Shoulder Regiuon - Anterior
The funky professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Forearm Superficial Flexors
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed at;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Miki Matsuda, a podiatrist with Via Christi Health in Wichita, KS, recently presented about common foot and ankle issues to a Via Christi 50+ audience. Topics included ingrown toenails, onychomycosis, callouses and more.
Exam Questions Ulna
The funky professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Radius
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
4th year medical student's seminar presentation under supervision of orthopedic lecturer. Reference is from Dr. Sameh Doss Textbook of upper and lower limb, and also other multiple websites.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. At the elbow joint
1 the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
2 the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow joint is attached to the
neck of radius
3 the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament of the elbow joint is attached
to the medial epicondyle of humerus
4 the brachialis muscle is attached to the capsule of the elbow joint
5 the superior radio-ulnar joint shares a synovial cavity with the
elbow joint
3. The lateral collateral ligament has no direct attachment to the radius. It is attached to
the annular ligament which surrounds the head and neck of radius.
At the elbow joint
1 the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus T
2 the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow joint is attached to the
neck of radius
F
3 the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament of the elbow joint is attached
to the medial epicondyle of humerus
T
4 the brachialis muscle is attached to the capsule of the elbow joint T
5 the superior radio-ulnar joint shares a synovial cavity with the
elbow joint
T
4. In the cubital fossa
1 the ulnar nerve lies lateral to the brachial artery
2 the tendon of biceps brachii lies medial to the
brachial artery
3 the median nerve lies medial to the brachial artery
4 the bicipital aponeurosis crosses deep to the brachial
artery
5 the median nerve is seen to enter the pronator teres
muscle
5. The ulnar nerve is not a content of the cubital fossa.
The biceps tendon lies lateral to the brachial artery.
The bicipital aponeurosis (also known as the lacertus fibrosus) runs obliquely downwards
and medially superficial to the brachial artery and median nerve)
The median nerve leaves the cubital fossa by coursing distally between the two heads of
pronator teres.
In the cubital fossa
1 the ulnar nerve lies lateral to the brachial artery F
2 the tendon of biceps brachii lies medial to the
brachial artery
F
3 the median nerve lies medial to the brachial artery T
4 the bicipital aponeurosis crosses deep to the brachial
artery
F
5 the median nerve is seen to enter the pronator teres
muscle
T
6. Transection of the radial nerve at the level of the humeral epicondyles will cause
1 loss of sensation in the nailbeds of index and middle fingers
2 wrist drop
3 paralysis of extensor pollicis longus
4 loss of cutaneous sensation on dorsum of ulnar border of hand
5 loss of extension of the elbow joint
7. The nailbeds of the index and middle fingers are innervated by the median nerve; not the
radial nerve.
Wrist drop occurs due to paralysis of virtually all the muscles in the extensor compartment
of forearm, including the wrist extensors
The dorsum of the ulnar aspect of hand is supplied by the dorsal branches of the ulnar
nerve, not by the radial nerve
The radial nerve’s branches to triceps brachii (the extensor of the elbow) are given off in the
proximal part of the arm. Consequently an injury to the radial nerve at the level of the
epicondyles will not compromise elbow extension.
Transection of the radial nerve at the level of the humeral epicondyles will cause
1 loss of sensation in the nailbeds of index and middle fingers F
2 wrist drop T
3 paralysis of extensor pollicis longus T
4 loss of cutaneous sensation on dorsum of ulnar border of hand F
5 loss of extension of the elbow joint F
8. Which of the following muscles are flexors of the elbow joint?
1 Coracobrachialis
2 Brachioradialis
3 Anconeus
4 Brachialis
5 Biceps brachii
9. Coracobrachialis does not cross the elbow joint, and consequently has no effect on
the elbow joint
When the forearm is in a semi-prone position, brachioradialis is a very effective
flexor of the elbow. Try it on yourselves!
Anconeus is a weak extensor of the elbow joint; not a flexor
Brachialis and biceps brachii are the principal flexors of the elbow joint
Which of the following muscles are flexors of the elbow joint?
1 Coracobrachialis F
2 Brachioradialis T
3 Anconeus F
4 Brachialis T
5 Biceps brachii T
10. Transection of the median nerve above the level of the elbow joint
1 would impair the function of flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU)
2 would affect cutaneous sensation on the lateral aspect of
forearm
3 would affect cutaneous sensation over the thenar region
4 would affect the function of abductor pollicis longus (APL)
5 would affect the function of abductor pollicis brevis (APB)
11. FCU is innervated by the ulnar nerve.
The cutaneous supply to the lateral part of forearm is by the lateral cutaneous nerve of
forearm, not median nerve.
APL is supplied by the radial nerve, not median nerve.
Transection of the median nerve above the level of the elbow joint
1 would impair the function of flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) F
2 would affect cutaneous sensation on the lateral aspect of
forearm
F
3 would affect cutaneous sensation over the thenar region T
4 would affect the function of abductor pollicis longus (APL) F
5 would affect the function of abductor pollicis brevis (APB) T
12. A distal humeral fracture causing complete transection of the ulnar
nerve at the level of the medial epicondyle will produce
1 impairment of flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint of
index finger
2 cutaneous sensory loss over the medial aspect of the hand
3 weakness of pinch between index finger and thumb
4 wrist drop
5 wasting of all intrinsic muscles of the hand
13. Weakness of pinch is a consequence of paralysis of the adductor pollicis and 1st
dorsal interosseous
Wrist drop is caused by a radial nerve injury
A distal humeral fracture causing complete transection of the ulnar
nerve at the level of the medial epicondyle will produce
1 impairment of flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint of
index finger
F
2 cutaneous sensory loss over the medial aspect of the hand T
3 weakness of pinch between index finger and thumb T
4 wrist drop F
5 wasting of all intrinsic muscles of the hand F
14. The following nerves supply the elbow joint
1 Radial
2 Median
3 Ulnar
4 Axillary
5 Musculocutaneous
15. The following nerves supply the elbow joint
1 Radial T
2 Median T
3 Ulnar T
4 Axillary F
5 Musculocutaneous T
The axillary nerve supplies the shoulder joint.
The musculocutaneous nerve supplies the elbow joint as well as the shoulder
joint
16. At the elbow joint
1 The anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches
to the olecranon process of the ulna
2 The posterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches
to the olecranon process of the ulna
3 The anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches
to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
4 The posterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches
to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
5 The middle band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches to
the coronoid process of the ulna
17. At the elbow joint
1 The anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches
to the olecranon process of the ulna
F
2 The posterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches
to the olecranon process of the ulna
T
3 The anterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches
to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
T
4 The posterior band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches
to the medial epicondyle of the humerus
F
5 The middle band of the ulnar collateral ligament attaches to
the coronoid process of the ulna
F
The ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow joint has three bands
1.Anterior band is from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and attaches to the
coronoid process of the ulna
2.Posterior band is from the olecranon process of the ulna and attaches to the
coronoid process of the ulna
3.Middle band lies more deeply and connects the two
19. The radial collateral ligament has
1 1 band T
2 2 bands F
3 3 bands F
4 4 bands F
5 5 bands F
The radial collateral ligament of the elbow joint is a single band that attaches to the
lateral epicondyle of the humerus just below the common extensor origin and it
blends with the annular ligament.
20. At the elbow joint
1 The ulna articulates with the capitulum
2 The ulna articulates with the trochlea
3 The radius articulates with the capitulum
4 The radius articulates with the trochlea
5 The annular ligament attaches to the ulna
21. At the elbow joint
1 The ulna articulates with the capitulum F
2 The ulna articulates with the trochlea T
3 The radius articulates with the capitulum T
4 The radius articulates with the trochlea F
5 The annular ligament attaches to the ulna T