A questionnaire is a research tool composed of predetermined questions to gather data from respondents on specific topics, designed to be efficient and cost-effective. Key elements include a clear title, introduction, instructions, and clearly separated items, while good questionnaires avoid embarrassing or hypothetical questions and ensure clarity and simplicity. Various types include open-ended, closed-ended, and structured formats, each with its benefits and drawing out different kinds of information.

1. Questionnaire
Sohel Ahmed

2. What is a Questionnaire?
• A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting a set of
predetermined questions to collect data from the respondents about
one or more specific topics that serves as a primary research
instrument in survey research
• Generally a questionnaire is a series of written questions for which
the respondents has to provide the answers (Bell 1999)
• The questionnaire was invented by the Statistical Society of London in
1838

3. Purpose of Questionnaire
• To extract data from respondents
• Inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large number of
respondents
• It helps to Increases speed and accuracy of recording
• Helps to save time, money and energy

4. Elements of Questionnaire
Title
• It should be very clear and precise
General introduction
• This has a description of the purpose of study
Specific instructions
• This offers concise demonstration on how to carry on with the
business of responding to the questionnaire

5. Elements of Questionnaire
Questionnaire items
• It is the main part of the questionnaire schedule, to be clearly
separated from the aforementioned parts
Additional information
• It consist about information of the researcher/ administrator

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE
• Concerned with an important or specific topic
• It should be short and long enough to get the data
• Directions should be clear and simple
• Important item are clarified
• Questions should be objective, no clue, hint or suggestion should be
there

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD QUESTIONNAIRE
• Embarrassing questions should be avoided e.g.
• What is your worst habit?
• Do you sing in the shower?
• Hypothetical questions should be avoided e.g.
• If you had one day left to live, what would you do first?
• If you were the opposite sex for a month, how would you spend it?
• Question Should be in an order from simple to complex

8. Cont…
• Should be attractive, neatly printed and clearly arranged
• Double barrel question should be avoided e.g.
• "How satisfied are you with your pay and job conditions?"
• Should be
• How satisfied are you with your pay?
• How satisfied are you with job condition?
• "How often and how much time do you spend on each visit to a hospital?“

9. Question development sequences
• First revision
• Accept or reject recommendation for any change
• Critical or peer review
• Pilot test
• Return rate of the question
• Reaching difficulty or any barrier

10. Types of
questionnaire
Unstructured
Open end
Structured
Closed end
Semi
structured

11. Open ended Questions
• Open ended questions give an opportunity to the respondents to
express their opinions in a free-flowing manner
• Freedom to express opinion
• Scope to obtain more information
• Data form is Qualitative Difficult to analyses/ coding statistically

12. Such questions
were ask openly
to get opinion
or view about
the aspect.
State your opinion about
sports policy amended by
the sports ministry of
India?
How can we promote
women
empowerment in
India
What are the facilities do
you expect from your
institution
Suggest your
opinion to
promote healthy
lifestyle in India

13. Close Ended or Structured Questionnaires
• Respondents are restricted to choose among any of the given
multiple choice
• The advantages of this format questions is easy to design and analysis
• Closed ended questions can also be asked to different groups at
different intervals to efficiently track their opinion about a
product/service/ company over time

14. Cont…
• Limited Freedom to express opinion
• Data form is Quantitative
• Scope of getting extra information is very less

15. Dichotomous Questions
These kinds of questions has two possible responses only
• Yes / No
• True / False
• Agree / Disagree
E.g.. Have you ever experienced any pain
• Yes / No

16. Closed-ended - Multiple Choice
• When all response choices are known
e.g. Which of the warm up duration you follow before athletic
competition?
• 10 min
• 15 min
• 20 min
• 25 min
• more than 25 min

17. Closed Ended scale format
Likert Questions
• Likert questions can help you ascertain how strongly your
respondents agree to a particular statement
• Such type of questions also help you assess how your customers feel
towards a certain issue, product or service

18. Example
Express your views on the following aspect of smoking
• Questions SA A UD D SD
• Smoking is injurious to health
• Cigarette contains nicotine
• Those who smoke looks charming
• Smokers can impress people
SA Strongly Agree, A Agree, UD Undecided, D Disagree, SD Strongly
Disagree

19. Bipolar Closed Ended Questions
Bipolar Questions
• Bipolar questions are the ones having two extreme answers written at
the opposite ends of the scale. The respondents are asked to mark
their responses between those two

20. Example

21. Matrix
A matrix question—are really, multiple questions presented on a grid—
is one of the most popular question types in online and traditional pen-
and-paper surveys
For survey creators, these bundled questions are easy to write and
program
For respondents, they’re generally easy to interpret (and answer) since
the scales and answer options stay the same across all items

22. Contingency
• A questioned that is answered only if the respondent gives a particular
respond to a previous question. This avoid asking questions to people that
do not apply to them
Do you smoke?
• Yes / No
If Yes, about how many times you smoke once
• 2 to 5 times
• 6 to 10 times
• 11 to 20 times
• more than 20 times in a day

23. Mixed Method
In some situations, you may have a partial list of answer choices, but you
may still have some doubt or uncertainty about other possible responses.
You can create a partially structured question such as the following
• Example of a Partially Structured Question
What purpose do you use web based resources?
• For research work
• To write assignments
• To improve subject knowledge
• For the purpose of seminar presentation Any other (Please specify)
1.________________ 2. ________________

24. Using questionnaire depends upon
• Type of information to be gathered
• Available resources for the experiment
Use in following circumstances
• When resources and money are limited
• Limited time
• When it is necessary to protect the privacy of the participants

25. Issues in Designing Questionnaire
• Determine the Parameters to be investigated
• Prepare the questions to be asked
• Select question type and specify the wording
• Design the question sequence and overall questionnaire layout
• Ask about what you need to know
• Content Oriented
• Population Oriented

26. Cont…
• Will the respondent be able to answer your question
• Simple to Complex
• General to Specific
• well known
• Will respondents want to answer the question
• Private questions
• silly questions

27. Cont…
• Respondents must represent the population
• Homogenous Group
• Similar characteristics
• More Similar, accurate information
• Full fill the purpose of questionnaires

28. Merits
• it’s very economical
• It’s a time saving process
• It covers the research in wide area
• It’s very suitable for special type of responses
• It is most reliable in special cases

29. Demerits
• Responses rate are low
• Lack of personal contact
• Greater possibility of wrong answers
• Chances of receiving incomplete response are more
• Sometimes answers may be illegible
• It may be useless in many problems