The document discusses the development and design of survey instruments, specifically questionnaires, outlining their purpose, types, and importance in data collection. It distinguishes between open-ended and closed-ended questions, detailing their respective uses in qualitative and quantitative studies. Additionally, it highlights the key steps in the questionnaire design process and provides guidelines to ensure effective measurement of research objectives.

1. Unit
Unit III
III
DEVELOPMENT OF
DEVELOPMENT OF SURVEY
SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTS
ITEM ANALYSIS FOR
ITEM ANALYSIS FOR THE
THE QUESTIONNAIRES
QUESTIONNAIRES
DEEPA.M.J
DEEPA.M.J
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2. Introduction
Introduction :
:
“
“Survey
Survey”
” refers to a descriptive research
refers to a descriptive research
technique or methodology (also includes interviews,
technique or methodology (also includes interviews,
and focus groups)
and focus groups)
“
“Questionnaire
Questionnaire” refers to a paper and pencil
” refers to a paper and pencil
instrument through which information is obtained
instrument through which information is obtained
For the purposes of outcomes assessment,
For the purposes of outcomes assessment,
questionnaires are frequently developed to survey a
questionnaires are frequently developed to survey a
population .
population .
“
“Questionnaire”
Questionnaire” consists of a number of questions
consists of a number of questions
printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms.
printed or typed in a definite order on a form or set of forms.
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3. The basic functions of questionnaire :
The basic functions of questionnaire :
It translates research objectives to be questions
It translates research objectives to be questions
It standardizes the questions and the response
It standardizes the questions and the response
categories: every respondents can give the information
categories: every respondents can give the information
that we want
that we want
It keeps communicating with respondents in a
It keeps communicating with respondents in a
professional way (cooperation and motivation).
professional way (cooperation and motivation).
It is the permanent records of survey
It is the permanent records of survey
It is helpful for the process of data analysis
It is helpful for the process of data analysis
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4. The
The importance
importance of
of questionnaire
questionnaire :
:
It ensures quality of data collected : reliable
It ensures quality of data collected : reliable
data is very useful for analysis
data is very useful for analysis
It provides effective and efficient survey
It provides effective and efficient survey
It accomplishes the research objectives
It accomplishes the research objectives.
.
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5. Open-ended Questions
Open-ended Questions =
= place no constraints
place no constraints
on respondents; i.e., they are free to answer in
on respondents; i.e., they are free to answer in
their own words and to give whatever thoughts
their own words and to give whatever thoughts
come to mind.
come to mind.
Closed-ended Questions
Closed-ended Questions =
= respondent is given
respondent is given
the option of choosing from a number of
the option of choosing from a number of
predetermined answers.
predetermined answers.
Two Types of Questions
Two Types of Questions:
:
1.
1. Open-ended
Open-ended
2.
2. Closed-ended
Closed-ended
QUESTIONNAIRE
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN
DESIGN

6. Examples of Open-ended Questions
Examples of Open-ended Questions:
:
How do you typically decide which restaurant you
How do you typically decide which restaurant you
will eat at?
will eat at?
· Which mutual funds have you been investing in for
· Which mutual funds have you been investing in for
the past year?
the past year?
· How are your investment funds performing?
· How are your investment funds performing?
· Do you think airport security is better now than it
· Do you think airport security is better now than it
was six months ago?
was six months ago?

7. Open-ended
Open-ended Questions
Questions
• Typically used in exploratory/qualitative studies.
Typically used in exploratory/qualitative studies.
• Typically used in personal interview surveys
Typically used in personal interview surveys
involving small samples.
involving small samples.
• Allows respondent freedom of response.
Allows respondent freedom of response.
• Possible researcher bias in interpretation.
Possible researcher bias in interpretation.

8. 1.
1. Did you check your email this morning? __ Yes __ No
Did you check your email this morning? __ Yes __ No
1.
1. Which countries in Europe have you traveled to in the last six
Which countries in Europe have you traveled to in the last six
months?
months?
__ Belgium
__ Belgium
__ Germany
__ Germany
__ France
__ France
__ Italy
__ Italy
__ Switzerland
__ Switzerland
__ Spain
__ Spain
__ Other (please specify) _____________
__ Other (please specify) _____________
1.
1. How often do you eat at Samouel’s Greek Cuisine restaurant?
How often do you eat at Samouel’s Greek Cuisine restaurant?
__ Never
__ Never
__ 1 – 4 times per year
__ 1 – 4 times per year
__ 5 – 8 times per year
__ 5 – 8 times per year
__ 9 – 12 times per year
__ 9 – 12 times per year
__ More than 12 times per year
__ More than 12 times per year
Examples
Examples of Closed-end Questions:
of Closed-end Questions:

9. Closed-end
Closed-end Questions
Questions
• Typically used in quantitative studies.
Typically used in quantitative studies.
• Used in studies involving large samples.
Used in studies involving large samples.
• Limited range of response options.
Limited range of response options.

10. Types of Questionnaire :
Types of Questionnaire :
Structured questionnaire:
Structured questionnaire:
It include definite, concrete and
It include definite, concrete and
pre-obtained questions which were prepared
pre-obtained questions which were prepared
in advance.
in advance.
Closed-form questionnaire:
Closed-form questionnaire:
It is used when categorized data is
It is used when categorized data is
required.
required.
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11. Pictorial questionnaire:
Pictorial questionnaire:
It is used to promote interest in
It is used to promote interest in
answering after seeing the pictures on a particular
answering after seeing the pictures on a particular
theme.
theme.
Unstructured questionnaire:
Unstructured questionnaire:
Designed to obtained view points,
Designed to obtained view points,
opinions, attitudes and to show relationships and
opinions, attitudes and to show relationships and
inter-connections between data.
inter-connections between data.
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12. Steps in Questionnaire Design
Steps in Questionnaire Design:
:
1.
1. Initial Considerations – problem, objectives,
Initial Considerations – problem, objectives,
target population, sampling, etc.
target population, sampling, etc.
2.
2. Clarification of Concepts – select variables,
Clarification of Concepts – select variables,
constructs, measurement approach, etc.
constructs, measurement approach, etc.
3.
3. Developing the Questionnaire
Developing the Questionnaire
 Length and sequence.
Length and sequence.
 Types of questions.
Types of questions.
 Sources of questions.
Sources of questions.
 Wording, coding, layout and instructions.
Wording, coding, layout and instructions.
4.
4. Pre-testing the Questionnaire.
Pre-testing the Questionnaire.
5.
5. Questionnaire Administration Planning.
Questionnaire Administration Planning.

13. Steps in the
Questionnaire
Development
Process
Many drafts
occur to
remove bias
Questionnaire
Design…

14. Preparing Good Questions:
Preparing Good Questions:
• Use Simple Words.
Use Simple Words.
• Be brief.
Be brief.
• Avoid Ambiguity.
Avoid Ambiguity.
• Avoid Leading Questions.
Avoid Leading Questions.
• Avoid Double-Barreled
Avoid Double-Barreled
Questions.
Questions.
• Check Questionnaire Layout.
Check Questionnaire Layout.
• Prepare Clear Instructions.
Prepare Clear Instructions.

15. conclusion
conclusion
Questionnaire design is a long process
Questionnaire design is a long process
A questionnaire is a powerful evaluation tool
A questionnaire is a powerful evaluation tool
Questionnaires are like any scientific
Questionnaires are like any scientific
experiment.
experiment.
Questionnaires allow the collection of both
Questionnaires allow the collection of both
subjective and objective data through the use
subjective and objective data through the use
of open or closed format questions.
of open or closed format questions.
 When these guidelines are followed, the
When these guidelines are followed, the
questionnaire becomes a powerful and
questionnaire becomes a powerful and
economic evaluation tool.
economic evaluation tool.

16. THANK YOU…..
THANK YOU…..
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