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量子フーリエ変換についてまとめました 日本IBMの中村悠馬さんに監修していただきました
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量子フーリエ変換まとめ
1.
量子フーリエ変換まとめ 静岡県立磐田南高等学校 理数科 2年 Nakamura
Fuki
2.
量子フーリエ変換とは…離散フーリエ変換を量子ビット上で再現する。 ショアのアルゴリズムや量子位相推定で使われる。 離散フーリエ変換・・・限られた地点での𝑓𝑥の情報から𝑁個の波とその係数𝐹𝑦で元の関数𝑓を表す。 下記の①の式を用いてベクトル 𝑓0, ⋯
, 𝑓𝑁−1 をベクトル 𝐹0, ⋯ , 𝐹𝑁−1 に変換する。 𝐹𝑦 = 1 𝑁 𝑥=0 𝑁−1 𝑓𝑥𝜔𝑁 𝑥𝑦 ただし 𝜔𝑁 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑥𝑦 𝑁 ・・・① 量子フーリエ変換では同様に①の式を用いて量子状態 𝑥=0 𝑁−1 𝑓𝑥|𝑥⟩ を量子状態 𝑦=0 𝑁−1 𝐹𝑦|𝑦⟩ に変換する。 また①は右のユニタリー行列で表せる。 フーリエ変換 𝐹 𝜔 = 1 2𝜋 −∞ ∞ 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒−𝑖𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 フーリエ逆変換 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 2𝜋 −∞ ∞ 𝐹 𝜔 ⋅ 𝑒−𝑖𝜔𝑥 𝑑𝜔 <0|1>=0 <0|0>=1
3.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝐹𝑦𝜔𝑁 −𝑥𝑦 𝐹
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝜔𝑁 𝑥𝑦 |𝑓⟩ = 𝑥 𝑓𝑥|𝑥⟩ |𝐹⟩ = 𝑦 𝐹𝑦|𝑦⟩ < 𝑥′|𝑥 >= 𝛿𝑥′𝑥 𝑈𝑄𝐹𝑇 𝑓 = 𝑥′ 𝑦′ 𝜔𝑁 𝑥′𝑦′ 𝑦′ < 𝑥′ | 𝑥 𝑓𝑥|𝑥⟩ = 𝑥′,𝑦′,𝑥 𝜔𝑁 𝑥′𝑦′ 𝑓𝑥 𝑦′ < 𝑥′ |𝑥⟩ = 𝑥′,𝑦′,𝑥 𝜔𝑁 𝑥′𝑦′ 𝑓𝑥 𝑦′ 𝛿𝑥′𝑥 = 𝑥′,𝑦′,𝑥 𝜔𝑁 𝑥′𝑦′ 𝑓𝑥 𝑦′ = 𝑦′ 𝑥′ 𝜔𝑁 𝑥′𝑦′ 𝑓𝑥′ |𝑦′⟩ = 𝑦 𝐹𝑦 𝑦 = |𝐹⟩ よって𝑈𝑄𝐹𝑇 𝑓 = |𝐹⟩
4.
𝑒 𝑖 𝑥𝑖
= 𝑒𝑥0+𝑥1+𝑥2+⋯ = 𝑒𝑥0 𝑒𝑥1𝑒𝑥2 … = Π𝑖𝑒𝑥𝑖 𝑁 = 2𝑛, 𝜔𝑁 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑥𝑦 𝑁 量子フーリエ変換 を数式で表す Textbookより引用 https://qiskit.org/textbook/ja/ch-algorithms/quantum-fourier-transform.html
5.
1量子ビットの時すなわち、n=1の時 𝑁 = 21
= 2 𝑥 = 𝑞0 𝑄𝐹𝑇 x = 1 2 0 + 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 21 𝑞0 |1⟩ = 1 2 0 + 𝑒𝜋𝑖𝑞0|1⟩ 𝑞0 = 0 の時 1 2 0 + 𝑒𝜋𝑖𝑞0|1⟩ = 1 2 0 + |1⟩ 𝑞0 = 1 の時 1 2 0 + 𝑒𝜋𝑖𝑞0|1⟩ = 1 2 0 − |1⟩ よって1量子ビットのQFTはHゲートとなる 1量子ビットの 量子フーリエ変換
6.
𝑄𝐹𝑇 x = 1 4 0
+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 1 2 𝑥 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 1 4 𝑥 |1⟩ = 1 4 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 2𝑞1 +𝑞0 2 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 2𝑞1 +𝑞0 4 |1⟩ = 1 4 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅𝑞1 ⋅ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞0 2 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞1 2 ⋅ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞0 4 |1⟩ = 1 4 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞0 2 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞1 2 + 𝑞0 4 |1⟩ 2量子ビットの時すなわち、n=2の時 𝑁 = 22 = 4 𝑥 = 2𝑞1 + 𝑞0(xを二進法表記する) 𝑞0 ⋅ 1 4 + 𝑞1 ⋅ 1 2 = 2𝑞1+𝑞0 4 = 𝑥 4 この数式を回路上で再現すると下記の通りになる この回路の各状態について調べる 2量子ビットの 量子フーリエ変換
7.
𝑞0 ⊗ 𝑞1 |𝑞0⟩
⊗(|0>+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑞1⋅ 1 2 |1>) |𝑞0⟩ ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑞1⋅ 1 2 𝑒 𝑖𝜋 2 𝑞0 |0⟩) =|𝑞0⟩ ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖( 𝑞1 2 + 𝑞0 4 ) |0⟩) (|0⟩ + 𝑒 𝑖2𝜋 𝑞0 2 |1⟩) ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖( 𝑞1 2 + 𝑞0 4 ) |0⟩ これよりこの回路によって 2量子ビットのフーリエ変換ができたことが確かめられた 回路で見る2量子ビットの 量子フーリエ変換
8.
3量子ビットの 量子フーリエ変換 3量子ビットの時すなわち、n=3の時 𝑁 =
23 = 8 𝑥 = 4𝑞2 + 2𝑞1 + 𝑞0(xを二進法表記する) 𝑄𝐹𝑇 x = 1 8 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 1 2 𝑥 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 1 4 𝑥 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 1 8 𝑥 |1⟩ = 1 8 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 4𝑞2+2𝑞1 +𝑞0 2 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 4𝑞2+2𝑞1 +𝑞0 4 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 4𝑞2+2𝑞1 +𝑞0 8 |1⟩ = 1 8 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅2𝑞2 ⋅ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅𝑞1 ⋅ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑞0 2 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅𝑞2 ⋅ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞1 2 ⋅ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞0 4 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞2 2 ⋅ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞1 4 ⋅ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞0 8 |1⟩ = 1 8 0 + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞0 2 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞1 2 + 𝑞0 4 |1⟩ ⋅ 0 + 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖⋅ 𝑞2 2 + 𝑞1 4 + 𝑞0 8 |1⟩ 𝑞0 ⋅ 1 4 + 𝑞1 ⋅ 1 2 + 𝑞2= 4q2+2𝑞1+𝑞0 4 = 𝑥 4 この数式を回路上で再現すると下記の通りになる この回路の各状態について調べる
9.
𝑞0 ⊗ 𝑞1
⊗ 𝑞2 |𝑞0⟩ ⊗ |𝑞1⟩ ⊗(|0>+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑞2⋅ 1 2 |1>) |𝑞0⟩ ⊗ |𝑞1⟩ ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑞2⋅ 1 2 𝑒 𝑖𝜋 4 𝑞0 |0⟩) = |𝑞0⟩ ⊗ |𝑞1⟩ ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖( 𝑞2 4 + 𝑞0 8 ) |0⟩) |𝑞0⟩ ⊗ |𝑞1⟩ ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 𝑞2 4 + 𝑞0 8 𝑒 𝑖𝜋 2 𝑞1 |0⟩) =|𝑞0⟩ ⊗ |𝑞1⟩ ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖( 𝑞2 2 + 𝑞1 4 + 𝑞0 8 ) |0⟩) これよりこの回路によって 3量子ビットのフーリエ変換ができたことが確かめられた 回路で見る3量子ビットの 量子フーリエ変換 |𝑞0⟩ ⊗ (|0>+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑞1⋅ 1 2 |1>) ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒2𝜋𝑖( 𝑞2 2 + 𝑞1 4 + 𝑞0 8 ) |0⟩) |𝑞0⟩ ⊗ (|0>+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑞1⋅ 1 2 𝑒 𝑖𝜋 2 𝑞0 |1>) ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 𝑞2 2 + 𝑞1 4 + 𝑞0 8 |0⟩) =|𝑞0⟩ ⊗ (|0>+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 ( 𝑞1 2 + 𝑞0 4 ) |1>) ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 𝑞2 2 + 𝑞1 4 + 𝑞0 8 |0⟩) (|0>+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑞0⋅ 1 2 |1>) ⊗ (|0>+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 ( 𝑞1 2 + 𝑞0 4 ) |1>) ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 𝑞2 2 + 𝑞1 4 + 𝑞0 8 |0⟩)
10.
問題 0 + 𝑒𝑖𝜋𝑞0
1 = 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋⋅ 1 2 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋𝑞1 1 = 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖4𝜋𝑞2 1 = 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋⋅2 1 1 √8 0 + 𝑒𝑖𝜋 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖4𝜋 1 = 1 √8 000 + 00 𝑒𝑖4𝜋 1 + 0 𝑒𝑖2𝜋 1 0 + 0⟩𝑒𝑖2𝜋 1 𝑒𝑖4𝜋 |1 + 𝑒𝑖𝜋 1⟩|0⟩|0 + 𝑒𝑖𝜋 1⟩|0⟩𝑒𝑖4𝜋 |1 + 𝑒𝑖𝜋 1⟩𝑒𝑖2𝜋 |1⟩|0 + 𝑒𝑖𝜋 1⟩𝑒𝑖2𝜋 |1⟩𝑒𝑖4𝜋 |1 = 1 √8 000 + 001 + 010 + 011 − 100 − 101 − 110 − 111 (|0>+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 𝑞0⋅ 1 2 |1>) ⊗ (|0>+ 𝑒2𝜋𝑖 ( 𝑞1 2 + 𝑞0 4 ) |1>) ⊗ (|0⟩ + 𝑒 2𝜋𝑖 𝑞2 2 + 𝑞1 4 + 𝑞0 8 |0⟩) 𝑞0 = 1 , 𝑞1 = 2 , 𝑞2 = 4 を代入 1 √8 0 + 𝑒𝑖𝜋 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖4𝜋 1 を回路で表現
11.
|100>のフーリエ変換 Xゲートを用いて |100>を作る
12.
0 + 𝑒𝑖 3 4 𝜋𝑞0 1
= 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋⋅ 3 8 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖 3 2𝜋𝑞0 1 = 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋⋅ 3 4 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖3𝜋𝑞0 1 = 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋⋅ 3 2 1 1 √8 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋⋅ 3 2 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋⋅ 3 4 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖2𝜋⋅ 3 8 1 1 √8 0 − 1 0 − 𝑖 1 0 + 𝑒𝑖𝜋⋅ 3 4 1 1 √8 000 + 00 𝑒 3𝜋𝑖 4 1 + 0 −𝑖 1 0 + 0 −𝑖 1 𝑒 3𝜋𝑖 4 1 − 1⟩|0⟩|0 − 1 0 𝑒 3𝜋𝑖 4 1 − 1⟩(−𝑖)|1⟩|0 − |1⟩(−𝑖)|1⟩𝑒 3𝑖𝜋 4 |1⟩ 1 √8 000 + 𝑒𝑖𝜋⋅ 3 4 001 − 𝑖 010 − 𝑖 ⋅ 𝑒𝑖𝜋⋅ 3 4 011 − 100 − 𝑒𝑖𝜋⋅ 3 4 101 + 𝑖 110 + 𝑖 ⋅ 𝑒𝑖𝜋⋅ 3 4 111
13.
|011>の フーリエ変換
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