This document summarizes a study quantifying Salmonella contamination in pig slaughterhouses and pork markets in Vietnam. Salmonella was detected in 36.9% of samples from slaughterhouses and 41.4% of samples from markets. Higher prevalence was found in District C markets compared to Districts A and B. Salmonella numbers on carcasses, worker hands, and cutting boards were generally low but detectable. Potential risk factors for contamination were examined but none were found to be statistically significant. The study aimed to understand Salmonella contamination in the pork production chain and its relationship to human health.
Rebbie Harawa
COUNTRY WORKSHOP
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Design and Development of Vegetable Planting MachineIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- India is the second largest producer of vegetable in the world (ranks next to China only). India share 12 percent of world production of vegetable with a productivity of about 15 tons per ha which is quite low as compared to many countries. In India transplanting of vegetable seedling is done manually all over the country, as no machine is yet available commercially for this work. High labour requirement and shortage of labour during peak transplanting season causes delay in transplanting and affects timely operation [1].The basic requirements for small scale cropping machines are, they should be suitable for small farms, simple in design and technology and versatile for use in different farm operations. A manually operated template row planter was designed and developed to improve planting efficiency and reduce drudgery involved in manual planting method [2].Farm mechanization aims at higher production rate reduction in human drudgery. Many operations in agriculture are now being performed by machines. This reduces the labour requirements which have been the principal motivating force in mechanization. Due to small land holding is not possible to mechanize all the farming operations. Large machines cannot be operated these small farms. Also our farmers cannot afford to buy large costly machine. Vegetable planting machine is a device which helps in planting of vegetable plants in a desired position hence assisting the farmers in saving time and money. The basic objective of planting operation is to plant the vegetable plants in rows at desired depth and plant to plant spacing cover the plants with soil and provide proper compaction over the plant [3].
Grafting: A multidimensional approach in vegetable crop production.
By: Sanmathi Ashihal: Dept.of Vegetable Science, College of horticulture,Bengaluru.
Rebbie Harawa
COUNTRY WORKSHOP
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Design and Development of Vegetable Planting MachineIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- India is the second largest producer of vegetable in the world (ranks next to China only). India share 12 percent of world production of vegetable with a productivity of about 15 tons per ha which is quite low as compared to many countries. In India transplanting of vegetable seedling is done manually all over the country, as no machine is yet available commercially for this work. High labour requirement and shortage of labour during peak transplanting season causes delay in transplanting and affects timely operation [1].The basic requirements for small scale cropping machines are, they should be suitable for small farms, simple in design and technology and versatile for use in different farm operations. A manually operated template row planter was designed and developed to improve planting efficiency and reduce drudgery involved in manual planting method [2].Farm mechanization aims at higher production rate reduction in human drudgery. Many operations in agriculture are now being performed by machines. This reduces the labour requirements which have been the principal motivating force in mechanization. Due to small land holding is not possible to mechanize all the farming operations. Large machines cannot be operated these small farms. Also our farmers cannot afford to buy large costly machine. Vegetable planting machine is a device which helps in planting of vegetable plants in a desired position hence assisting the farmers in saving time and money. The basic objective of planting operation is to plant the vegetable plants in rows at desired depth and plant to plant spacing cover the plants with soil and provide proper compaction over the plant [3].
Grafting: A multidimensional approach in vegetable crop production.
By: Sanmathi Ashihal: Dept.of Vegetable Science, College of horticulture,Bengaluru.
"The Prospect for Introducing Mechanical Threshing Technology in Smallholder Agriculture: The Case of Ethiopia", presented by Girma Moges and Dawit Alemu at at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
A transplanter is an Agriculture machine used for transplanting seedlings to the field. This is very important as it reduces the time taken to transplant seedlings (when compared to manual transplanting), thus allowing more time for harvesting. It also reduces the use of manual energy. Paddy transplanter machines are comes in 2 , 3 , 4 up-to 6 rows for large capacity field .
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a program for imparting quality, practical & production oriented for Agriculture Graduates .
RAWE is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity, sustainability and environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security and equity. In India RANDHWA Committee (1992) recommended the rural agricultural work experience (RAWE) program for imparting quality, practical
and production oriented education for agriculture degree program.
"The Prospect for Introducing Mechanical Threshing Technology in Smallholder Agriculture: The Case of Ethiopia", presented by Girma Moges and Dawit Alemu at at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
A transplanter is an Agriculture machine used for transplanting seedlings to the field. This is very important as it reduces the time taken to transplant seedlings (when compared to manual transplanting), thus allowing more time for harvesting. It also reduces the use of manual energy. Paddy transplanter machines are comes in 2 , 3 , 4 up-to 6 rows for large capacity field .
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) is a program for imparting quality, practical & production oriented for Agriculture Graduates .
RAWE is an important tool in ensuring increased agricultural productivity, sustainability and environmental and ecological security, profitability, job security and equity. In India RANDHWA Committee (1992) recommended the rural agricultural work experience (RAWE) program for imparting quality, practical
and production oriented education for agriculture degree program.
Tells you about the food poisoning. How it occurs, symptoms and prevention's. Tells you about the toxins released by the various microorganisms and its species.
A Community Based Presentation, Brilliantly Composed and Animated. Downloader will surely love it
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The present study was undertaken to investigate
microbiological quality of ready-to-eat street vended aloo-tikki
sold in Allahabad, city of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 36
samples were collected from 12 major areas which represented
whole city. All samples were collected from the vendors in
sterilized polythene bags and analyzed within an hour of
procurement. Bacterial pathogens were identified by standard
bacteriological techniques. Microbiological enumeration of ready
to eat street-vended aloo-tikki, revealed a standard plate count
ranging from 103.4-247.3×10-4 cfu/gm, and yeast and mould
ranging between 89-168.2×10-4 cfu/gm. The presumptive coliform
test was found to be 86.1% positive. Prominent bacterial
pathogens isolated were Styphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Bacillus sp., and Salmonella sp. The presence of such
microorganisms indicates poor handling practices, cross
contamination and aerial contamination which becomes reason
and sometimes important source of food borne illness to humans.
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It may not excite you but show my dedication to science.
Bless me.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/shradheya-r-r-gupta-54492984/
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Quantifying Salmonella spp. in pig slaughterhouses and pork markets associated with human health in Hung Yen, Vietnam
1. VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH CENTRE FOR ASIA PACIFIC
Joint Master of Veterinary Public Health_5th Batch, 2011-2013
QUANTIFYING S l ll IN PIG
VIETNAM
QUANTIFYING Salmonella spp. IN PIG
SLAUGHTERHOUSES AND PORK MARKETS
ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN HEALTH IN HUNG YEN,
VIETNAM
MVPH student: Sinh Dang Xuan (student ID: 541435808)
Advisors: Prof. Dr. Reinhard Fries (FUB)
Dr. Tongkorn Meeyam (CMU)
9/10/2013 1
2. 1. Rational and background
2. Objectives
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions
2
Contents
9/10/2013
4. Gram-negative
Family Enterobacteriaceae
2 Species: S. enterica and S. bongori
Serotypes: > 2,600 (Guibourdenche et al., 2010),
• Typhoidal Salmonella (S.Typhi, S.Paratyphi A, B, C)
• Non-typhoidal Salmonella (Food borne pathogens)
Picture source: http://www,odec,ca/projects/2005/qiuc5c0/public_html/Untitled-12,htm 4
Salmonella Microbiology
9/10/2013
5. -Humans: as a foodborne disease, in the world
93.8 million cases/year
155,000 deaths/year
(Majowicz, 2010)
-Health care costs, loss or reduce livestock and
food production
5
Human Salmonellosis
9/10/2013
8. Contaminated food/vegetables/fruits (Hughes et al.,
2007; Hendriksen et al., 2004; Barber et al., 2002)
Pork: one of major sources of human
foodborne after egg and poultry meat (EFSA, 2008)
8
Salmonella in food
Picture source: http://vietpress.vn/201301290235670p46c76/giam-gia-thit-ga-truoc-va-sau-tet.htm
http://www.xaluan.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=5272749/10/2013
11. 11
Pig slaughterhouses, pork markets and
Salmonella contamination
Photo by: Sinh DX9/10/2013
Slaughter equipments
Pigs from farm
Workers/ people
SH Environment
Market environment
Transportation
Sellers/people
Slaughter water
Water at shop
Shop equipments
Carcass from SH
Transportation
Transportation
FARM
SLAUGHTERHOUSEMARKET
HOME
12. -15% - 95%: on carcasses
-16% - 62%: in water, on the floor, weighting
bowls, cutting boards
-33% - 69%: in pork at market
(Le Bas, 2006; Takeshi K,2009)
12
Salmonella contamination in slaughterhouses
and market in Vietnam
9/10/2013
14. To detect the Salmonella spp. prevalence and
concentration on pig carcass at slaughterhouse
and pork at market
To identify risk factors of Salmonella spp.
contamination in the pork production chain
To explore people’s and relevant stakeholders
perception related to Salmonella contamination
with the potential risks in practice
14
Objectives of study
9/10/2013
18. 18
Study scope
Data collection
‐ Checklist
‐ Questionnaire
‐ Focus group discussion (FGD)
‐ In‐depth interview (IDI)
Data analysis
Sample collection
Salmonella identification
(ISO 6579:2002/Amd
1:2007)
Salmonella quantification
(3‐Tube MPN method)
ISO 21528‐1:2004
Carcass Pork Environmental swabs
(Ccutting board, Hands)
3 Pig Slaughterhouses &
Markets (4 visits each)
Study duration: From January to May, 2013
9/10/2013 Figure 4 Study scope and process
22. Questionnaire:
- No. of pigs
- Transport time, duration, distance
- Time in lairage, …
Checklist:
- Hygienic practice/measures
- Biosecurity
22
Data collection
9/10/2013
23. 23
Data collection
9/10/2013
Qualitative tools
Focus group discussion Key topics
Slaughter workers (2
FGD)
- Hygienic practice in slaughtering
- Perception, knowledge about pork borne diseases
Pork sellers (3 FGD) - Pork selling practice
- Pork borne diseases (knowledge, awareness,
perception)
In-depth interview
People living around
slaughterhouse (9 IDI)
- Advantages and disadvantages of slaughterhouse
Pork consumer (9 IDI) - Criteria for selecting pork
- Pork borne diseases (knowledge, awareness,
perception)
Public health staff (3 IDI) Food safety and zoonotic management & collaboration
Veterinary staff (3 IDI) Food safety and zoonotic management & collaboration
FGD = Focus Group Discussion; IDI = In-depth interview
24. - Descriptive statistic
- OR and χ2 test for risk factors
- Significant consideration at p<0.05
Using R Studio (0.96.316) and MS Excel-2007
24
Data analysis
9/10/2013
26. General information of slaughterhouses
Table 3. Mean of variables recorded from pig transportation
and lairage time (n=12 visits)
Variables Unit Mean ± SD Range
No. of pig transport/time Head 23 ± 7 17 - 40
Transport duration Hour 1.76 ± 1.24 0.5 – 4.17
Transport distance Km 60.8 ± 50.4 15 – 150
Resting time in lairage Hour 13.1 ± 4.17 5 - 17
SD= Standard deviation
Capacity: 10-40 pigs/day; 4-6 workers; slaughter: 1-5 a.m
269/10/2013
27. 27
Sample types
Prevalence_%
(No. positve result/n)
SH A SH B SH C Overall
Carcass(*)
23.8
(5/21)
38.1
(8/21)
42.9
(9/21)
34.9
(22/63)
Workers’ hand
25.0
(1/4)
100
(4/4)
25.0
(1/4)
50.0
(6/12)
Cutting board
25.0
(1/4)
50.0
(2/4)
25.0
(1/4)
33.3
(4/12)
Overall
24.1
(7/29)
48.3
(14/29)
37.9
(11/29)
36.9
(32/87)
Table 4. Salmonella prevalence from different sample
types in 3 slaughterhouses
Salmonella prevalence
(*) include swab and belly skin, SH= Slaughterhouse
9/10/2013
28. Fig 6. Overall Salmonella prevalence from 3
slaughterhouses
24.1
48.3
37.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
SH A SH B SH C
Percent
Slaughterhouse
28
Salmonella prevalence
No significant difference (p=0.403, χ2 test) among 3
slaughterhouses
9/10/2013
29. 29
Table 5. Salmonella prevalence from different sample
types in markets
Salmonella prevalence
9/10/2013
Sample type
% Prevalence (No. Salmonella positve/n)
District A District B District C Overall
Pork
14.3
(3/21)
47.6
(10/21)
66.7
(14/21)
42.9
(27/63)
Sellers’ hands
25.0
(1/4)
0.0
(0/4)
75.0
(3/4)
33.3
(4/12)
Cutting board
25.0
(1/4)
25.0
(1/4)
75.0
(3/4)
41.7
(5/12)
Overall
17.2
(5/29)
37.9
(11/29)
69.0
(20/29)
41.4
(36/87)
30. 30
Fig 7. Salmonella prevalence from different sample types in markets
Salmonella prevalence
9/10/2013
17.2
37.9
69.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
District A District B District C
Pork markets
Percentage
Statistically significant difference about Salmonella prevalence on pork
samples among 3 districts (p-value=0.0018, Fisher’s exact test)
32. Salmonella number
Table 6. Salmonella number from different sample types
in 3 slaughterhouses
Sample types Unit No. of Salmonella 95% CI
Carcass surface MPN/cm2 <0.075 0.0-0.24
Belly skin MPN/g <0.3 0.0-0.95
Workers’ hand MPN/hand 7.0 1.0-50.0
Cutting board MPN/cm2 <1.2 0.0-3.80
329/10/2013
33. Salmonella number
Sample types Unit No. of Salmonella 95% CI
Pork MPN/g < 0.3 - 15 3.7 - 42.0
Sellers’ hands MPN/hand 4.6 0.7 - 19.0
Cutting board MPN/cm2
0.368 0.056 - 1.52
339/10/2013
Table 7. Salmonella number from different sample types
in markets in 3 districts
34. Salmonella number
Table 8. Salmonella number in slaughterhouse and market
349/10/2013
Sample Unit
Number of Salmonella
Slaughterhouses Markets
Carcass - Pork MPN/g < 0.3 < 0.3 - 15
Worker - Seller hand MPN/hand 7.0 4.6
Cutting board MPN/cm2 < 1.2 < 0.368
35. 35
Related risk factors
Table 9. Potential risk factors related to Salmonella
contamination in slaughterhouses
Potential risk factors of Salmonella contamination were not found
significantly diference.
CI: Confident interval
9/10/2013
Factors OR (95% CI) p -Value
Using water tank 2.18 (0.67-7.07) 0.191
Slaughter square area (≤ 50 m2) 1.67 (0.57-4.95) 0.350
Free entry slaughter area 2.18 (0.67-7.07) 0.191
Private farm type 2 (0.29-13.74) 0.631
Pig transport distance (> 30 km) 1.33 (0.2-9.08) 1.00
Time arrived at lairage in the morning 5.7 (0.53-61.41) 0.179
Disease in farm area
(in 6 months recently)
10.5 (1.03-107.2) 0.063
Number of pigs on processing
at the same time (>2 pigs)
1.2 (0.41-3.66) 0.709
36. 36
Related risk factors
Table 10. Potential risk factors of Salmonella contamination in markets
(*) Statistically significant diference. CI: Confident interval
9/10/2013
Observation OR (95% CI) p-value
Table surface pork contacted is wood 6.6 (2.02 - 21.55) 0.002*
Table surface pork contaced is inox/steel 0.19 (0.02 - 1.7) 0.223
Usually use insect control equipments
while selling
1.76 (0.6 - 5.23) 0.303
Using meat grinder 2.41 (0.8 - 7.22) 0.113
Using bucket (mobile) water in shop 4.46 (1.46 - 13.65) 0.007*
Cutting on table surface 4.46 (1.46 - 13.65) 0.004*
Shop sells retail only 0.48 (0.17 - 1.38) 0.170
Shop sells both retail and wholesale 4.71 (1.28 - 17.27) 0.030*
Contain pork in basket to transport to the
shop
2.8 (0.98 - 8) 0.052
Wash table end of selling time by water
and detergent
0.44 (0.1 - 1.84) 0.326
37. 37
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Table 11. Salmonella serotypes circulated in 3 pig
slaughterhouses and sample types
Serotype Carcass
Workers
hands
Cutting
board
Total Percentage
S. Anatum 1 1 3.2
S. Derby 3 2 1 6 19.4
S. Give 1 1 2 6.5
S. London 4 4 12.9
S. Meleagridis 2 1 1 4 12.9
S. Rissen 2 2 1 5 16.1
S. Typhimurium 5 1 6 19.4
S. Weltevreden 3 3 9.7
Total Poly I 31 100
Poly II 1
38. 38
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Fig 9. Salmonella serotypes distribution in 3 pig
slaughterhouses
S. Anatum
3.2%
S. Derby
19.4%
S. Give
6.5
S. London
12.9%
S. Meleagridis
12.9%
S. Rissen
16.1%
S. Typhimurium
19.4%
S. Weltevreden
9.7%
39. 39
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Table 12. Salmonella serotypes circulated in marrkets in 3
districts and sample types
Serotype Pork
Sellers
hands
Cutting
board
Total Percentage
S. Anatum 4 1 1 6 16.7
S. Bovismorbificans 1 1 2 5.6
S. Derby 6 1 7 19.4
S. Give 1 1 2.8
S. London 4 1 5 13.9
S. Meleagridis 4 1 1 6 16.7
S. Rissen 4 1 5 13.9
S. Stanley 2 2 5.6
S. Weltevreden 2 2 5.6
Total 36 100
40. 40
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Fig 10 Salmonella serotypes distribution in markets in 3
districts
S. Anatum
16.7%
S.
Bovismorbificans
5.6%
S. Derby
19.4%
S. Give
2.8%
S. London
13.9%
S. Meleagridis
16.7%
S. Rissen
13.9%
S. Stanley
5.6%
S. Weltevreden
5.6%
41. 41
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Fig 11 Salmonella serotypes distribution in Slaughterhouse
and in Markets in 3 districts
16.7
5.6
19.4
2.8
13.9
16.7
13.9
5.6
5.6
S. Anatum S. Bovismorbificans
S. Derby S. Give
S. London S. Meleagridis
S. Rissen S. Stanley
S. Weltevreden
Markets
3.2
19.4
6.5
12.9
12.9
16.1
19.4
9.7
S. Anatum S. Derby
S. Give S. London
S. Meleagridis S. Rissen
S. Typhimurium S. Weltevreden
Slaughterhouse
42. 42
Salmonella serotypes
9/10/2013
Fig 12 Salmonella serotypes distribution in slaughterhouse
and markets
1
3
1
4
2
2
5
3
3
1
2
3
1
4
6
1
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
S. Anatum
S. Bovismorbificans
S. Derby
S. Give
S. London
S. Meleagridis
S. Rissen
S. Stanley
S. Typhimurium
S. Weltevreden
Pig carcass at SH
Environment at SH
Pork at MK
Environment at MK
43. 43
Collected Data Frame
9/10/2013
Table 13 Groups and participants for IDI, FGD, checklists &
questionnaires
Tools/
groups/stakeholders/places
No. groups
/districts
Total participant/
interviewee/checklist
Quantitative
Questionnaire
Pig origin questionnaire
(slaughterhouse owner)
3 12
Observation (checklist)
Pig slaughterhouse 3 3
Pork shop 3 19
Qualitative
Focus group discussion
Slaughter worker 2 10
Pork seller 3 15
In-depth interview
People living around slaughterhouse 3 9
Pork consumer 3 9
Public health staff 3 3
Veterinary staff 3 3
FGD = Focus Group Discussion; IDI = In-depth interview
44. 44
Results from explore people and relevant stakeholders’ perception
related to food safety with the potential risks in practice
9/10/2013
* Focus groups discussions in Slaughterhouse workers
1. Regulation: No specific regulation or rule, used “internal rule”
2. Training program on food safety and slaughtering process: learning by
doing, not officially from training
3. Perception, knowledge about pig diseases: FMD, PRRS, fluke and worm,
pigs diarrhea: Two main important: FMD and PRRS
4. Zoonoses knowledge and perception: cysticercosis and leptospirosis, but
were not really concerned. FMD and PRRS: misperception
5. Origin of information: mass media, newspaper, internet or TV. Vet and
or public health services were not mentioned
6. Observed human illness related pig or pork: No observed cases of
illness or diarrhea in last 6 months.
45. 459/10/2013
* Focus groups discussions in Slaughterhouse workers
Potential risks District A District B
Feces in lairage 1 7
Feces on live pigs 1 3
Puncture intestine 2 2
Feces on the bleeding area 2 4
Wash intestine at slaughter areas 2 5
Water source 3 1
Boots at all places 6 7
Transport vehicle 7 9
Cloths 5 8
Table 14 Ranking given potential risks to microbial
contamination on carcass
46. 469/10/2013
* Focus groups discussions in Pork sellers
FGD for this actor were organized in each of 3 selected districts
1. Prefer to use wood surface tables in pork shop: in stead of other types
2. Cloth usually used to dry pork, clean equipment, hand or table: All three
sellers groups stated using during selling time
3. Glove and mask using: a perception to buyers aware of sellers’ health
problem.
4. Leftover pork: sell it for the shop at a relatively lower price, processed into
other foods
5. Pork quality and zoonoses: pork quality related to the way slaughtered pig
* PRRS and FMD, CSF, pastuerellosis, leptospirosis, cysticercosis
Misperception on FMD, CSF
6. Observed human illness related pig or pork: None of the participants
47. 479/10/2013
* Focus groups discussions in Pork sellers
Potential risks District A District C
Cleanness of surrounding shop area 1 4
Insects (files, bluebottle, ant, cockroach) 2 5
Dirty /waste water drain next to shop 2 2
Cleanness of table surface 3 1
Water for wash hand, knife, table 4 4
Bags - Basket (pork transport) 5 3
Cloths used many times in selling day 6 2
Pork transportation to the market 7 3
Clothes, shoes of sellers 8 6
Table 15 Ranked potential risk factors related to microbial
contamination on pork at market
48. 489/10/2013
* In-depth interview in People living around slaughterhouse
(1) Advantages of slaughterhouse’s presence in their living area:
Issues All District A District B District C
Provide job 9/9 3/3 3/3 3/3
Available pork to buy 7/9 1/3 3/3 3/3
Business opportunities 4/9 0/3 1/3 3/3
Benefit for you 0/9 0/3 0/3 0/3
Table 16 Advantages of slaughterhouse’s presence
(Yes/Total)
49. 499/10/2013
* In-depth interview in People living around slaughterhouse
(2) Disadvantages of slaughterhouse’s presence in their living area:
Issues All District A District B District C
Noise 0/9 0/3 0/3 0/3
Polluted environment 1/9 1/3 0/3 0/3
Dust 1/9 0/3 1/3 0/3
Polluted air 2/9 2/3 0/3 0/3
Flies/Mosquitoes 2/9 0/3 1/3 1/3
Smell 3/9 1/3 0/3 2/3
Polluted water 3/9 2/3 0/3 1/3
Animal disease spread 3/9 2/3 0/3 1/3
Health effect 5/9 2/3 1/3 2/3
Table 17 DisaAdvantages of slaughterhouse’s presence
(Yes/Total)
50. 509/10/2013
* In-depth interview in Pork consumers
Table 18 Result of criteria ranking in pork selection
Criteria No. of respondents Mean ± SD
Bright red, soft and sticky 9 9.6 ± 0.7
Freshness, good smell 9 9.6 ± 0.5
Cleanness 9 9.1 ± 0.8
Trust on seller 9 9 ± 1.1
Considered as safe meat 9 8.9 ± 0.9
Good storage 9 8.6 ± 1.8
Nutritional value 9 8.2 ± 2.0
Pork inspection document 9 8 ± 1.7
Accessibility 9 7.4 ± 1.7
Price 9 6.6 ± 1.1
51. 519/10/2013
* In-depth interview in Pork consumers
(2) Perception on low quality pork: sick or dead pigs, strange color,
smell badly or look wet.
(3) Knowledge on zoonoses: Mentioned at least one zoonotic disease:
such as cysticercosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, streptococcus suis
or diarrhea in pig.
(4) Observed human illness related pig or pork: no cases of illness or
diarrhea were observed in the recent 12 months.
52. 529/10/2013
* In-depth interview Public health staffs
(1) Responsibilities related to food safety, zoonoses: Responsibilities
were on “cooked food”; apply the regulation, observe, training,
guide on food safety and hygienic practice.
(2) Collaboration on food safety, zoonoses management:
• Reporting and updating within sector or district authorities and
upper level
• Collaboration with with other sectors: was better and uniformed,
still need for further strengthening
53. 539/10/2013
* In-depth interview Veterinary staffs
(1) The gap in the inspection: Vets and Public health sector: Raw meat
and cooked food.
• Inspection duties in big or medium slaughterhouses, not frequent
in small/private
(2) Collaboration on food safety, zoonoses management:
• Collaboration_A task force team: Public health, commercial, trade
management, veterinary, environment, police, etc…
• Task force team: situation or “problem base” or “Food safety action
month”
• Collaboration among professional sectors: more effective, still
needs to improve, action plan, good mechanism.
55. 55
Salmonella prevalence in pig slaughterhouse
9/10/2013
* On pig carcasses (34.9%)
Lower than in other studies:
• 48.9% (Thai, 2007) - Vietnam
• 95.7% (Le Bas, 2006) - Vietnam
• 55.5% (Sanguankiat et al., 2010)- Chiang Mai, Thailand
• 36.7% (Sithigon, 2011) - Northestern Thailand
Higher than in other studies:
• 33.2% (Fries, 2006)- Northern Thailand
• 11.7% (Algino et al., 2009)- USA
• 11.2% (Korsak et al., 2003) Belgium
• 8.3% (EFSA, 2008) - in the EU- State members
* Worker hand (50%): 10.7% Khon Kean-Thailand (Sithigon. D, 2011)
* Cutting board (33.3%): 47.4% Hue–Vietnam (Takeshi et al., 2009)
56. 569/10/2013
* On Pork (42.9%)
Lower than in other studies:
• 69.9% (Phan et al., 2005) in Mekong Delta, Southern Vietnam
• 65% (Angkititrakul, 2005) in northeast Thailand
Higher than in other studies:
• 32.8% (Takeshi et al., 2009) in Hue - Vietnam
• 39.6% (Thai et al., 2012) in Northern Vietnam
• 34.5% in retail pork (Sanguankiat, 2010) Northern Thailand
• 0.3% to 4.3%. (Delhalle et al., 2009) in Belgium
* Cutting board (33.3%): 28.6% Hue–Vietnam (Takeshi et al., 2009)
Salmonella prevalence in pork market
57. 57
Salmonella number in pig slaughterhouse
9/10/2013
* On pig carcasses (< 0.075 MPN/cm2 and <0.3 MPN/g)
Within a range of <0.03–0.36 MPN/g
Ireland (Prendergast, 2008)
From: -3.40 ± 2.04 log CFU/cm2 carcass
Belgium (2009) (Delhalle et al., 2009)
* Cutting board (< 1.2 MPN/cm2):
Conveyor and table swabs ranging from <0.03–1.1 MPN/cm2
Ireland (Prendergast, 2008)
The low numbers of Salmonella cells were typically found in
food, feed and environment samples (Boughton, 2004)
58. 58
Salmonella number in pork market
9/10/2013
* On pork (< 0.3 – 15 MPN/g)
Lower range than:
19 MPN/g in pork sausages
0.03 to >110 MPN/g, with a mean value of 21.16 MPN/g
Italy (Bonardi et al., 2008)
Higher range than:
Below 10 MPN/g, Germany (Sinell et al., 1990)
Between <0.03 - 2.10 MPN/g, Ireland (Prendergast, 2009)
From: -2.64 ± 1.76 log CFU/g, Belgium (Delhalle et al., 2009)
59. Transport and lairage: important risk factors (Hurd, 2002)
Characteristics of farms/herds is one of consideration as high-
risk herds (Fosse, 2008)
Floor as an important source of pathogens including Salmonella
(Hald, 1999)
Evisceration has been described in Europe as the major cause
of carcass contamination (Berends et al., 1997)
Risk factors of Salmonella contamination in
slaughterhouse
599/10/2013
Not found significant differences among potential risk
factors in slaughterhouses
60. A direct association between Salmonella contamination of
pork cuts and equipment or/and surfaces (Prendergast et al.,
2008)
The most important parameter with regard to contamination
were handling, general hygiene, time and temperature at
each stage (Wong et al., 2002)
Hygiene performance, particularly at retail, had a significant
impact on the occurrence of Salmonella (Hansen, et al., 2010)
Risk factors of Salmonella contamination in marrket
609/10/2013
Wood table surface, using bucket water, cutting on table
surface and selling both retail and wholesale
61. 61
Salmonella serotypes prevalence in slaughterhouse
9/10/2013
8 serotypes: S. Typhimurium and S. Derby (19.4%), S. Rissen
(16.1%), S. London, S. Meleagridis (12,9%); S. Give, S. Anatum, S.
Weltevreden (3.2-9.7%)
S. Typhimurium (20.7%), S. Weltevreden, (15.3%), S. Derby (11.7%)
and S. Rissen (11.7%) (Vo, 2006) - Vietnam
S. Derby (41%) and S. Typhimurium (29%) (van Hoek et al., 2012)-
Netherlands
S. Typhimurium and S. London were the most common of the 24
serotypes (Schmidt et al., 2012) – US
62. 62
Salmonella serotypes prevalence in market
9/10/2013
9 serotypes: S. Derby (19.4%), S. Anatum and S. Meleagridis
(16.7%), S. London and S. Rissen (13.9%), S. Bovismorbificans, S.
Give, S. Stanley and S. Weltevreden (2.8 – 5.6%)
S. Anatum (19.8%), S. Derby (15.9%), S. Typhimurium (13.5%),
except S. Infantis (13.5%), S. Reading (7.9%), S. Newport (6.3%)
(Thai et al., 2012) – Northern Vietnam
S. Derby, S. Weltevreden, and S. London in pork, S. Bovismorbificans
in retail meat (Phan et al., 2005)- South Vietnam
S. Rissen (61.5%), S. Stanley and S. Lexington (11.5%).
(Angkititrakul et al., 2005)- Thailand
S. Derby, S. Anatum, S. Typhimurium, and S. Schwarzengrund (Chen
et al., 2006)- Taiwan
63. 63
Salmonella serotypes prevalence in market
9/10/2013
9 serotypes: S. Derby (19.4%), S. Anatum and S. Meleagridis
(16.7%), S. London and S. Rissen (13.9%), S. Bovismorbificans, S.
Give, S. Stanley and S. Weltevreden (2.8 – 5.6%)
• S. Typhimurium is a serotype predominantly and followed by S.
Enteritidis and S. Weltevreden isolated from humans in Vietnam (Vo et
al., 2006)
• PFGE: S. Derby was detected in 19% of strains from humans, 52%
from food (include pork products), and 62% from swine in Spain
(Valdezate et al., 2005)
64. 64
Perception related to food safety with the potential
risks in practices
9/10/2013
• Applied an integrated approach: Quantitative (Salmonella
contamination) and qualitative (FGD, IDI) – hasn’t been applied before
• Improvement of the practices could considerably reduce the carcass
contamination.
- Using gloves (not used) => found hight prevalence on hands
- Using cloth to wipe => habor of Salmonella !?
- “Trained by doing”=> standard information and training
65. 65
Perception related to food safety with the potential
risks in practices
9/10/2013
• Using wooden tables because of their perception that meat looks
longer fresh => still prefer to use it
This gap is currently addressed by the Livestock Competitiveness
and Food Safety Project (LIFSAP) of government.
=> The LIFSAP project plans also to upgrade facilities in selected
open fresh food markets and slaughterhouse. (ILRI, 2010b).
- Enhance facilties and good hygiene practice in slaughterhouse
- Investment replacing wooden tables by stainless steel ones
- Providing pork retailers with hangers to hang carcass, etc.
66. 66
Perception related to food safety with the potential
risks in practices
9/10/2013
• Important selection criteria for purchasing pork: fresh pork (Lapar et
al., 2009)
• Price has lowest important, but a study in Germany, price was
important (Rohr et al., 2005)
• Our finding related to zoonoses revealed that almost all actors had little
knowledge or some misperception on zoonoses in agrement with
ongoing study in Vietnam (Hung et al., 2012).
68. Prevalence of Salmonella:
36.9% in slaughterhouse, 34.9% on carcass
41.4% in pork markets, 42.9% in pork
The number of Salmonella:
< 0.075 MPN/cm2 on carcass
< 0.3 to 15 MPN/g on pork
Potential risk factors of Salmonella contamination:
In pig slaughterhouses: not found
In pork in market: wood table surface, bucket water, cutting
on table surface, selling both retail and wholesale.
68
Conclusion
9/10/2013
69. The most frequent Salmonella serotypes:
In slaughterhouse:
S. Typhimurium, S. Derby (19.4%),
S. Rissen (16.1%) , S. London, S. Meleagridis, S
(12.1%). Weltevreden, S. Give and S. Anatum
In market:
S. Derby (19.4%), S. Anatum, S. Meleagridis (16.7%),
S. Rissen, S. London (13. 9%),
S. Bovismorbificans, S. Give, S. Weltevreden.
69
Conclusion
9/10/2013
70. The survey on perception and hygienic practice related to
food safety of relevant groups and stakeholders:
Provided basic information and contribute a better understanding
of their practice.
Require of standards and targeted training for slaughter workers
and pork sellers.
Help to better engagement in management on groups, actors in
pork production chain.
70
Conclusion
9/10/2013
71. 719/10/2013
Acknowledgement
Veterinary Public Health Center for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP) - CMU
and Freie Universität Berlin
USAID (the EPT/RESPOND program), Hanoi School of Public
Health (HSPH), CENPHER (HSPH), Eco Health One Health
Resource Center, CMU and International Livestock Research
Institute (ILRI, EcoZD project)
Dr. Fred Unger (ILRI) and Assoc. Prof. PhD. Nguyen Thanh Huong
(HSPH)
Slaughterhouse owners, workers, pork sellers and local veterinary
staffs in Hung Yen
Department of Veterinary Hygiene-NIVR (Vietnam)