This document discusses the eight parts of speech in English grammar: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It provides examples and definitions for each part of speech. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas. Verbs express actions or states of being. Pronouns take the place of nouns. Adjectives modify nouns, and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships of time, place, and manner. Conjunctions join words and phrases. Interjections express strong emotions.
Sentence Types Structural classification (Part I: Simple, Compound, Compound-Complex Sentence)
Compiled by: Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
Types of Sentences: Structural
Sentences are classified in to four according to their structure i.e. the type and number of clauses it consists.
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
1.Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
The dog barked.
The baby cried.
Girma and Alemu play football every afternoon.
St. George played well and won the game.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.
It expresses a single complete thought.
A simple sentence is a single independent clause.
A simple sentence might have a compound subject and/or compound verb.
Simple Sentence withCompound Subject and/or Compound Verb
The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and the cat howled.
It may have a compound verb:
The dog howled and barked.
It may have a compound subject and a compound verb:
The dog and the cat howled and yowled respectively.
2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by
(1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction
(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so):
The dog barked, and the cat yowled.
(2) a semicolon:
The dog barked; the cat yowled.
(3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences
are being treated as items in a series:
The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit
chewed.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS).
A compound sentence can also consist of two independent clauses joined by semi-colon
3. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
A. When he handed in his homework, he
forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after
she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they
have a test tomorrow.D. After they finished studying, Juan and
Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after
they finished studying.
COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to
sells cosmetics.B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.C. A girl whom I know was recently accepted
to Harvard University.
D. The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris,
is visited by millions of tourists annually.
The underlined part is the independent clause.
Sentence Types Structural classification (Part I: Simple, Compound, Compound-Complex Sentence)
Compiled by: Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
Types of Sentences: Structural
Sentences are classified in to four according to their structure i.e. the type and number of clauses it consists.
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
1.Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
The dog barked.
The baby cried.
Girma and Alemu play football every afternoon.
St. George played well and won the game.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.
It expresses a single complete thought.
A simple sentence is a single independent clause.
A simple sentence might have a compound subject and/or compound verb.
Simple Sentence withCompound Subject and/or Compound Verb
The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and the cat howled.
It may have a compound verb:
The dog howled and barked.
It may have a compound subject and a compound verb:
The dog and the cat howled and yowled respectively.
2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by
(1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction
(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so):
The dog barked, and the cat yowled.
(2) a semicolon:
The dog barked; the cat yowled.
(3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences
are being treated as items in a series:
The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit
chewed.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS).
A compound sentence can also consist of two independent clauses joined by semi-colon
3. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
A. When he handed in his homework, he
forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after
she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they
have a test tomorrow.D. After they finished studying, Juan and
Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after
they finished studying.
COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to
sells cosmetics.B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.C. A girl whom I know was recently accepted
to Harvard University.
D. The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris,
is visited by millions of tourists annually.
The underlined part is the independent clause.
A Proper Understanding of the Punctuation Marks enables Impressive Writing. English Grammar considers these marks as the most significant for Correct Writing. Remember, a Punctuation Mark can
Hello grammarians! This powerpoint presentation will present the most popular correlative conjunctions as well as the most common mistakes committed by the English speakers and writers.
An Interactive, hyperlinked slide show that makes the parts of speech more fun to learn. It is complete with internet games and movies. Should use it fully yourself before using it in front of a class
A Proper Understanding of the Punctuation Marks enables Impressive Writing. English Grammar considers these marks as the most significant for Correct Writing. Remember, a Punctuation Mark can
Hello grammarians! This powerpoint presentation will present the most popular correlative conjunctions as well as the most common mistakes committed by the English speakers and writers.
An Interactive, hyperlinked slide show that makes the parts of speech more fun to learn. It is complete with internet games and movies. Should use it fully yourself before using it in front of a class
English grammar: The whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics.
2. Eight Parts of Speech
s
Nouns
Verb
Pron
o uns
Interjections
Interjections
rrbs
e bs P re
Adjectives ve
dv pos
Ad
A i tio
ns
Conj unct ions
Conj unct ions
4. Kinds of Nouns
Common Nouns Proper Nouns
boy John
girl
Mary
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns
boy boys
girl
girls
Singular Possessive Plural Possessive
boy’s boys’
girl’s girls’
5. A word that expresses action or
otherwise helps to make a
statement “be” verbs
&
taste
Sb j
Suubeect feel
j ct
Liinki
sound
L nkin look
ng
g
appear
become predicate
seem predicate
grow
remain
stay
7. Kinds of Verbs
Action verbs express Linking verbs make a
mental or physical statement by
action. connecting the
subject with a word
that describes or
explains it.
He rode the horse to
victory.
He has been sick.
8. The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.
It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea.
s
Indefinite Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns
noun anybody this
al Proe each
rson e, min urs that
Pe I,m o
r, y
either
, you , hers, none these
y o u , h er
s h e i t , i t s u rs someone, one, etc. Interro those
o
u r,
s , o , t h ei r
, gative P
,u
we them ronoun
, s who s
they their whom
e lf
mys elf
rs what
you
which
whose
9. Modifies or describes a
noun or pronoun.
Answers these questions:
Did you lose your address
book?
Is that a wool sweater?
Just give me five minutes.
10. Modifies or describes
Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective,
a verb, an adjective, Answers the questions:
Answers the questions:
or another adverb.
or another adverb.
He ran quickly.
Ho w?
Ho w?
He ran quickly.
When?
When?
She left yesterday.
She left yesterday.
We went there.
We went there. Wherre?
Whe e?
It was too hot!
It was too hot! To what degree or how much?
To what degree or how much?
11. Interrogative
Adverbs How did you break your
introduce questions leg?
When does your plane leave?
How often do
you run?
Where did you put the
mouse trap?
12. A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence
as a noun. The word or word group that the
preposition introduces is its object.
They received a postcard from Bobby telling
about his trip to Canada.
13. The preposition never stands alone!
noun object of
preposition pronoun preposition
preposition object
You can press those leaves under glass.
can have more than
one object
Her telegram to Nina and Ralph brought good news.
object can have modifiers
It happened during the last examination.
14. Some Common Prepositions
aboard behind from throughout
about below in to
above beneath into toward
across beside like under
after between of underneath
against beyond off until
along by on up
among down over upon
around during past with
at except since within
before for through without