Exam Questions Scapula
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Shoulder Joint
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Rotator Cuff
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Forearm Superficial Flexors
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed at;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Posterior Arm
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Shoulder Regiuon - Anterior
The funky professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Scapula
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Shoulder Joint
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Rotator Cuff
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Forearm Superficial Flexors
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed at;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Posterior Arm
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Shoulder Regiuon - Anterior
The funky professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Bakers cyst symptoms, causes, diagnosis, & treatmentSpinalogy Clinic
A Baker's cyst, also known as a popliteal cyst, is a benign swelling of the semimembranosus or more rarely some other synovial bursa found behind the knee joint.
A Baker’s cyst is usually the result of a problem with your knee joint, such as arthritis or a cartilage tear. Both conditions can cause your knee to produce too much fluid, which can lead to a Baker’s cyst.
Exam Questions Radius
The Funky Professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
Exam Questions Ulna
The funky professor videos can be viewed here;
http://publishing.rcseng.ac.uk/journal/video?doi=10.1308%2Fvideo.2016.1.1&videoTaxonomy=FUNK
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Concerning the knee joint
1 the tendon of popliteus is intracapsular
2 the medial collateral ligament is attached to the
medial meniscus
3 the lateral collateral ligament is attached to the
lateral meniscus
4 it usually communicates with the synovial cavity
of the superior tibio-fibular joint
5 the anterior cruciate ligament is attached to the
medial femoral condyle
Question 1 – knee joint
3. Concerning the knee joint
1 the tendon of popliteus is intracapsular T
2 the medial collateral ligament is attached to the
medial meniscus
T
3 the lateral collateral ligament is attached to the
lateral meniscus
F
4 it usually communicates with the synovial cavity
of the superior tibio-fibular joint
F
5 the anterior cruciate ligament is attached to the
medial femoral condyle
F
The medial collateral ligament blends with the medial aspect of the capsule of the
knee joint, and through the capsule, with the medial edge of the medial meniscus.
Unlike the medial collateral ligament, the lateral collateral ligament does not blend
with capsule of the knee joint.
It is exceptional for the superior tibiofibular joint to communicate with the knee joint
cavity.
The anterior cruciate ligament runs upwards, laterally and backwards from the tibial
plateau to the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle.
Question 1 – knee joint
4. The anterior cruciate ligament
1 is attached to the lateral condyle of the femur
2 is intracapsular and intrasynovial
3 is lax when the knee is extended
4 functions to resist backward displacement of the
femur on the tibia
5 is attached on the tibial plateau posterior to the
attachment of the anterior horn of the medial
meniscus
Question 2 - knee joint
5. The anterior cruciate ligament
1 is attached to the lateral condyle of the femur T
2 is intracapsular and intrasynovial F
3 is lax when the knee is extended F
4 functions to resist backward displacement of the
femur on the tibia
T
5 is attached on the tibial plateau posterior to the
attachment of the anterior horn of the medial
meniscus
T
The cruciate ligaments are intracapsular but extrasynovial!
Question 2 - knee joint
6. Concerning the knee joint:
1 its synovial cavity always communicates with the
suprapatellar bursa
2 the menisci are intracapsular
3 the cruciate ligaments are avascular
4 the posterior cruciate ligament prevents
backward displacement of tibia relative to the
femoral condyles
5 the menisci are made of hyaline cartilage
Question 3 - knee joint
7. Concerning the knee joint:
1 its synovial cavity always communicates with the
suprapatellar bursa
T
2 the menisci are intracapsular T
3 the cruciate ligaments are avascular F
4 the posterior cruciate ligament prevents
backward displacement of tibia relative to the
femoral condyles
T
5 the menisci are made of hyaline cartilage F
The menisci are made of fibrocartilage, not hyaline cartilage.
Question 3 - knee joint
8. The medial meniscus of the knee joint:
1 has a greater antero-posterior dimension than
the lateral meniscus
2 is less commonly injured than the lateral
meniscus
3 has a better blood supply to its inner part than to
its periphery
4 is attached to the medial collateral ligament
5 is flatter on its tibial aspect than on its femoral
(upper) surface
Question 4 - knee joint
9. The medial meniscus of the knee joint:
1 has a greater antero-posterior dimension than
the lateral meniscus
T
2 is less commonly injured than the lateral
meniscus
F
3 has a better blood supply to its inner part than to
its periphery
F
4 is attached to the medial collateral ligament T
5 is flatter on its tibial aspect than on its femoral
(upper) surface
T
Question 4 - knee joint
10. With regard to the lateral meniscus of the knee joint
1 it is wider than the medial meniscus
2 it is attached to the lateral collateral ligament of
the knee joint
3 the meniscofemoral ligaments are attached to its
posterior aspect
4 the tendon of popliteus is attached to it
5 its anterior horn is attached in front of the
attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament on
the tibial plateau
Question 5 - knee joint
11. With regard to the lateral meniscus of the knee joint
1 it is wider than the medial meniscus T
2 it is attached to the lateral collateral ligament of
the knee joint
F
3 the meniscofemoral ligaments are attached to its
posterior aspect
T
4 the tendon of popliteus is attached to it T
5 its anterior horn is attached in front of the
attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament on
the tibial plateau
F
Question 5 - knee joint
12. Concerning the medial aspect of the knee region:
1 skin over the medial aspect of the knee is supplied by a
branch of the saphenous nerve
2 the long saphenous vein, in an adult, is 2 cm behind the
medial border of the patella
3 the medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial
surface of the tibial shaft
4 the medial aspect of the capsule of the knee joint receives
an extension from the semimembranosus tendon
5 fibres of the vastus medialis muscle attach directly to the
medial border of the patella
Question 6 - knee joint
13. Concerning the medial aspect of the knee region:
1 skin over the medial aspect of the knee is supplied by a
branch of the saphenous nerve
T
2 the long saphenous vein, in an adult, is 2 cm behind the
medial border of the patella
F
3 the medial collateral ligament is attached to the medial
surface of the tibial shaft
T
4 the medial aspect of the capsule of the knee joint receives
an extension from the semimembranosus tendon
T
5 fibres of the vastus medialis muscle attach directly to the
medial border of the patella
T
The nerve that supplies the skin over the medial aspect of the knee is known
as the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve.
The long saphenous vein is a hand’s breadth behind the medial border of the
patella.
Question 6 - knee joint
14. The following ligaments help to stabilise the knee joint
1 Anterior cruciate ligament
2 Long plantar ligament
3 Oblique popliteal ligament
4 Ligamentum teres
5 Pectineal ligament
Question 7 - knee joint
15. The following ligaments help to stabilise the knee joint
1 Anterior cruciate ligament T
2 Long plantar ligament F
3 Oblique popliteal ligament T
4 Ligamentum teres F
5 Pectineal ligament F
The long plantar ligament is found in the foot.
The ligamentum teres in found in the hip joint.
The pectineal ligament is an extension of the pectineal part of the
inguinal ligament.
Question 7 - knee joint
16. The medial collateral ligament of the knee is
1 A cord-like structure
2 Attached to the tibia
3 Attached to the medial meniscus
4 Pierced by the tendon of popliteus
5 Closely related to the common peroneal nerve
Question 8 - knee joint
17. The medial collateral ligament of the knee is
1 A cord-like structure F
2 Attached to the tibia T
3 Attached to the medial meniscus T
4 Pierced by the tendon of popliteus F
5 Closely related to the common peroneal nerve F
Question 8 - knee joint
The medial collateral ligament of the knee is also known as the tibial
collateral ligament and is a broad flat band attached to the medial femoral
condyle and shaft of the tibia.
Some of its deepest fibres attach to the medial meniscus.
The popliteal tendon pierces the capsule of the knee joint, not the medial
collateral ligament.
18. The anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
1 Is completely surrounded by synovial membrane
2 Is associated with the meniscofemoral ligaments
of Wrisberg and Humphry
3 Is stronger and has a greater width than the
posterior cruciate ligament
4 Limits rotation in the knee
5 Attaches to the anterior part of the intercondylar
fossa of the femur
T
Question 9 - knee joint
19. The anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
1 Is completely surrounded by synovial membrane F
2 Is associated with the meniscofemoral ligaments
of Wrisberg and Humphry
F
3 Is stronger and has a greater width than the
posterior cruciate ligament
F
4 Limits rotation in the knee T
5 Attaches to the anterior part of the intercondylar
fossa of the femur
F
T
Question 9 - knee joint
The synovial membrane covers the sides and front of the cruciate ligaments.
The meniscofemoral ligaments are associated with the posterior cruciate ligament.
Both cruciates limit medial rotation of the tibia or lateral rotation of the femur.
The ACL attaches to the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur.
20. Bursae in and around the knee are located as follows:
1 Deep to the quadriceps
2 Between the cruciate ligaments
3 Between the ligamentum patellae and tibia
4 Deep to semimembranosus
5 In the subcutaneous tissue in front of the patella
Question 10 - knee joint
21. Bursae in and around the knee are located as follows:
1 Deep to the quadriceps T
2 Between the cruciate ligaments F
3 Between the ligamentum patellae and tibia T
4 Deep to semimembranosus T
5 In the subcutaneous tissue in front of the patella T
The suprapatellar bursa is found deep to the quadriceps and is continuous
with the synovium of the knee joint. It extends for 8-10cm above the superior
border of the patella.
Question 10 - knee joint