This document discusses different types of pronouns in English including: - Demonstrative pronouns like this, that, these, those. - Interrogative pronouns like who, which, whom, whose. - Negation pronouns like no, nobody, none. - Personal and reflexive pronouns like I, me, myself. - Relative pronouns like who, whom, whose, which, that. - Reciprocal pronouns like each other, one another. - Quantifier pronouns like some, any, every, all, both. Examples are provided to illustrate how each type of pronoun is used as a subject, object

1. QUESTION TAG
 Question Tag : Pertanyaan tambahan yang dipendekkan, digunakan untuk
mengharapkan jawaban setuju ( kebenaran atau penegasan) atas suatu pernyataan /
statement yang disampaikan. Biasanya terletak dibelakang kalimat.
Example : kalimat nominal = You are a student, are’t you?
You are not a student, are you?
Kalimat verbal = They don’t go to school, do they?
Ani goes to the school, doesn’t she?
v Tag Question dalam positive statement.
Jika statmentnya negatif (+) maka Tag Questionnya negatif (-)
1. Menggunakan modals, to be, to have.
a). menggunakan modals auxiliary ( berhubungan dengan perasaan )
seperti can, will, dsb.
Example : You must go now, mustn’t you?
You can swim well, can not you?
2. Menggunakan kata kerja bantu “to be”
Example: She is a teacher, isn’t she?
3. Menggunakan kata kerja bantu “to have”
Example: He has a lot of book, hasn’t he?
I have to buy some matches, haven’t I ?
b). Tag Question yang mengandung statment verb seperti “do, does, did”
Example: You like coffee, don’t you?
His wife cooks well, doesn’t she?
You broke the window, didn’t you?
c). Tag Question yang menggunakan “they” sebagai subject untuk everybody, everyone,
somebody, someone.
Example: Everyone warned you, didn’t they?

2. Someone had recognized him, hadn’t they?
v Tag Question dalam negative statment
Jika statmentnya negatif (-) maka Tag-nya adalah positif (+)
a). Tag Question dari kalimat yang menggunakan modals (auxiliary), to be, to have.
1. Modals → I mustn’t be late, must I ?
They oughtn‘t to be here, ought I ?
2. To be → I am not so fast so you, am I ?
It’s not holiday today, is it?
3. To have → He hadn’t met you before, had he?
Tom hasn’t got colour TV, has he?
b). Tag Question yang mengandung “do, does, did”
Example: Boys do not like to wash, do they?
You do not like sugar, do you?
c). Statment yang mengandung kata-kata seperti: Neither, None, Nobody, Nothing, Scarcely,
Rarely, Hardly, Ever, Seldom, dianggap sebagai negatif.
Example: None of your friends liked the film, did they?
Nobody cheated on the best, did they?
v Kalimat Perintah (Command)
Untuk membentuk kalimat perintah Tag Question adalah “will you”
Example: Please close the door, will you?
Please be careful, will you?
v Kalimat Ajakan (Request)
Untuk membuat kalimat ajakan, kita menggunakan Tag Question “shall we”
Example: Let’s go home together, shall we?
Let’s play football now, shall we?
v Tag Question untuk complex sentence

3. Untuk membuat Tag Question-nya bukan pada induk kalimat (main clause) tapi pada anak
kalimat (sub-clause)
Example: I think that you are clever, aren’t you?
We hope you are happy, aren’t you?
Notes;
 “ I am” biasanya mempunyai Tag dengan “Aren’t”
Example : I am very late, aren’t I?
I am very stupid, aren’t I?
 “ Let’s” menpunyai Tag dengan “Shall”
Example : Let’s read aloud, shall we?
Let’s pretend we’re not here, shall we?
Let’s go, shall we?
 “Used to” dapat mempunyai Tag dengan “did”
Example : You used to leave in Bandung, didn’t you?
You used to smoke a pipe, didn’t you?
BAB II ADVERB
Adverb yaitu suatu kata yang menerangkan tentang kata kerja, kata sifat, waktu, keadaan
sekitar dan kata keterangan lainnya selain kata benda. Ada beberapa adverb dalam bahasa
inggris antara lain:
A. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat)
Adalah adverb yang menerangkan tempat di mana suatu peristiwa atau kejadian dilakukan.
Adverb of place menjawab pertanyaan “where” dan biasanya ditempatkan sesudah direct
object (object langsung) atau kata kerja.
Meliputi misalnya → here, there, every where, at home, in the office, in Bandung, inside,
outside,dsb.
Example: – where do you live? I live in Bandung.
- They are in the livingroom
- My sister is at home

4. B. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu)
Yaitu adverb yang menerangkan waktu kapan sesuatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang dilakukan.
Adverb of time menjawab pertanyaan “when” atau “what time” dan dapat ditempatkan di
depan atau di akhir kalimat.
Yang termasuk adverb of time:, yesterday, tomorrow, in the morning, today, now at 6 o’clock,
in April, dll.
Example: – when did you come from Jakarta?
I came from Jakarta yesterday
– The English teacher will teach us tomorrow
– He will watch the film tonight
C. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara)
Yaitu adverb yang menerangkan cara bagaimana atau dengan jalanbagaimana sesuatu
tersebut terjadi atau dilakukan.
Adverb of manner menjawab pertanyaan “how”.
Yang termasuk adverb of manner adalah: slowly, quickly, fluently, politely, lazily, happily,
easily, dll.
Example: – How does he work? He works lazily
- He drivers the car slowly.
- They do the test carefully.
D. Adverbs of degree (tingkatan)keterangan
Yaitu adverb yang menerangkan dalam tingkatan bagaimana sesuatu dilakukan. Adverb ini
menjawab pertanyaan “in what degree” dan biasanya ditempatkan sebelum kata sifat
(adjective) atau adverb.
Yang termasuk adverb of degree: little, rather (agak), quite (sangat), extremely (luar biasa),
etc.
Example: – In what degree do you know him?
I know him little.
– He is too young to study English
– She is very diligent in the class.

5. E. Adverbs of frequency ( keterangan frekuensi)
Yaitu adverb yang menerangkan sering tidaknya suatu peristiwa atau kejadian dilakukan atau
terjadi.
Adverb ini menjawab pertanyaan “how often” dan biasanya ditempatkan sesudah kata kerja
atau sesudah subject.
Yang termasuk adverb of frequency: alway, sometimes, often, usually, ever, never, generally,
commany, ravely, seldom, etc.
Example: – We never study English on Sunday
– How often do you go to to th movie?
I go to the movie sometimes
– I always go to school at 6 o’clock.
F. Interrogative adverb
Yaitu adverb yang digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa. Adverb ini
berupa kata tanya seperti what, which, when, why, where yang umumnya ditempatkan di
awal kalimat.
Example: – What did you do last nigt?
-When will you go to Jakarta?
G. Relatif Adverb
Yaitu adverb yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan antara satu kalimat dengan yang lain.
Adverb ini berupa kata tanya seperti “ What, when, why, where, how, etc.”dan diletakkan
ditengah-tengah kalimat.
Example : I don’t know why he always comes late
Do you know how to operate computer
Notes : Cara membentuk adverb of manner ( keterangan cara)
1. Umumnya adverb ini dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran “ ly” pada adjectivenya:
Adjective Adverb Artinya
Calm
Honest
Glad

6. Perfect Calmly
Honestly
Gladly
Perfectly Dengan tenang
Dengan jujur
Dengan baik
Dengan sempurna
Example: – He is a calm worker ( ia seorang pekerja yang tenang ) = adjective
– He works calmly ( ia bekerja dengan tenang ) = adverb
2. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf “ y” maka huruf “y”diganti dengan “i” lalu ditambah
dengan “ly”
Adjective Adverb Artinya
Busy Busily Dengan sibuknya
Easy Easily Dengan mudah
Happy Happily Dengan bahagia.
Example: – He is a busy man ( adjective )
– He works busily (adver)
3. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf “L” ditambah dengan ly, maka huruf “L”nya double
Adjective Adverb Artinya
Beautiful Beautifully Dengan cantiknya
Careful Carefully Dengan hati-hati
Peaceful Peacefully Dengan damai
Example: – She is beatiful (adjective)
– She dancer beautifully (adverb)
Namun, ada beberapa kata sifat yang tidak bisa disusun seperti pola diatas. Yakni memiliki
bentuk yang sama persisi dengan adverbnya, yang bisa berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan
tanpa ditambah “ly”. Yaitu:
Adjective Adverb Artinya

7. Early
Fast
Hard
Late Early
Fast
Hard
LateDengan lambat
Dengan cepat
Dengan keras
Dengan lambat
Cara menidentifikasi bentuk kata tersebut apabila disusun dalam suatu kalimat, berikut
uraiannya:
- apabila kata tersebut berada setelah kata kerja, itu berarti kata keterangan
ex: Tye runn fast
- apabila kata tersebut berada setelah “to be” mka kata tersebut adalah kata sifat.
Ex: This test is hard to do
Ada beberapa kata kerja yang tidak boleh diikuti oleh kata keterangan yang berakhiran “ly”.
Misalnya: Look, become, get, taste, appear, grow, seem, soun, feel, tunr, smoll.
Sekelompaok kata kerja tersebut dinamakan Linking Verb / kata kerja penghubung yang bisa
diikuti oleh kata sifat.
Ex : – Farida looks beautiful ( benar )
– Farida looks beautifully ( salah )
Comparasion of Adverb (Perbandingan Kata Keterangan)
Setiap ketentuan yang berlaku dalam abjective berlaku pula dalam comparasion of adverb.
1. Adverb yang pendek, mendapat akhiran “er” untuk komparatif (tingkat lebih) dan
mendapat akhiran “est” superlative (tingkat paling).

8. Ex : – This bus is as fast as than motorcycle ( adjective )
Rudy works as fast as I do ( adverb )
– This bus is not as fast as than one ( adjective )
Rudy doesn’t work as fast as I do ( adverb )
– This bus is the fastest one ( adjective )
Rudy works the fastest among us ( adverb )
2. Adverbs yang lebih panjang mendapat awalan “more” untuk comparative dan mendapat
awalan “most” untuk superlative.
Ex : – Rudy is as happy as I am
Rudy works as happily as I do
– Rudy is happier than I am
Rudy works more happily than I do
– Rudy is the happiest among us
Rudy works the most happily in the office
3. Ketentuan mengenai tingkat perbandingan yang tak berurutan untuk adjective berlaku pula
bagi adverb.
Ex : – This book is as good as yours
He studies as well as I do
– This book is better than yours
He studies better than I do
– This book is the best in the class
He studies the best among
UNIT III PRONOUN
Pronoun adalah kata-kata yang dapat berfungsi sebagai suatu ungkapan untuk kumpulan kata
benda secara keseluruhan yang berada dalam subject dan object dari suatu anak kalimat, atau
juga sebagai penentu dari suatu ungkapan kata benda.
Pronoun, dengan sifat-sifatnya dapat dikelompokkan sebagai berikut:

9. 1. Demonstrative Pronoun, yang meliputi: This, Thet, These, dan Those.
Singular : This dan That
Plural : These dan Those
a. Demonstrative pronoun sebagai subject,
ex : This is my brother, those are Tom’s brother.
This is my book, that is yours.
b. Demonstrative pronoun sebagai object.
Ex : I like this ( book )
I bought this ( picture ) in London.
2. Interrogative Pronoun, yang meliputi : Who, Which, Whom, dan Whose.
For persons:
- Subject : who dan which
- Object : whom, who, dan which
- Possesive: whose
For things :
- Subject : what dan which
- Object : what dan which
Example : Interrogative pronoun sebagai subject
- Who took my book? Tom took it
- Which of them is the eldest? Mary is the eldist.
Interrogative pronoun sebagai object
- Whom didi you pay? She paid Jeri and me.
- Which univercity did he go to? He went to Syamsul Ulum
Interrogative pronoun sebagai possesive
- Whose are these? They are Jeri’s

10. 3. Negation Pronoun, meliputi no, nobody, no one, etc.
Personal Non pesonal
Singular No one, nobody Nothing
Singular and Plural None (of no) None (of no)
Example : – There isn;t any butter left / There is no butter left
- None of them “has/have” arrived
4. Personal and Reflexive Pronoun, meliputi I, my, mine, my self, etc.
Subject Obeject Possesive
Singular First person
Second person
Third person I
You
He/She/It Me
You
Him/Her/It Mine
Yours
His/Hers
PluralFirst person
Second person
Third person We
You
They Us
You
Them Ours
Yours
Theirs

11. Example :
 Personal pronoun sebagai subject
- He was late as usual
- They live here
- She knows you
 Personal pronoun sebagai object
- I saw him yesterday ( direct object )
- Wiil you give him my regand? ( indirect object )
- Where is Tom? That’s him over there.
 Personal pronoun sebagai possesive
- This is my pen/ This is mine
- This is their house/ This is theirs
5. Reflexive Pronoun.
Personal Pronoun Reflexive
Subject Object Possesive Pronoun
First Singular I me mine myself
Person Plural we us ours ourselves
Second Singular
Person Plural you yours yourselves
Third person Singular he him his herself
she her hers herself
Plural they them theirs themselves
Example : – The soldiers tried to depend themselves
- We have to find ourselves a new home
6. Reciprocal Pronoun, meliputi each, other, dan one another.
One another dan each other dapat igunakan dengan dua atau lebih, tetapi one another pada
umumnya dipakai kalau lebih dari dua.
Example : – Tom and Mery looked at each other.

12. – Tom and Mery like each other.
– The four children were very fond of one another.
– He up all the books on top of one another.
7. Relative Pronoun, yang meliputi, who, whom, whose, which, dan that.
Subject Object Possesive
For person Who
That Who/whom
That Whose
-For things Which
That Which
That Whose/of which
–
 Relative Pronoun sebagai subject
For person : who, that.
For things : which, that.
Example : – The film is about a group of people who are trapped in a lift.
- Have you met anybody that has been to Europa.
- There’s still one thing which is not explained.
 Relative Pronoun sebagai object.
For person : who/whom, that.
For things : which, that.
Example : – Do you know the boy that we met?
Do you know the boy who we met?
- That’s the house that I’ve bought.
That’s the house which I’ve bought.

13.  Relative Pronoun sebagai possesive.
For person : whose.
For things : whose/of whict.
Example : – The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
- People whose rents have raised can appeal.
8. Quantifier Pronoun, meliputi some, any, every, all, both, several, etc.