This document discusses adjectives and adverbs in three paragraphs. It begins by defining adverbs as words used to describe verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. It notes several types of adverbs including time, place, manner, and degree. The second paragraph defines adjectives as words used to describe nouns and pronouns. It discusses three types of adjectives: descriptive, limiting, and proper. The third paragraph provides examples of adjective usage including demonstrative, indefinite, numerical, interrogative, and possessive adjectives. It concludes with an example of a proper adjective.

1. ADJECTIVE AND ADVERB
KELOMPOK II

2.  ADVERBS
Adverb (kata keterangan/tambahan) adalah kata yang
dipakai untuk menerangkan bagian dari tata bahasa yang mana
saja kecuali kata benda dan kata ganti.
a) Adverb menerangkan kata kerja
Contoh: She speaks English fluently. Ia berbicara bahasa Inggris
dengan fasih
b) Adverb menerangkan kata sifat
Contoh: It’s now too hot to play tennis. Sekarang udara terlalu
panas untuk bermain tenis
c) Adverb menerangkan kata adverb lainnya
Contoh: She sings very well. Ia menyanyi dengan baik sekali

3. d) Adverb menerangkan kata depan
Contoh: The cat was sitting almost outside the door.
Kucing itu sedang duduk hampir di luar pintu
Di sini adverb almost menerangkan kata depan outside.
e) Adverb menerangkan kata sambung
Contoh: I want to know precisely how the accident
happened.
Saya ingin mengetahui secara pasti bagaimana kecelakaan itu terjadi
Adverb dapat menerangkan bukan saja kata-kata yang
terpisah tetapi juga sebuah kalimat asertif (yaitu kalimat yang
hanya menegaskan atau menyangkal sesuatu). Dalam hal ini adverb
harus ditempatkan di posisi awal kalimat.
Contoh: Evidently your success depends chiefly on yourself.
Jelaslah keberhasilan anda terutama tergantung pada anda sendiri

4. Adverb dibagi kedalam tiga golongan :
 Simple adverb
 Interrogative adverb
 Relative adverb
1) Simple adverb
 Kata-kata tambahan ini dapat dibedakan dari satu dengan yang lain menurut artinya :
a) Time (waktu)
Adverb of time (kata keterangan waktu)
 Contoh: I did this before, and he has done it since.
Saya melakukan hal ini dulu, dan ia telah melakukannya sejak waktu itu
 Kata keterangan waktu yang utama ialah: now, then (pada waktu itu), since (sejak
waktu itu), before (lebih dahulu), ago (dulu, dahulu), already (sudah), soon (segera),
immediately (segera, dengan segera), instantly (dengan segera), presently (segera, sekarang),
late (terlambat), lately (akhir-akhir ini), early (pagi-pagi), afterwards (sesudah itu,
kemudian), today (hari ini), yesterday (kemarin), tomorrow (besok), dsb.

5. b) adverbs of place (kata keterangan tempat)
Contoh:You may sit here.
Anda boleh duduk di sini
 Kata keterangan tempat yang utama: here, there, hence (dari sini),
thence (dari sana), above (di atas), below (di bawah, ke bawah), in (di atau masuk
ke tempat, posisi dsb, ada/tidak absen), out (di luar, tidak di rumah), inside (di
dalam, ke dalam), outside (di luar, ke luar), hither (ke/menuju tempat ini, di sana,
ke sana), within (dalam), without (luar, di luar), far (jauh), near (di atau ke suatu
jarak yang dekat, tidak jauh), dsb.
c) Number (bilangan)
Adverbs of number (kata keterangan bilangan)
Contoh: I did it twice.
Saya melakukannya dua kali
Kata keterangan bilangan yang utama: once (satu kali, sekali), twice (dua
kali), thrice, again (lagi), firstly (pertama, pertama-tama), secondly (kedua),
always (selalu), never (tak pernah), often (sering), seldom (jarang), sometimes
(kadang-kadang), dsb.

6. d) Manner, quality, or state
Kata keterangan cara, sifat atau keadaan.
 Contoh: She did her work quickly. Ia mengerjakan pekerjaannya
dengan cepat
Termasuk golongan adverb ini: well (dengan baik), ill (jelek, dengan
jelek), badly (jelek, kurang senonoh), amiss (salah), fluently (dengan lancar),
probably (mungkin), possibly (mungkin), may be (mungkin), perhaps
(barangkali), must be (tentu/pasti), thus (demikian), so (begitu, amat), dsb.
e) Quantity, extent or degree (banyaknya, taraf atau tingkat)
Contoh: He is almost a heavyeater. Ia hampir menjadi jago makan
 Termasuk adverb golongan ini: very, too (terlalu), quite (sungguh),
much, almost, little (sedikit sekali), a little (sedikit), somewhat (agak),
rather (agak, cukup), so (begitu dalam arti sampai sedemikian luas/besar),
half (setengah), partly (sebagian), wholly = completely = entirely =
totally (sama sekali), really (sesungguhnya), actually (sesungguhnya),
honestly (secara jujur), truthfully (dengan sebenarnya), dsb.

7. f) Affirming or denying (menegaskan atau menyangkal)
Contoh: He did not go after all. Akhirnya ia tidak pergi
Termasuk adverb golongan ini: yea (ya, betul), nay (tidak), yes (ya), no (tidak),
not (tidak, bukan), by all menas (tentu saja), not at all (sama sekali tidak).
2) Interrogative adverb
Kata-kata tambahan/keterangan yang dipakai untuk mengajukan pertanyaan:
a) Time (waktu)
Interrogative adverb of time (kata keterangan penanya waktu)
Contoh:
When did you come? kapan anda datang?
How long will you stay here? berapa lama anda akan tinggal disini?
b) Place (tempat)
Contoh:
Where do you live? anda tinggal dimana?
Whence have they come? mereka (telah) datang dari mana?
Whither are you going? kemana anda akan pergi?

8. c) Number (bilangan)
Contoh: How often do you eat?
berapa kali anda makan?
d) Manner, quality, or state (cara, sifat, atau keadaan)
Contoh:
How did you do that?
bagaimana caranya anda melakukan itu?
How are you today?
bagaimana kesehatan anda hari ini?
e) Quantity or degree (banyaknya atau tingkat)
Contoh: How far was that news true? sampai berapa jauh berita itu benar?
f) Cause or reason (sebab atau alasan)
Contoh:
Why did he leave? mengapa ia pergi?
Wherefore did she weep? mengapa ia menangis?
Catatan :
Adverb how kadang-kadang dipakai dalam pengertian seru
Contoh:
How hot it is today! alangkah panasnya hari ini!
How beautiful that view is! alangkah indahnya pemandangan itu!
How much disappointed he will be! ia akan betapa kecewanya!

9. Bentuk adverb
Beberapa adverb mempunyai bentuk yang sama seperti adjective.
Early (pagi-pagi)
Long (panjang)
Early (pagi-pagi)
Long (lama)
Loud (yang keras suara)
Loud (demgam keras [suara])
Hard (keras, sukar, susah)
Hard (keras, sukar, susah)
Late (yang terlambat)
Late (dengan terlambat)
Only (satu-satunya, tunggal)
Only (hanya)
Fast (cepat)
Fast (dengan cepat)
Enough (yang cukup)
Enough (dengan cukup)
Far (yang jauh)
Far (jauh)
Near (dekat)
Near (dekat)
Much (banyak)
Much (sangat, jauh)
High (tinggi)
High (tinggi)
Low (rendah)
Low (rendah)
Good (baik)
Well (dengan baik)

10. Degrees of Comparison in Adverb
Beberapa kata keterangan mempunyai tingkat perbandinghan seperti
kata sifat dan ini dibentuk dengan cara yang sama.
a) Kalau adverb merupakan sebuah kata yang bersuku kata satu,
komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan er dan superlatif dengan
menambahkan est.
Positif
Komparatif
Superlatif
Late (terlambat)
Late (terlambat)
Later (kemudian)
Later (kemudian)
Later (kemudian)
Latest (terakhir)
Long (lama)
longer (lebih lama)
Longest (terlama)
near(dekat)
nearer (lebih dekat)
nearest(terdekat)
soon (segera, dgn
cepat)
sooner(lebih cepat)
soonest( paling cepat)

11. c) Adverb yang berakhiran ly, komparatif dibentuk dengan menambahkan
more dan superlatif dengan menambahkan most :
Positif
Komparatif
Superlatif
Busily (sibuk)
Slowly (pelanpelan)
More busily
(lebih sibuk)
More slowly
(lebih pelan)
Most busily
(paling sibuk)
Most slowly
(paling pelan)

12. b) Beberapa adverb membentuk tingkat perbandingan secara tidak teratur.
Positif
Komparatif
Superlatif
Well (dengan baik) Better (lebih baik)
ill (jelek)
Worse (lebih jelek)
Best (paling baik)
Worst (paling jelek)
badly (jelek)
Worst (paling jelek)
Worse (lebih jelek)
forth (selanjutnya) Further (lebih lanjut) Furthest (paling jauh)
far (jauh)
Farther (lebih jauh)
Farthest (paling jauh)
much (jauh)
More (lebih jauh)
Most (paling jauh)
little (sedikit)
Less (kurang)
Least (paling sedikit)

13. Pengertian Adjective
Adjective adalah suatu kata yang digunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun
yang dapat berupa: person (orang), place (tempat), animal (binatang), maupun thing
(benda, konsep abstrak). Kata sifat ini merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech.
Kata sifat mungkin berbentuk sederhana (dark, hot, young), atau berbentuk frasa
— adjective phrase. Frasa ini merupakan kombinasi dari adjective (sebagai head)
dan modifier, determiner, dan/atau qualifier/intensifier (very
dark chocolate, young married couple). Selain itu, mungkin dua kata
sifat bergabung membentuk kata baru yang disebut compound adjective (parttime jobs, oil-free lotion).

14. macam – macam adjective. Ada tiga macam adjective yaitu descriptive,
limiting, dan proper adjective.
Descriptive adjective menjelaskan kualitas atau keadaan dari noun atau
pronoun yang dijelaskan.
Contoh : handsome boy (‘handsome’ menjelaskan kualitas dari anak laki-laki
yang tampan), stunning person, etc.
Limiting adjective (membatasi). Ada beberapa macam yaitu :
Demonstrative adjective, menunjukkan atau mengkhususkan noun atau
pronoun yang dijelaskannya. Demontrative adjective antara lain : this, that,
these dan those. Contoh : this table (this menunjukkan secara khusus noun
‘table’ (meja yang mana ? meja yang ini)).

15. Indefinite adjective, menunjukkan secara lebih luas noun atau pronoun
yang dijelaskan. Contoh : some advices, any person, all women, most …
etc.
Numerical adjective, menunjukkan suatu bilangan ketika menjelaskan
noun atau pronoun. Bilangan ini bisa berupa cardinal number (bilangan
pokok) bisa juga ordinal number (bilangan urut). Contoh : the sixth
princess (Putri raja yang keberapa ? Putri raja yang keenam), six tables,
etc.
Interrogative adjective, mengajukan pertanyaan ketika menjelaskan noun
atau pronoun.
Contoh : What time is it ?, whose pen is on the table ? (‘time’ dan ‘pen’
merupakan noun)
Possessive adjective, menyatakan kepunyaan ketika menjelaskan noun atau
pronoun.
Contoh : my book (buku milik siapa ? buku milikku), its leather, etc.

16. Proper adjective, menjelaskan noun atau pronoun
dimana modifier (penjelasnya) berasal dari proper
name.
Contoh : Chinese cuisine, Indonesian culture, French
restaurant, etc.
(Masakan apa ? masakan Cina. 'Chinese, Indonesian,
French' merupakan proper name)

17. ANSWER MY
chomp!
QUESTIONS
chomp!

18. Adjectives and Adverbs
ADVERB
ADJECTIVE

19. An adjective and/or adverb item
on an objective test might look
like this ...

20. Quick Test
Directions: In the items that follow, choose
the option that corrects an error in the
underlined portion(s). If no error exists, choose
“No change is necessary.”
Blow us away
with what you
know.

21. Item 1
Farzana did poor on on her algebra quiz. She
poorly her algebra quiz. She
poor onher algebra quiz. She
A
couldn’t concentrate well because her tablemate
well because her tablemate
B
was chomping noisily on a a piece of gum.
noisily on piece of gum.
C
A.
B.
C.
D.
poorly
poorly
good
noisy
No change is necessary.

22. Item 2
Lawrence cheated on the chemistry test, but he is still very
very
happy with his A.
A.
B.
C.
D.
real
so
well
No change is is necessary.
change necessary.

23. Item 3
The excruciating long long schoolput Wanda in in in
excruciatingly school day day put Wanda
excruciating long school day put Wanda
A
a badmood. She was very tired and just
bad mood. She was very tired and just
B
C
wanted to go home to relax.
A.
B.
C.
D.
excruciatingly
excruciatingly
worser
real
No change is necessary.

24. Item 4
The horrifying news that Professor Anderson
horrifying news that Professor Anderson
A
was assigning another 10-page paper made his
students complain bitter about his his very hard
bitterly about very hard
bitter about hisvery hard
B
C
requirements.
A.
B.
C.
D.
horrifyingly
bitterly
bitterly
real demanding
No change is necessary.

25. Item 5
The duck quacked loud, hoping that we would throw ititsome
loud, hoping that we would throw
some French fries.
of ourof our French fries.
A.
B.
C.
D.
loudest
real loud
loudly
loudly
No change is necessary.

26. Item 6
Mr. Hodges says to quit gossiping about Veronica and finish
typing his report real quick.
real quick.
A.
B.
C.
D.
very quick
real quickly
right now
right now
No change is necessary.

27. Item 7
We roasted in the very hot sun, sweat pouring
very hot sun, sweat pouring
A
profusely off skin. Thoughts of iced tea and
profuse off our skin. Thoughts of of tea tea
profuse off our our skin. Thoughtsicediced and and
B
B
lemonade plagued us mercilessly.
mercilessly.
C
A.
B.
C.
D.
real hot
profusely
profusely
merciless
No change is necessary.

28. Item 8
We moved into the new apartment real easy.
easily.
real easy.
A
A
Rebecca shamelessly flirted with some strong
shamelessly flirted with some strong
B
neighbors who were happy to help with the
happy to help with the
C
heavy boxes.
A.
B.
C.
D.
easily
easily
shameless
happily
No change is necessary.

29. Item 9
Alex did good during his speeches, addressing
well
good during his speeches, addressing
A
A
his classmates with confidence and poise. But he
did poorly for the semester because he never
poorly for the semester because he never
B
submitted homework punctually.
punctually.
C
A. well
well
B. poor
C. punctual
D. No change is necessary.

30. Item 10
The incessant loudloud barks of neighbor’s dogs
incessantly barks of her her neighbor’s dogs
incessant loud barks of her neighbor’s dogs
A
kept Diane from getting a good night’s sleep. She
good night’s sleep. She
B
did not feel well rested the next day.
well rested the next day.
C
A.
B.
C.
D.
incessantly
incessantly
well
good
No change is necessary.

31. DANGLING AND
MISPLACED
MODIFIERS

32. DANGLING MODIFIERS
A dangling modifier is a phrase or clause that is not
clearly and logically related to the word or words it
modifies (i.e. is placed next to).
Two notes about dangling modifiers:
•Unlike a misplaced modifier, a dangling modifier cannot
be corrected by simply moving it to a different place in a
sentence.
•In most cases, the dangling modifier appears at the
beginning of the sentence, although it can also come at
the end.
Sometimes the dangling modifier error occurs because
the sentence fails to specify anything to which the modifier can refer.

33. Example 1
This sentence does not specify who is looking
toward the west. In fact, there is nothing at all
in the sentence to which the modifying phrase
looking toward the west can logically refer.
Since the modifier, looking toward the west, is
sitting next to the funnel shaped cloud, the
sentence suggests that the cloud is doing the
looking.

34.  Example 2
 This sentence means that my mother enrolled in medical when
she was nine years old!
 At other times the dangling modifier is placed next to the wrong
noun or noun substitute.

35.  Misplaced Modifiers
 A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is
improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes.
 Because of the separation, sentences with this error often sound
awkward, ridiculous, or confusing. Furthermore, they can be
downright illogical.
 Example
 The example above suggests that a gold man owns a watch.

36. Misplaced modifiers can usually be corrected by moving the
modifier to a more sensible place in the sentence, generally next
to the word it modifies.
Example
Now it is the watch that is gold.

37.  Misplaced Modifiers
 A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is
improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes.
 Because of the separation, sentences with this error often sound
awkward, ridiculous, or confusing. Furthermore, they can be
downright illogical.
 Example
 The example above suggests that a gold man owns a watch.