This document provides a summary of grammar rules and structures in English, including: - Verb tenses and forms such as simple present, present continuous, simple past, past perfect - Modals such as must, should, may, can - Clauses such as adjective clauses, adverb clauses, noun clauses - Voice such as active and passive voice - Comparison structures such as comparative and superlative adjectives - Derivatives for forming nouns and adjectives from other words - Participles and infinitives - Agreement between subjects and verbs - Conditionals and question words

1. + not + verb ing
+ Pos. Adj + verb ing
+ Simple Past (Verb2/were/didn’t+V1
+ Past Perf (had+v3/been)
+ would + v1/be
Jika ada ket.Waktu Present
Jika ada ket.Waktu Past
Jika ada ket.Waktu Future
Penggunaan As If/As thoug
As If
As Thoug
Conditional Sentences
Elliptical Sentences Aturan Auxiliary
Kalimat Induk ------- Auxiliary-nya
Do/does/did + verb 1 Do/does/did
Have/has/had + verb 3 Have/has/had
They Have come and she has too
Appositive
_______,S + P Studied law before aspiring to political
Pilihan C. BENAR karena Noun Phrase
Inverted Sentences
Under the Tree / situated …
On the floor / Located …
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Gerund (Verb Ing) Subjunctive “wish”
Digunakan setelah : Wish
1. Kata Kerja berikut ini : Wishes
Admit Imagine Wished
Appreciate Keep Would Rather
Avoid Mind If Only
Acknowledge Miss As If
Anticipate Mention As Though
Consider Pospone
Can’t Stand Practice
Can’t Help Quit
Deny Recail S. Present + + S. Past (were)
Delay Resist
Detest Resume S. Past + + Past Perfect (Had + Verb 3/been)
Discuss Regret
Enjoy Resent
Experience Report
Finish Risk Tipe 1:
Fancy Tolerate if + S. Present, S + will/can/may +verb 1/be
Understand Tipe 2:
If + S. Past (were), S + would/could/might + verb 1/be
Possessive Adjective: My, Your, His, Her, Our, Their ‘s Were + S + O/C, S + Would/could/might/+ verb 1 /be
Misal : Tipe 3:
She Postpones _____ the old temple. If + Past Perfect, S + would/could/might + have + verb 3/been
A. Visit C. to visit Had + S + Verb3/been. S + would/could/might + have + verb3/been
B. Visiting D. be visit
2. Phrase berikut ini : Kal. Positive (so/too) :
Be/get + used + to Advance + to Kalimat 1 and SO + aux + subject Verb 1 Do/Does
Be/get + accustomed + to Devote + to Kalimat 1 and Subject + aux + too Verb 2 Did
Look + Forward + to Dedicate + to Kal. Negative (neither/either) Modals Modals
Object + to Key + to Kalimat 1 and neither + aux + subject To be To be
Confess + to Passport + to Kalimat 1 and Subject + aux + not + either
Kal. Contrastive (but/while)
3. Prepositions : Kalimat 1 + but/while + S + Auxiliary Misal :
From On about +/- -/+ I went to school but he didn’t
Of at for Verb 1 do/does I am sick but he isn’t
With by in Verb 2 did
Without before after Auxiliary Auxiliary
Subjuntive That clause
Yang artinya “Menyarankan/Menyuruh” Appositive ( Keterangan Tambahan ) Misal :
Advice Ciri Umum : S, _______,P Milliard Fillmore, … , taught school and
Ask
A good idea, S + P ,______ office.
It’s best Appositive tidak boleh diawali : A. was the least great American president
Command 1. S+ P B. the American President was least
Demand, 2. That/in that C. one of the least known American president
Decree 3. Verb1/verb2/auxiliary D. that he was one of the least American President
Determine 4. To + be/ To + verb 1 Pilihan A. salah Karena diawali auxiliary (was)
Desire, Appositive boleh diawali : Pilihan B. salah karena membentuk s + p
Desirable 1. Verb ing/ verb 3
Order 2. Who/Which + aux + verb1/verb2 Pilihan D. salah karena diawali “that”
Propose 3. Noun Phrase
Recommend
Recommendation
Require, Request
Suggest Inverted Sentences (Inversi) dipakai dengan rumus :
Suggestion 1. Ungkapan negative diawal kalimat
Prefer Nor, No sooner, Not until, Not Just,
Yang Artinya “Penting” Neither, Seldom, Never, Rarely, Scarcely,
Important Barely, Hardly, Few, Little
Imperative, 2. Kata Only mengawali kalimat
Insist Only if, only with, Only after, etc.
Necessary Misal : 3. Kata So+adj/adv diawal kalimat
Essential He recommended that the So + adj
Mandatory car ______ here So + adv
Obligatory A. cleans 4. Preposition + no + kata benda
Obligation B. cleaned at no time
Vital C. be cleaned Under no sircumstances
Crucial D. cleaning In no chance
Urge, Urgent 5. Preposition + Ket. Tempat
Between the houses / Behind the place
Causative
Causative = Menyuruh/meminta
Active = Misal : Misal :
Get + object + infinitive The Customer had the shoes … Only Recently … popular all over the country.
Have + object + infinitive before six o’clock. A. has Blackberry become C. Blackberry has become
Passive = A. deliver C. delivers B. in becoming Blackberry D. Blackberry became
Get + object + verb 3 B. delivered D. delivering
Have + object + verb 3 Jawaban : B
+ verb ing
+ verb ing
+ verb ing
+ that + S
+ Inf
+ be

2. Adverb Clause
+ S + P
Tidak ada + S + P
+ S + verb 1+ S + verb 1 s/es
+ S + is/am/are + verb ing
+ S + have/has + verb3/been
+ S + have/has + been + verb ing
+ S + verb 2
+ S + was/were
+ S + was/were + verb ing
+ S + had + verb 3
+ S +had + been + verb ing
Noun Clause
+ S + P
Future Tenses
(+) lagi “for (Selama)
(+) lama waktu
+ S + will/shall + verb 1/be
+ S + to be + going + to + verb1/be
+ S + to be + verb ing
+ S + will + be + verb ing
+ S + will + have + verb3/been
+ S + will + have + been + Ving
Concordance
Past Tenses
+ Predicate Tunggal
Pred Tunggal : V+s/es, is/was, has,
does
+ Predicate Jamak
Pred Tunggal : V tanpa s/es,are,were
do
Infinitive
To Infinitive
+ to + inf (+)
+ not + to + inf (-)
+ to + be + verb 3 (psf)
Adjective Clause Preference
Adjective Clause = Relative Pronoun Preference = menyatakan Lebih Suka
Person + who + verb1, + verb2, auxiliary, adverb Rumus : Misal :
Person + whom + S + P Prefer + verb ing + to + verb ing we would rather study for the
Thing/animals + which + verb1, verb2, aux, Adv, S+P Like + Ving + better then + Ving A B
Person/Thing/Animals + whose + Noun (Menyatakan Kepunyaan) Would rather + V1 + than + V1 final exam tomorrow better than
Who=whom=which=that Would prefer to + V1 + rather than V1 C
Misal : go shopping.
The people which cheated on the examination had to leave the D
Room Jawaban : C
A. The people C. had to
B. Which D. leave Digunakan jika : Misal :
Jawaban : B 1. Ada QW diletakkan di tengah kalimat He doesn’t know how __ the
2. Ada QW digabungkan ke kalimat lain company.
Rumus : A. can he manages
Adverb Clause = Penggunaan Conjunction Question Words + S + P B. he can manage
1. Menyatakan Karena : Misal : Why when that C. managing he
Because He has … cars that he is Where how Wh… D. can manage he
As confused. Who how many Jawaban : B
Since A. so a many what what car
For B. so many
Because of C. such a many
Due to B. such many Simple Future
Owing to Tomorrow, Next
2. Menyatakan Makna Bertentangan Soon, Tonight
Although, though, even though Future Continuous
But, yet, still At this time + Tomorrow/tonight/next
However, nevertheless, while At this moment + Tomorrow/tonight/next
Despite, in spite of + tidak ada S+P At present + Tomorrow/tonight/next
3. Menyatakan sebab-akibat At + jam + Tomorrow/tonight/next
So + adjective/adverb + that Future Perfect
So + adjective +a/an + noun + that By the time + S.pres, By + S.pres
So + many/much/few/little/ + noun + that By the end of + S.pres, before + S.pres
Such + a/an + adjective + noun tunggal + that Future Perfect Continuous
Such + adjective + noun + that By the time + S.pres, By + S.pres
By the end of + S.pres, before + S.pres
Present Tense
Simple Present
Today
Once a week Subjek yang diikuti Predicate Tunggal
Twice a month 1. Gerund (Verb Ing)
Kebiasaan 2. Nama Pelajaran (..ogy/..ics)
Kebenaran 3. Jarak,waktu,volume,berat
Present Continuous 4. Uncountable Noun
Now 5. One of + Noun jamak
At this time None of + Noun Jamak
At this moment Either of + Noun Jamak
At present Neither of + Noun Jamak
Currently Each of + Noun Jamak
Look!, Hurry Up! The Number of + Noun Jamak
Listen!, Watch out! Subjek yang diikuti Predicate Jamak
Sedang… 1. Countable Noun yang Jamak
Present Perfect (Continuous) 2. Many of + Noun Jamak
For + Lama waktu Few of + Noun Jamak
For + the last A Number of + Noun Jamak
For … now
Since + awal waktu Kalimat yang memiliki 2 Subjek.
Since + s.past Pola 1
Either + S1 + or + S2 Predicate tergantung S2
Neither + S1 + not + S2 Predicate tergantung S2
Simple Past Not only + S1 + but also + S2 Predicate tergantung S2
…Ago, Yesterday
Last… Pola 2
In/on + waktu lewat S1 + as well as + S2 Predicate tergantung S1
It’s time that S1 + together with + S2 Predicate tergantung S1
Past Continuous S1 + along with + S2 Predicate tergantung S1
At this time S1 + in addition to + S2 Predicate tergantung S1
At this moment S1 + accompanied by + S2 Predicate tergantung S1
At present
At + jam
Sedang di masa lalu Make,makes,made,making + objeck + inf Misal :
Past Perfect Let, lets, letting + objeck + inf He made the bell boy __
Before + S.Past, By the time + S.Past Would rather, had better + infinitive/be a. come c. comes
By the end of + S.Past, By + S.Past Help + O + inf (diutamakan to inf) b. coming d. to come
Past Perfect Continuous
Before + S.Past, By the time + S.Past
By the end of + S.Past, by + S.Past Digunakan setelah :
(+) lagi “for (Selama) Decide Hope Tell Attemp
(+) lama waktu aja Expect Ask Agree Need
Want Refuse Manage Force
Afford Intend Persuade Fail, etc
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3. Derivative
+ adjective
Passive Voice
Participle
+ Verb ing ( aktif )
+ Verb 3 (pasif)
Phrase
Modals Degree of Comparison
1. Menyatakan “Harus” 01. Positive Degree = Perbandingan setara/sama
Must As + Adj/Adv + as
Have to + inf/be ( Adj digunakan jika sebelumnya ada To be/Linking Verb, Adv jika ada verb)
Has to The same + noun + as
(sekarang) Like + noun
Had to + inf/be Alike + tidak ada noun ( biasanya dibelakang)
( Masa Lalu ) As + S + P
02. Comparative Degree = Perbandingan dua hal/benda yang menyatakan
2. Menyatakan Saran (Sebaiknya) “Lebih”
Should Adjective + er + than
Had better + inf/be More + Adjective + than
Ought to 03. Superlative Degree = Perbandingan yang menyatakan “Paling”
Be supposed to The + adjective + est + in the…/of all…
3. Kebiasaan dimasa lalu The + most + est + in the …/of/all…
Would + inf/be 04. Irregular Comparison = Pola perbandingan tidak beraturan
Used to Good/well better best
4. Menyatakan Kemungkinan (mungkin) Bad/badly ` worse worst
May Little less least
Might + inf/be Many/Much more most
Could Far farther (jarak) farthest (jarak)
5. Modals Perfective further (informasi) furthest (informasi)
Must have verb3/been = Pasti telah … 05. Double Comparative (semakin …, semakin…)
Might have verb3/been = Mungkin telah … The Comparative…, the comparative…
Should have verb3/been = Seharusnya telah … 06. Multiple Number Comparative
Can’t have verb3/been = Nggak mungkin telah … Twice
Could have verb3/been = Seharusnya bisa … Three times + as + adj/adv + as
Four times ..
07. Penggunaan “of the…”(dari…)
Derivative : Pembentukan kata dengan penambahan awalan Of the + 2 bundal/hal, gunakan the + comparative
Dan akhiran. Jenis : Of the + lebih dari 2 benda/hal. Gunakan the + superlative
01. Noun
Asli : Car, Reason, Design, Shoes, etc
Bentukan : Participle : Kata Partisip
-ion, -ence, -or, -er, -ness, -ity, -ist, -age, -hood, -ship, Jenis : 1. Active Participle (Verb ing)
-dom, verb + al 2. Passive Participle (Verb 3)
Letak : 3. Perfect Participle ( Having + verb 3/been)
1. Setelah Possessive adjective (my, your, her, his, its, our, Penggunaan :
Their, ‘s) Misal : their difference, bukan their differ 1. Menggabungkan 2 kalimat
2. Setelah Indefinite pronoun/article (some, many, few, much, Pola soal 1. Mencari/melengkapi kalimat 2 (cara jawab : cari subjek yang
a/an/the, etc) Misal : the relation of bukan the relate of selaras/tentukan tenses nya.)
Rumus :
02. Adjective Verb ing/verb3 + O/C, Kalimat 2 (S.Pres/S.past)
Asli : Rich, Smart, Big, Complete, Great, Cold Being + Complement, Kalimat 2 ( S.Prest/S.Past)
Bentukan : Preposition/conjunction + Ving/V3 + O/C, Kalimat 2 (S.Pres/S.past)
-ible/-able, -ant/-ent, -ous, -al, -ful, -ic, -ive, -ish, -ary, -less Having + Verb3/Been + O/C, Kalimat 2 (S.Past)
Letak : Misal :
1. Setelah Linking Verb Travelling to the mountainous area, … When visiting the village, we ..
Look Feel Sound A. the village was very cold some photographs
Seem Turn Grow B. the man found a village A. has taken C. taking
Appear Become Remain C. the village dwellers found the man B. took D. had taken
Taste Stay Smell D. the tress were found there (tentukan tenses untuk kal. Ke 2)
2. Setelah tobe Pola soal 2. Mencari Participle nya. (cara jawab : cari Ving/V3, Being + C,
Is/am/are Prep/conj + ving/V3, atau having + verb3/been
Was/were + adjective Misal :
Be/been … a bad effect on children, some acts of the movie were cut.
3. Sebelum Noun A. It has C. Being
Adjective + Noun ; Misal : official reason B. Having D. Was
03. Adverb 2. Verb ing/Verb 3 digunakan jika kalimat sudah punya Verb 1/ Verb 2, dan auxiliary.
Asli : Fast, Hard, Late, High, Long, Well Misal :
Bentukan : The man … in the third row is my neighbor.
Adjective + LY missal : Beautifuly, Extremely A. sits C. sitting
Letak : B. sat D. he sits
1. Sebelum atau setelah Verb misal : He slowly moves it 3. Verb ing/ verb 3 bisa langsung digunakan setelah kata berikut jika tidak ada
2. Setelah pola S+P+O Misal : He brushes the teeth regulary subjek
3. Tidak boleh sebelum NOUN Misal : Officially reason-salah when while
04. Verb Although Though
Asli : Kick, Laugh, Sing, Walk, Prosper Even though Those
Bentukan :
-en, -ify, -ize
Letak :
1. Setelah modals Misal : He must clarify his matter
2. Setelah subjek Misal : They strengthen the footbridge
S + is/am/are + verb3 – Untuk kejadian present atau jika ada ket. Waktu present 1. Adjective + noun misal : Delicious food
S + is/am/are + being + verb3 – jika ada “sedang di…” atau ket.waktu pres.continuous 2. Adverb+Adjective+noun misal : Really delicious food
S + was/were + verb3 – untuk kej.past/jika ada since (sejak) atau jika ada ket. Waktu past 3. Hyphenated Adjective + noun (jika ada bingan, dengan
S + was/were + being + verb3 – jika membutuhkan past continuous + makna passive garis penghubung dan tunggal). Misal : a five-year-old boy
S + have/has+been+verb3 – jika ada kata “setelah di..” atau jika ada ket. Present Perfect Adjective asli : rich,complete,great,empty,cold,small,etc
S + had + been + verb3 – jika ada keterangan waktu past perfect seperti by +ket/kal lewat Adjective bentukan : ous,ful,less,ent,al,ic,ive, Verb ing (akt)
S + Modals + be + verb3 – jika ada modal + makna passive atau ket. Waktu future Verb 3 (psf)
S + need/require + to+be+verb3 – jika ada kata “perlu + di/ter… Adverb : Adjective + LY; beautifully, carefully, extremely, etc.
S + need/require + verb ing – jika ada kata “perlu + di/ter…