Quantities and unit
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1. There are seven fundamental physical quantities: length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. 2. Derived quantities are quantities that can be defined and expressed in terms of fundamental quantities, such as area, volume, speed, density, etc. 3. The International System of Units (SI) defines consistent units for measuring fundamental and derived quantities.
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This document discusses physical quantities, units of measurement, and methods for measuring length, mass, and time. It covers:
- Fundamental physical quantities like length, mass, and time that other quantities can be derived from.
- The International System of Units (SI) which defines the meter, kilogram, second and other base units.
- How length is measured using techniques like parallax to determine distances to planets. Mass spectrometers and atomic clocks are used for small masses and time intervals.
- Various standard units used to measure length, mass, and time at different scales from the femtometer to the parsec. Cesium atomic clocks provide the most accurate time standard.
20200915-XI-Physics-Unit and Measurement-1 of 4-Ppt.pptx
This document discusses physical quantities, units of measurement, and methods for measuring length, mass, and time. It covers:
- Fundamental physical quantities like length, mass, and time that other quantities can be derived from.
- The International System of Units (SI) which defines the meter, kilogram, second and other base units.
- How length is measured using techniques like parallax to determine distances to planets. Mass spectrometers and atomic clocks are used for small masses and time intervals.
- Various standard units used to measure length from the femtometer to the parsec, and mass units like the unified atomic mass unit. Time is kept using atomic clocks referenced to the vibration of ces
Basic Physics Quantities
This document discusses units of measurement in the International System of Units (SI) and various physics concepts. It begins by introducing the seven base SI units - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. It then defines each unit, how it relates to physical quantities, and how it is measured. The document also covers derived units, SI prefixes, physical quantities, Newton's laws of motion, and vector properties including addition/subtraction, multiplication, dot products and cross products.
EEM book.pdf
This document discusses measurement standards and units of measurement. It defines fundamental units like length, mass, and time that other units are derived from. Standards are physical representations of units that are used to define units precisely. There are different types of standards including international standards defined by agreement, primary standards maintained by national labs, secondary standards used in industry, and working standards used for calibration. It provides examples of standards for units like the kilogram, ampere, volt, and others.
Units & measurements
This document discusses units and measurements in physics. It begins by explaining that physics involves quantitatively measuring various physical quantities during experiments, like size, volume, weight, temperature and length, which require standard units. The document then discusses the International System of Units (SI System) and its fundamental and derived units. It also covers supplementary units like plane angle and solid angle. The document provides guidelines for using SI units and concludes by discussing methods for measuring various physical quantities like length, distance, mass and time with varying precision from large to small scales.
units and dimensions
1. This document discusses measurement units and dimensions. It explains that all measurements have a numerical value and unit, and discusses different systems of units like SI, CGS, MKS, and FPS.
2. The SI system is now the international standard and defines fundamental units for length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, light intensity, and substance amount. Derived units are obtained by combining fundamental units.
3. Dimensional analysis can be used to verify equations and convert between units by examining the powers of fundamental units in an equation. The document provides numerous unit conversions and physical constants.
Lecture Notes in Heat Transfer
Overview
Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as result of temperature difference.
Heat is energy is transit, the transfer of energy as heat, however, occurs at the molecular level as result of temperature difference. The symbol (Q) is used for the heat. In engineering applications, the heat unit is (British Thermal Units) or (BTU).
Measurement.pptx
This document discusses measurement and the International System of Units (SI). It provides definitions for the seven base units of the SI system - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. It also discusses derived units such as area, volume, acceleration, force, and pressure which are calculated from combinations of the base units. Finally, it provides examples of unit conversions between the SI units and other common units.
Physics 1.2a The SI Units
The document discusses the fundamental SI units used to measure physical quantities. It describes the seven base units of the SI system - the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. It provides the current definitions of these fundamental units. The document also discusses derived units that are expressed in terms of combinations of the fundamental units, such as the newton being a derived unit equal to kg × m/s2.
20200915-XI-Physics-Unit and Measurement-1 of 4-handout.pdf
The document discusses the concepts of physical quantities, units of measurement, and the SI system of units. It defines fundamental and derived physical quantities and units. The document also describes different systems of units like CGS, FPS, and SI and the advantages of the SI system. Measurement techniques for length, mass, and time are explained along with some special units used.
UNIT-1_NOTES-PKNAG-SPATI.pdf
The document discusses thermodynamic concepts and the zeroth law of thermodynamics. It provides definitions of key concepts in thermodynamics including:
1) Thermodynamics deals with energy in the form of heat and work and the relationships between properties like heat, work, and those that relate to heat and work.
2) The zeroth law of thermodynamics deals with thermal equilibrium and provides a means for measuring temperature.
3) A system and its surroundings comprise the universe, and a system is completely specified by two independent intensive properties according to the state postulate.
Topic 1.pdf
Here are the steps to solve these examples:
Example 1:
i. Mass density, ρ = Mass/Volume = 11.5 kg/0.075 m3 = 1.53 kg/m3
ii. Specific weight, ω = ρg = 1.53 kg/m3 * 9.81 m/s2 = 15 kN/m3
iii. Specific volume, v = 1/ρ = 1/1.53 kg/m3 = 0.653 m3/kg
iv. Specific gravity, s = ρfluid/ρwater = 1.53 kg/m3/1000 kg/m3 = 1.53
Example 2:
a)
ch=1 Units, Dimensions and Measurement.pdf
This document discusses physical quantities, units, dimensions, and measurement. It can be summarized as follows:
1) A physical quantity is something that can be measured, like length, mass, time, etc. It has a magnitude and unit. Measurement allows determining the magnitude of a physical quantity and comparing similar quantities.
2) There are three main systems of units - CGS, MKS, and SI. The SI system has seven base units including the meter, kilogram, and second. Prefixes are used to denote multiples and submultiples of units for very large or small quantities.
3) Standards have been established for the meter, kilogram, and second based on properties of light and atoms
chapter1.pdf
This document provides an overview of physics concepts and measurement techniques. It discusses the following key points:
- Physics seeks to understand fundamental laws governing the universe using concepts like length, mass, and time.
- Classical physics developed theories of mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism, while modern physics addresses relativity and quantum mechanics.
- Measurements are used to describe physical quantities according to standardized systems like the SI units.
- Models represent systems using components and interactions to make predictions. Matter is modeled as atoms with electrons, nuclei, and quarks.
- Dimensional analysis checks equations for consistent physical dimensions on each side. Conversion factors allow changing between units.
- Order-
Chapter1
This document provides an overview of physics and measurements. It discusses the following key points:
- Physics is concerned with fundamental principles of the universe and is the foundation of other sciences. It is divided into classical and modern physics.
- Measurements are used to describe natural phenomena and involve defined standards and units like meters, seconds, and kilograms.
- Models are used to represent physical systems and make predictions. Matter is modeled at the atomic level down to quarks.
- Dimensions represent the physical nature of quantities and are used in dimensional analysis to check equations.
- Conversions between units allow quantities with different units to be compared. Order of magnitude approximations provide reasonable estimates within an order
Instrument Calibration
The document discusses measurement, calibration, and units of measurement. Some key points:
- Measurement is the first step to control and improvement. If you can't measure something, you can't understand or control it.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines seven base units including the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. Other units are derived from these base units.
- Calibration establishes the relationship between measurement instruments and reference standards under specific conditions. Regular calibration helps ensure accuracy and traceability to national standards.
- Factors like instrument specifications, use, environment, and measurement accuracy needed should be considered when determining calibration frequency.
Work and energy
Energy & Work, Measurement of Energy, Measurement of Energy, Kilo Watt Hour, Energy, Energy Exchange, Methods of Energy Exchange, Type of Energy Source, Energy Equilibrium, Heat Capacity, Specific Heat Capacity, Heat Exchange, Phases of Matter, Latent Energy, Work, Work In Linear Motion, Work Energy Relation, Work In Vertical Motion, Efficiency, Efficiency, Efficiency in Parallel Network, Efficiency in Series Network, Gain
Work and Energy Notes by Arun Umrao
How energy relates to work? to know more, read this notes. Suitable for CBSE board students. Sections contains work energy, work energy units, work energy conversion
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The document discusses temperature measurement and different temperature scales. It defines temperature and describes how thermometers are used to measure temperature. It explains the Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales, including their lower and upper fixed points which define freezing and boiling temperatures. Formulas are provided for converting between the different scales.
Matterstates
Water exists in three states: as a liquid, which takes the shape of its container; as a solid like ice or snow; and as an invisible gas called water vapor that forms clouds and steam. Water can change between these states by adding or removing heat, with solids melting into liquids when heat is added and liquids freezing into solids or evaporating into vapor when heat is removed or increased.
Materi kinetic theory
1. The kinetic theory of matter states that all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules that are in continuous random motion.
2. Brownian motion provides evidence for this theory by showing the random movement of small particles suspended in a fluid under a microscope.
3. The pressure exerted by a gas is caused by collisions of the gas molecules with the walls of their container, and increases when the temperature rises or volume decreases due to the more vigorous motion of the molecules.
Heat flow
The document discusses the three methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact of objects. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the circulation of fluids like gases and liquids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves such as infrared radiation through space. The document provides examples of how each process transfers heat and materials that conduct or insulate heat well.
Gas expansion
The document discusses how heating gases causes them to expand, making hot air balloons and zeppelins able to fly. Gases increase in volume when heated due to thermal expansion, with the volume expansion coefficient of gases being approximately 0.00367 per degree Celsius. A simple experiment is described to investigate how heating gases causes them to expand and rise, demonstrating the principles that allow hot air balloons and zeppelins to become airborne.
Expansion solid
The document discusses thermal expansion in solids. It explains that solids expand when heated as the internal energy of atoms increases, causing them to vibrate and occupy more space. This is why gaps are left between railway tracks - to allow for expansion on hot days which could otherwise cause bending and accidents. Equations of linear, area, and volume expansion are provided, stating the change is proportional to the initial measurement and temperature change.
Evaporation
The document discusses evaporation and the factors that affect the rate of evaporation, including temperature, surface area, humidity, and air movement. It explains that evaporation is a cooling process where fast-moving liquid particles escape at the surface and enter the vapor phase, lowering the temperature of the remaining liquid. Condensation is described as the opposite process of evaporation. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate the energy required for evaporation and the increase in body temperature if that energy was not removed through sweating during exercise.
Density
The document discusses density and how it is calculated. It defines density for liquids and solids, and shows that density does not depend on size or shape. Density is a characteristic of matter. The document provides examples of calculating density using mass and volume measurements.
Ch07 separation techniques
The document discusses various separation techniques including filtration, distillation, magnetic attraction, evaporation, and paper chromatography. It explains how each technique uses differences in properties between constituents in a mixture to separate them. Specific examples are given of how these techniques are used to separate substances and obtain pure water from sea water through desalination.
Ch06 elements, compounds & mixtures
This document discusses the classification of matter into elements, compounds, and mixtures. It defines elements as the simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down further through chemical reactions. Compounds are formed via chemical reactions and consist of two or more chemically bonded elements. Mixtures are physical combinations of elements and/or compounds that are not chemically bonded and can be separated using physical means. The document provides examples and properties to distinguish among these three classifications of matter.
The chemical of reaction
A chemical reaction involves a change in the composition of a substance. The document discusses 4 types of chemical reactions:
1) Precipitation reactions which involve the formation of an insoluble solid, like calcium carbonate.
2) Color change reactions which alter the color of a substance, like an apple turning brown when peeled.
3) Gas production reactions where a gas is formed, such as acetylene gas from carbide and water.
4) Temperature change reactions that result in a change in temperature, like a firecracker exploding and heating the glass walls.
Physical and chemical properties ppt
Physical properties describe a substance without changing its chemical makeup, such as state of matter, shape, or texture. Chemical properties describe a substance's reactivity and ability to change into different substances through chemical reactions like burning or corrosion. Some key physical properties include melting, freezing, and breaking, while important chemical properties involve flammability and reactivity with other materials through combustion or other reactions.
The classification of matters
This document classifies different types of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space. Elements are single types of matter that cannot be broken down further, and can be single atoms or molecules. Compounds are single matters made of two or more elements chemically bonded together in specific ratios. Mixtures are combinations of matters that keep their original properties and can be either homogeneous, like solutions, or heterogeneous, like suspensions.
Elements
Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further through chemical or physical means. There are currently 118 known elements, with new ones occasionally being discovered through artificial nuclear reactions. Elements are identified by their atomic number, which represents the number of protons in the nucleus. Elements are the basic building blocks of all matter and are used to create thousands of materials, though some like plutonium are also used in nuclear weapons due to their radioactive properties.
Acid, base and salt
This document describes an experiment to classify bases using litmus paper. Students immersed blue and red litmus paper in orange juice, ammonia, and water, and recorded the color changes. The orange juice caused the blue litmus paper to turn red, indicating it is a base. Ammonia caused the red litmus paper to turn blue, also identifying it as a base. Water did not change the color of either litmus paper, showing it is neutral.
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Quantities and unit
- 1. FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED QUANTITIES
- 5. Consider the table below! black sharpness density bitter cry sour sweet area force amount of substance mass busy volume speed happy temperature sad ugly current intensity love fat angry bad time luminous intensity length tall beautiful
- 6. Fundamental Quantities No. Quantities unit 1. Length meter [m] 2. Mass kilogram [kg] 3. Time second [s] 4. Electric current ampere [A] 5. Temperature kelvin [K] 6. Amount of substance mole [mol] 7. Luminous intensity candela { cd }
- 7. All other physical quantities can be derived from these seven fundamental quantities. These are called derived quantities. For examples: