Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sinh Dang-Xuan and Delia Grace at a Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Safety webinar on 'Applying risk-based approaches in food safety', 14 June 2023.
Have you considered that protein over-expression or inefficient mRNA knockdown may be masking physiological effects in your assays? Increasingly scientists are moving to endogenous gene-editing to characterise the function of their genes of interest.
Dr Chris Thorne from Cambridge Biotech Horizon Discovery discusses the ground breaking gene-editing technology CRISPR. The simplicity of experimental design has led to rapid adoption of the technology across the scientific community. However, challenges remain.
This Slidedeck focuses specifically on implementing CRISPR experiments, and explore a number of key considerations crucial to maximising chances of targeting success, whether your goal is to generate a knock-out or a knock-in. Chris also takes a look at some of the alternative uses of CRISPR, including sgRNA genome wide synthetic lethality screens.
The slides aim to support those researchers either planning to or already using CRISPR gene-editing in their lab. Horizon Discovery have also recently launched a program aimed specifically at academic cell biologists to promote the adoption of CRISPR by offering FREE CRISPR Reagents for knock-out cell line generation - more information available here. http://www.horizondiscovery.com/what-we-do/discovery-toolbox/genassist-crispr--raav-genome-editing-tools
GM Crops Policies: Perspectives from IndiaDhanuraj D
GM Crops Policies: Perspectives from India. Presented during the interaction with Semester At Sea Students of 2014 batch. The slides present the policy issues and the debates in India especially the role of regulator in bio safety
Have you considered that protein over-expression or inefficient mRNA knockdown may be masking physiological effects in your assays? Increasingly scientists are moving to endogenous gene-editing to characterise the function of their genes of interest.
Dr Chris Thorne from Cambridge Biotech Horizon Discovery discusses the ground breaking gene-editing technology CRISPR. The simplicity of experimental design has led to rapid adoption of the technology across the scientific community. However, challenges remain.
This Slidedeck focuses specifically on implementing CRISPR experiments, and explore a number of key considerations crucial to maximising chances of targeting success, whether your goal is to generate a knock-out or a knock-in. Chris also takes a look at some of the alternative uses of CRISPR, including sgRNA genome wide synthetic lethality screens.
The slides aim to support those researchers either planning to or already using CRISPR gene-editing in their lab. Horizon Discovery have also recently launched a program aimed specifically at academic cell biologists to promote the adoption of CRISPR by offering FREE CRISPR Reagents for knock-out cell line generation - more information available here. http://www.horizondiscovery.com/what-we-do/discovery-toolbox/genassist-crispr--raav-genome-editing-tools
GM Crops Policies: Perspectives from IndiaDhanuraj D
GM Crops Policies: Perspectives from India. Presented during the interaction with Semester At Sea Students of 2014 batch. The slides present the policy issues and the debates in India especially the role of regulator in bio safety
Very much interested in public policies as it affects community members greatly. This slide explains policy options that can be taken to address food security in the country.
Potential for dsRNA-based management of plant diseases - Karl-Heinz Kogel, Ju...OECD Environment
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O MIV tem por objetivo preservar propriedades visuais e facilitar a sua correta propagação, percepção, identificação e memorização da marca e, por conseguinte, manter a integridade dos valores da instituição e sua forma de expressão visual. As cores e símbolos da PMDF
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RNAi as a novel technology in pest control: current status and challenges - O...OECD Environment
10-12 April 2019: The OECD Conference on RNAi based pesticides provided an overview on the current status and future possibilities for the regulation of externally applied dsRNA-based products that are proposed for use as pesticides. The event facilitated exchanges between policy makers, academia, industry on their implications in health, environment, and regulation.
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sothyra Tum, Chhay Ty, Melissa Young and Delia Grace at the Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia project final workshop, Cambodia, 21-22 June 2021.
Very much interested in public policies as it affects community members greatly. This slide explains policy options that can be taken to address food security in the country.
Potential for dsRNA-based management of plant diseases - Karl-Heinz Kogel, Ju...OECD Environment
10-12 April 2019: The OECD Conference on RNAi based pesticides provided an overview on the current status and future possibilities for the regulation of externally applied dsRNA-based products that are proposed for use as pesticides. The event facilitated exchanges between policy makers, academia, industry on their implications in health, environment, and regulation.
Manual de Identidade Visual da PMDF - 2ª edicao revisadaSamuel Silva
A marca é o elemento mais importante de toda identidade visual, seu uso deve seguir regras para manter a uniformidade em todas as suas aplicações.
Este Manual de Identidade Visual (MIV) é um documento técnico que estabelece especificações e normas essenciais para o correto uso dos códigos visuais conceituados na Polícia Militar do Distrito Federal.
O MIV tem por objetivo preservar propriedades visuais e facilitar a sua correta propagação, percepção, identificação e memorização da marca e, por conseguinte, manter a integridade dos valores da instituição e sua forma de expressão visual. As cores e símbolos da PMDF
funcionam como identificadores da presença da Corporação junto à sociedade. Cumprem o papel preventivo e ostensivo de segurança pública, ao mesmo tempo em que simbolizam o respeito pela história e tradições, desde suas origens, no início do século XIX. São referências ao cidadão que busca, no auxílio especializado, a garantia de direito, respeito e segurança.
RNAi as a novel technology in pest control: current status and challenges - O...OECD Environment
10-12 April 2019: The OECD Conference on RNAi based pesticides provided an overview on the current status and future possibilities for the regulation of externally applied dsRNA-based products that are proposed for use as pesticides. The event facilitated exchanges between policy makers, academia, industry on their implications in health, environment, and regulation.
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Sothyra Tum, Chhay Ty, Melissa Young and Delia Grace at the Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia project final workshop, Cambodia, 21-22 June 2021.
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introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
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Food safety risk prioritization: Case studies from Asia
1. Food safety risk prioritization:
Case studies from Asia
Hung Nguyen-Viet: Co-leader, ILRI Animal and Human Health Program, Kenya
Sinh Dang-Xuan: Postdoctoral scientist, ILRI Animal and Human Health Program, Vietnam
Delia Grace: Professor at Natural Resources Institute and joint-appointed scientist at ILRI, UK
2. 2
Context of foodborne diseases
Havelaar et al., 2015
Gibb et al., 2019 zoonoses
non zoonoses
Burden LMIC
Cost estimates for 2016 : > US$ 115 billion
Productivity loss 95
Illness treatment 15
Trade loss or cost 5 to 7
Domestic costs may be 20 times trade costs
Years of life lost annually for FBD
31 hazards
• 600 mio illnesses
• 480,000 deaths
• 41 million DALYs
4. 4
Approaches and solutions to food safety in LMICs
• Generate evidence: hazards and risks
• Develop solutions to improve food safety:
technological and institutional innovations
• Focus: informal markets, animal source food (ASF:
meat, milk and eggs) but also vegetables, pathogens
but also aflatoxin and chemical hazards
• Consideration: gender, nutrition, animal welfare
Risk
communication
Risk
management
Risk
assessment
Risk analysis framework
Risk-based approach
7. 7
Microbial and chemical risk assessment
• Salmonella risk pathways developed for producers, slaughterhouse and
consumers, quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) risk for consumer
• Chemical risk assessment: antibiotic residues, banned chemicals, heavy metals
1,275 samples (farms, slaughterhouse, market) collected during 1 year
PigRISK: Pork safety in Vietnam (2012-2017)
Farm Transportation to SH Slaughterhouse Consumers
Retailer
• Feed in bags, remaining feeds
at the cages, environment
• Pork
• Liver
• Kidney
• Consumption
survey
8. 8
• Sample size: 671 raw pork samples
o Traditional pork shops: 266 shops
o Modern pork shops: 123 shops
o Food services: 77 stalls
• Data collection:
o 1-5 pork sample per shop
o Food safety condition
• Laboratory testing
o Salmonella presence: 671 samples
o TBC (colony forming units (CFU)/g):
177 samples
Methodology Result
Salmonella prevalence TBC exceed standard
Traditional 60.5% 97.3%
Modern 50.9% 88%
Food
service
80.5% 94.6%
Overall 58.1% 93.8%
Associated factors to microbial contamination:
• Traditional shops:
o Use separate cloths
o Sewage or stagnant water
o Transportation time
• Modern shops:
o Selling many types of meat
o Storage temperature
9. 9
QMRA for salmonellosis
Age and gender groups
Estimated annual salmonellosis
incidence rate (Mean (90% CI)) (%)
Children (under 5 years old) 11.18 (0 – 45.05)
Adult female (6-60 years old) 16.41 (0.01 – 53.86)
Adult male (6-60 years old) 19.29 (0.04 – 59.06)
Elder (over 60 years old) 20.41 (0.09 – 60.76)
Overall 17.7 (0.89 – 45.96)
Dang Xuan Sinh et al, 2016, IJPH
• 94 million people
• Cases of foodborne diseases by
Salmonella in pork at 17%: 16
million get sick
• $ 107: cost of hospitalization/FBD
case
10. 10
Safe Food, Fair Food for Cambodia (2018-2021)
A nationwide multi-hazard survey in
markets in Cambodia found the
prevalence in meat (pork and chicken)
of Salmonella was 43% and of
Staphylococcus aureus was 31%.
The cost of illness of foodborne diarrhea
was USD 63 per case.
Sample type
N.
Specimen
N. positive both
Salmonella and S. aureus
Salmonella
positive
S. aureus
positive
Chicken 186 38 (20.4%) 84 (45.2%) 78 (41.9%)
Cuttingboard chicken 62 6 (9.7%) 26 (41.9%) 12 (19.4%)
Cuttingboard pork 62 1 (1.6%) 19 (30.6%) 7 (11.3%)
Pork 186 33 (17.7%) 85 (45.7%) 58 (31.2%)
Grand Total 496 78 (15.7%) 214 (43.1%) 155 (31.3%)
Cost National
Hospital
(n=44)
Referral
Hospital
(n=60)
Regiona
l Hosp.
(n=100)
Commu
nity
Clinic
(n=62)
Overall
(n=266)
Direct medical cost
[USD] 125.77 9.42 27.85 4.19 34.38
Direct non-medical
cost
[USD] 40.64 8.36 26.33 0.30 18.58
Indirect cost
[USD] 21.43 6.38 10.89 3.08 9.80
Total cost [USD] 185.88 24.16 65.07 7.57 62.76
11. 11
Incentives Technology &
training
ENABLING
ENVIRONMENT
Moral, Social,
Material
Capacitate VC actors
Inform, monitor &
legitimize VC actors
Build capacity &
motivation of regulators
Nudges
Interventions: the 3 legged stool
Policy,
infrastructure
Motivate & facilitate
behaviour change
Innovation
12. INTERVENTION
Results at SH
Grid
Hand disinfection liquid
Faucet
Installed grid
Re-organized water and
electrical system
Training for SH owners &
workers
Food safety intervention at slaughter in Vietnam
Photo credit: Sinh Dang Xuan/Chi Nguyen ILRI 2020
13. Handbooks
INTERVENTION
Development of Instruction & Training materials
Food safety intervention at slaughterhouse and retail (2018-2022)
Approach:
• Participatory risk-assessment
• Supportive formative research with model
retailers
• Risk communication
Key content*:
-Grid slaughter
-Frequent washing
(and disinfection)
-Training
-Separation
clean/dirty
-Branding
Key content:
-Easy to clean surface
-Frequent washing (and
disinfection)
-Separation (fresh/cooked)
-Training
-Hygienic cutting board
-Branding
*only Vietnam
14. Control: Vendors who practice
and operate their selling as usual
Current surface
(carton board)
Washing
detergent
Trial: Vendor who get our incentive and used
Easy to clean
table surface
Signpost
And Training
certificate
Apron
Tray
Trial retailers:
- 84% of the trial retailers had a good
knowledge of safe meat handling
compared to the control group
(44%)
- The KAP scores of retailers in the
intervention significantly improved.
MARKET VENDORS IN CAMBODIA
15. Impact of bacterial reduction from simple interventions at SH & MK
Pig slaughterhouse in Vietnam Baseline Middle Endline
Floor (Log CFU/cm2) 6.0 4.4* 4.6*
Worker hand (Log CFU/hand) 7.2 7.1 7.0
Pig carcass (Log CFU/cm2) 4.5 4.2 4.4
Pork shop in SFFF-Cambodia Control (n=180) Trial (n=180)
Marketed pork (Log CFU/g) 6.9 6.3*
Salmonella prevalence (%) in pork at traditional markets
Total bacterial count in pig slaughterhouses and marketed pork
Before After
17. 17
Next generation of food safety workers
Capacity building in meat inspection in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
18. 18
Net benefit of
seller
Net benefit of
consumer
Premium price x Pork sale Cost of intervention x Pork sale
–
=
– Premium price x Pork consumption
x
Cost of
salmonellosis
for each
severity
Reduction of
salmonellosis
probability
Prevalence
of severity
x
=
0.077 USD/kg
14,936 USD/case 6.3%/year
8.98 USD/year
(93%>0)
1,196 USD/year
(61.2% >0)
21. 21
Key messages
1. Food safety in informal/wet markets: high level of microbial
contamination along the value chains and high public concern
2. Risk based approach (hazard vs. risks) helps identify targeted
interventions and key stakeholders to improve food safety
3. Interventions: 3-legged stool/ECM to improve food safety, it
works!
4. Capacity building: trainings at different levels are key to improve
food safety
5. Strong engagement of high level ‘taskforce’, and other actors
(animal health workers, market managers, retailers) made
intervention implementation successful