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量子位相推定
Quantum Phase Estimation
磐田南高校 理数科 2年 田野拓実
量子位相推定とは?
あるゲートを𝑈とする。𝑈 𝜓 = 𝑒2𝜋𝑖𝜃
|𝜓⟩をみたす𝜃(位相)を探すことを量子位相推定という。
(𝑒2𝜋𝑖𝜃は𝑈の固有値、 𝜓 は𝑒2𝜋𝑖𝜃に対する𝑈の固有ベクトルとなっている。)
𝑒2𝜋𝑖𝜃
= 1,つまり𝜃 = 0であるような 𝜓 は対象から外し、 𝜃 = 0以外のものを探す。
例 固有値、固有ベクトルなどについて
𝑌ゲート 𝑌 0 + 𝑖|1⟩ = 0 + 𝑖 1 (こちらは今回の対象から外す)
𝑌 0 − 𝑖|1⟩ = −( 0 − 𝑖|1⟩) (こちらが今回の対象とする)
𝑈が単一量子ビットゲートの場合ベクトル 𝜓 は単位球面上を回転する。
そのため𝑈 𝜓 = 𝑒2𝜋𝑖𝜃
|𝜓⟩が成り立つとき、 𝜓 は𝑈の作用するときの軸上のベクトルである。
単一量子ビットゲートの場合
例 𝑌ゲートの場合
𝑌ゲートは𝑦軸周りにベクトルを回転させるので、 𝑦軸上のベクトル、 0 + 𝑖|1⟩、 0 − 𝑖|1⟩
が固有ベクトルとなる。
この軸周り
に回転
0 + 𝑖|1⟩ 0 − 𝑖|1⟩
量子位相推定の回路
②n個のカウントレジスター(下
の図では3量子ビット)を準備し、
に𝐻ゲートをセットする。
𝜓 𝜓
① 𝜓 を固有状態を表す量子
ビットに、ゲートを用いて
セットする。
③カウントレジスター分の𝐶𝑈ゲートを
セットする。
𝑞0には20
個、 𝑞1には21
個、 𝑞𝑗には2𝑗
個
セットする。
𝑈2𝑖
は𝑈を2𝑖個かけることを表す。
④逆𝑄𝐹𝑇をかけ、上の3ビットを測定する。
結果は2𝑛
𝜃の2進数表示として出るので2𝑛
で割る。
例 結果が100のときは、100 2 = 4であり、
これを23 = 8で割ると、
1
2
となる。
つまり𝜃 =
1
2
となる。
𝑈20
𝑈21
𝑈22
𝑞0
𝑞1
𝑞2
𝑞3
それぞれのゲートの量子位相推定回路の作成
𝒀ゲート 𝑌 0 + 𝑖|1⟩ = 0 + 𝑖 1 ←こちらは考えない。
𝑌 0 − 𝑖|1⟩ = −( 0 − 𝑖|1⟩) ←こちらを考える。
𝑌 0 − |1⟩ = −( 0 − |1⟩) の固有値は −1 = 𝑒2𝜋𝑖∙
1
2 である。
また位相は𝑒2𝜋𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒2𝜋𝑖∙
1
2から𝜃 =
1
2
となる(はず)
① 𝜓 を1量子ビットにセットする。この場合 𝜓 = 0 − 𝑖 1 である。
𝑋ゲートがかかることで、|1⟩となる。
𝐻ゲートがかかることで、 0 − |1⟩となる。
𝑆ゲートがかかることで、 0 − 𝑖 1 となる。
𝑆ゲートは𝑆 =
1 0
0 𝑒
𝑖𝜋
2
である。𝑆 0 = |0⟩、𝑆 1 = 𝑖|1⟩より𝑆 0 − |1⟩ = 0 − 𝑖 1 となる。
𝑌 =
0 −𝑖
𝑖 0
②カウントレジスターに 𝐻 ゲートをセットする。
③𝐶𝑌ゲートをセットする。
𝐶𝑌ゲートの・の部分が𝑞0には20
= 1個、 𝑞1には21
= 2個、 𝑞2には22
= 4個かかるようにする。
④逆𝑄𝐹𝑇をかけ、上の3ビットを測定する。
結果を測定すると、100 2 ÷ 23
=
4
8
=
1
2
より𝜃 =
1
2
となり
正しい結果が得られた。
結果
𝑿ゲート ( 𝑋 0 + |1⟩ = 0 + |1⟩ ) 𝑋 0 − |1⟩ = −( 0 − |1⟩)
固有値は−1 = e2i𝜋∙
1
2であり、𝜃 =
1
2
となる(はず)
𝑋 =
0 1
1 0
結果
結果を測定すると、100 2 ÷ 23
=
4
8
=
1
2
より𝜃 =
1
2
となり
正しい結果が得られた。
𝑻†
ゲート ( 𝑇†
0 = |0⟩ ) 𝑇†
1 = 𝑒−
𝑖𝜋
4 |1⟩
固有値は𝑒−
𝑖𝜋
4 = e2i𝜋∙
7
8であり、𝜃 =
7
8
となる(はず)
結果を測定すると、111 2 ÷ 23
=
7
8
より𝜃 =
7
8
となり、
正しい結果が得られた。
𝑇†
=
1 0
0 𝑒−
𝑖𝜋
4
結果
𝑺𝑿ゲート
𝑆𝑋 =
1
2
1 + 𝑖 1 − 𝑖
1 − 𝑖 1 + 𝑖
( 𝑆𝑋 0 + |1⟩ = 0 + 1 )𝑆𝑋 0 − |1⟩ = 𝑖( 0 − 1 )
固有値は𝑖 = 𝑒2𝑖𝜋∙
1
2であり、 𝜃 =
1
4
となる(はず)
結果
結果を測定すると、010 2 ÷ 23
=
2
8
より𝜃 =
1
4
となり、
正しい結果が得られた。
𝑯ゲート
𝐻 =
1
2
1 1
1 −1
𝐻 0 =
1
2
0 + |1⟩ = + 、𝐻 1 =
1
2
0 − |1⟩ = −
と表すことにすると、𝐻 + = 0 , 𝐻 − = 1 が成り立つ。
𝐻 0 + |+⟩ = 0 + + 、𝐻 0 − |+⟩ = −( 0 − |+⟩) より、
明らかでない方の固有値は、 −1 = 𝑒2𝑖𝜋∙
1
2 となる。また位相は 𝜃 =
1
2
となる。
右の図の青い線分を軸として、𝐻ゲートは作用をする。
そのためこの軸上のベクトルが固有ベクトルとなる。
𝒛
𝒙
𝒐
5
4
𝜋
よって今回探す方の固有ベクトルは、|0⟩を𝑥𝑧平面で原点を中心に
5
4
𝜋回転させたも
のとなる。つまり𝑦軸中心に
5
4
𝜋回転させればよいので、𝑅𝑦
5
4
𝜋 ゲートを用いる。
回路はこのようになる。
結果
結果を測定すると、100 2 ÷ 23 =
4
8
=
1
2
より𝜃 =
1
2
となり
正しい結果が得られた。
𝑪𝑿ゲート
𝐶𝑋 10 − 11 = − 10 − 11 固有値は−1 = 𝑒2𝜋𝑖∙
1
2であり、 𝜃 =
1
2
となる(はず)
結果を測定すると、
100 2 ÷ 23
=
4
8
=
1
2
より
𝜃 =
1
2
となり
正しい結果が得られた。
結果
𝑞3𝑞4 = 1 0 − |1⟩ = 10 − |11⟩

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