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Biomechanics
- 2. Factors that influencethe stability and mobility of the Hip joint
- 4. Factors that influencethe mobility of the hip joint
- 5. Gluteus Maximus: The gluteusmaximus is the largest of the gluteal muscles. It is the main extensor muscle of the hip. It is also the most superficial, producing the shape of the buttocks. Origin: Originates from the posterior surface of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx. It slopes across the buttock at a 45-degree angle. Insertion: It inserts into the iliotibial tract and the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. Function: The gluteus maximus is the main extensor of the thigh, and assists with lateral rotation. Nerve Supply: Inferior gluteal nerve.
- 7. Gluteus Minimus: The gluteusminimus, the shortest of the three gluteal muscles, is located immediately beneath the gluteus medius.The gluteus minimus is the deepest of the superficial gluteal muscles. It is similar in shape and function to the gluteus medius. Origin: Originates from the ilium and converges to form a tendon. Insertion: Inserting to the anterior side of the greater trochanter. Function: Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb. While locomotion, it secures the pelvis, limiting the pelvic drop of the opposite limb. Nerve Supply: Superior gluteal nerve.
- 9. Gluteus Medius: Thegluteus medius muscle is fan-shaped and lies within to the gluteus maximus and the minimus. It is similar in shape and function to the gluteus minimus. Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two- thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis that separates it from the superficial fascia and integument. Origin: Originates from the gluteal surface of the ilium. Insertion: Inserts into the lateral surface of the greater trochanter. Function: Abducts and medially rotates the lower limb. During locomotion, it secures the pelvis, limiting the pelvic drop of the opposite limb (the posterior fibers of the gluteus medius are further produced a little amount of lateral rotation). Nerve Supply: Superior gluteal nerve.
- 11. Tensor Fasciae Lata: The tensor fasciae lata(TFL) is a small superficial muscle of the thigh which lies towards the anterior edge of the iliac crest. Origin: Originates from the anterior iliac crest, connecting to the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). Insertion: It inserts into the iliotibial tract, which itself connects to the lateral condyle of the tibia. Function: Assists the gluteus medius and minimus in the abduction and medial rotation of the lower limb. It also performs a supportive role in the gait cycle. Nerve Supply: Superior gluteal nerve.
- 13. Quadratus Femoris: Thequadratus femoris is a flat, square-shaped muscle. Located on the posterior side of the hip joint. It is the most inferior of the deep gluteal muscles, located below the Gemelli and obturator internus.It is a strong external rotator and adductor of the hip joint but also acts to stabilize the femoral head in the Acetabulum. Origin: It originates from the lateral side of the ischial tuberosity. Insertion: Attaches to the quadrate tuberosity on the intertrochanteric crest. Function: Lateral rotation of the hip and assists with adduction of the hip. Nerve Supply: Nerve to quadratus femoris.
- 15. Rectus Femoris Muscle Therectus femoris muscle is the only one that crosses the hip joint and therefore is related to tight hip flexors.The rectus femoris is one of four quadriceps femoris muscles. Origin- originates from the ilium, just superior to the acetabulum. It runs straight down the leg Insertion- attaches to the patella by the quadriceps femoris tendon. Function: This is the only muscle that crosses both the hip and knee joints. It flexes hip joint and extends the knee joint. Nerve Supply: Femoral nerve.
- 17. Vastus Lateralis Muscle Vastus lateralis is the largest of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Origin- Originates from the greater trochanter and the lateral lip of linea aspera. Insertion- Lateral quadriceps femoris tendon to patella, via ligamentum patellae into the tubercle of tibia Function: Extends the knee joint and stabilizes the patella. Nerve Supply: Femoral nerve
- 19. Vastus intermedius Muscle The vastus intermedius forms the deep part of the quadriceps femoris tendon. Origin- Anterior and lateral aspects of the upper two-thirds of the femoral shaft and the lower part of the lateral intermuscular septum of the femur. Insertion- Into the quadriceps tendon along with rectus femoris and the other vasti muscles, enveloping with the patella, then by the patellar ligament into the tibial tuberosity. Function: Extends the knee joint and stabilizes the patella. Nerve Supply: Femoral nerve.
- 21. Vastus Medialis Muscle The vastus medialis is part of the quadriceps muscle group. Vastus medialis is an extensor muscle located medially in the thigh that extends the knee. Origin- Originates from Inferior portion of intertrochanteric line, spiral line, medial lip of the linea aspera, superior part of the medial supracondylar ridge of the femur, and the medial intermuscular septum Insertion- Medial base and border of the patella; also forms medial patellar retinaculum and medial side of the quadriceps femoris tendon Function: Extends knee joint and stabilizes the patella. Nerve Supply: Femoral nerve.
- 23. Sartorius muscle: Thesartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the body. The sartorius muscle is positioned more superficially than the other in the leg muscles. Origin- originates from the anterior superior iliac spine Insertion- attaches to the superior, medial surface of the tibia. Function of the Sartorious It acts on flexion, abduction and lateral rotation at the hip joint, At the knee, it is also a flexor. Nerve Supply of the Sartorious Femoral nerve.
- 25. Iliopsoas muscle: The iliopsoasmuscle is actually two muscles, the psoas major and the iliacus muscle. They originate in different areas, but come together to form a tendon, and commonly referred to as one muscle. Origin: The psoas major originates from lumbar vertebrae, and the iliacus originates from iliac fossa of the pelvis. Insertion- They inserts together onto the lesser trochanter of the femur. Function of the iliopsoas: The iliopsoas muscle flexes the lower limb at the hip joint and assists lateral rotation at the hip joint. Nerve Supply of the iliopsoas: The psoas major muscle is innervated by anterior rami of L1-3, and the iliacus is innervated by femoral nerve
- 27. Adductor Longus: Theadductor longus muscle is a large, flat. The adductor longus partially covers the adductor beeves and Magnus. The muscle forms the medial border of the femoral triangle. Origin- originates from the pubis, and expands into a fan shape Insertion- attaching broadly to the linea aspera of the femur Function of the Adductor Longus: Adduction and medial rotation of the thigh. Nerve Supply of the Adductor Longus: Obturator nerve (L2-L4).
- 28. Adductor Magnus: TheAdductor Magnus’ muscle is the largest muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh. It lies posteriorly to the other muscles.The muscle divided into two parts; Adductor part – Origin- Originates from the inferior rami of the pubis and the rami of ischium Insertion- attaching to the linea aspera of the femur. Function Adductor Magnus: They are both adduct the thigh. The adductor component also flexes thigh, with the hamstring portion extending thigh. Nerve Supply of the Adductor Magnus: Adductor part innervated by the obturator nerve (L2-L4).
- 29. Adductor Brevis: Theadductor brevis muscle is a short, lying underneath the adductor longus. The adductor brevis lies in between the anterior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve. Origin- originates from the body of pubis and inferior pubic rami Insertion- It attaches to the linea aspera on the posterior surface of the femur, that proximal to the adductor longus. Function of the Adductor Brevis Adduction of the thigh. Nerve Supply of the Adductor Brevis Obturator nerve (L2-L4)
- 31. Biceps Femoris: Thebiceps femoris muscle has two heads – a long head and a short head. Biceps Femoris is the most lateral of the muscles in the posterior thigh – the common tendon can be felt laterally at the posterior knee. Origin- The long head originates from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis. The short head originates from the linea aspera on posterior surface of the femur Insertion- the heads from a tendon, which inserts into the head of the fibula. Function of the Biceps Femoris: The Main action is flexion at the knee. It also extends the leg at the hip and laterally rotates at the hip and knee. Nerve Supply of the Biceps Femoris: Long head innervated by tibial part of the sciatic nerve, and the short head is innervated by common fibular part of the sciatic nerve
- 33. Semitendinosus: The semitendinosusis a largely tendinous muscle in the thigh. The semitendinosus muscle lies medially to the biceps femoris and covers the majority of the semimembranosus. Origin- It originates from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis Insertion- attaches to the medial surface of the tibia. Function of the Semitendinosus Flexion of the knee joint. Extension of the thigh at the hip joint. Medially rotates the thigh at hip joint, and the leg at the knee joint. Nerve Supply of the Semitendinosus Tibial part of the sciatic nerve.
- 35. Semimembranosus: The semimembranosus isflattened and broad muscle. It is located underneath the semitendinosus. Origin- It originates from ischial tuberosity Insertion- It attaches to the medial tibial condyle. Function of the Semimembranosus: Flexion the knee joint. Extension of thigh at the hip joint. Medially rotates the thigh at the hip joint and the leg at the knee joint. Nerve Supply of the Semimembranosus: Tibial part of the sciatic nerve.
- 37. Factors that influencethe stability of the hip joint
- 38. Hip Joint Hip jointis technically known as acetabulofemoral joint (occurs between acetabulum and femur). It is a synovial ball and socket joint that occurs between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone.
- 40. Articular Surfaces ofHip Joint: As stated above, hip joint is formed between head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone. The femoral head is spherical while the acetabulum is cup shaped. Thus the articular surfaces are reciprocally curved. The acetabular articular surface is horse-shoe shaped. It is incomplete inferiorly and the region is known as acetabular notch. The deep part of the acetabulum that doesn’t take part in articulation is known as acetabular fossa. It is devoid of articular cartilage but contains fibroelastic fat largely covered by synovial membrane.
- 42. joint capsule Definition : aligamentous sac that surrounds the articular cavity of a freely movable joint, is attached to the bones, completely encloses the joint, and is composed of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane
- 45. Ligaments of hipjoint: Hip joint consists of five major ligaments as described below. 1: Iliofemoral ligament: It is like an inverted “Y” in shape and is very strong. It lies towards the anterior side and is somewhat blended with the capsule of hip joint. The base of the inverted “Y” is attached to anterior inferior iliac spine. The two limbs of the inverted “Y” are attached to the upper and lower parts of intertrochanteric line of femur. Role: It prevents overextension during standing.
- 47. 2:Pubofemoral ligament: Itis triangular in shape with its base attached to the superior ramus of the pubis. The apex is attached below to the lower part of the intertrochanteric line. Role: It limits extension and abduction.
- 49. 3: Ischiofemoral ligament: It is spiral shaped and is attached to the body of ischium near the acetabular margin. The fibers of this ligament pass upward and laterally and are attached to the greater trochanter of femur. Role: It limits extension.
- 51. 4: Transverse acetabularligament: It is formed by the acetabular labrum as it bridges the Acetabular notch. Thus the notch is converted into a tunnel through which blood vessels and nerves enter the hip joint.
- 52. 5: Ligamentum Teres(Ligament of head of femur): It is flat and triangular in form and is attached through its apex to the fovea capitis (pit in the head of femur).. The base of this ligament is attached to the transverse acetabular ligament and margins of acetabular notch. This ligament lies within the joint and is ensheathed by synovial membrane. Role: It limits adduction and provides a pathway for blood vessels to enter the head of femur.