The document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which aims to manage pest populations below economically damaging levels through cultural, biological, and chemical practices. It defines IPM and outlines its objectives of reducing crop losses, pollution, and pesticide use while maintaining ecological balance. The document also discusses the various control methods used in IPM, including cultural, physical, biological and chemical controls, and provides examples of IPM programs and their benefits over non-IPM practices in reducing costs and protecting the environment.

1. “Integrated Pest Management
(IPM)”
By
Jitendra Kumar Singh
M.Phil/Ph.D
School of Environment and
Sustainable Development
Central University of Gujarat

2.  Integrated Pest management (IPM) is defined as a pest management system
that utilizes suitable techniques and methods against the pests in as
compatible manner with the environment as possible and thus, maintaining
the pest population levels below those causing economic injury.
 IPM is a vital component of sustainable agriculture.
 It reduces the emphasis on pesticides by including cultural, biological, and
mechanical controls.
 IPM related activities are being implemented through 26 Central Integrated
Pest Management Centers (CIPMCs) located in 23 States and Union
Territories.

3. Crop Losses due to pests
Average 18% of the crop yield is lost due to pests.
Annual monetary loss in India is: Rs.60,000 Crores.

4. % of Global crop losses due to various categories of pests in major crops
Crop Pests Weeds Pathogens Viruses Total
Cotton 12.3 8.6 7.2 0.7 28.8
Maize 9.6 10.5 8.5 2.7 31.3
Rice 15.1 10.2 10.8 1.4 37.5
Potato 10.9 8.3 14.5 6.6 40.3
Soybean 8.8 7.5 8.9 1.2 26.4
Wheat 7.9 7.7 10.2 2.4 28.2
Average 10.8 8.8 10.0 2.5 32.1
Oerke (2006)

5. Estimation of losses caused by insect pests to major
agricultural crops in India
Actual Approx. estimated loss in yield Hypothetical Value of loss
Crop production production (MT) in million Rs.
(MT)
% Total (MT)
Cotton 44.03 30 18.9 62.9 339660
Rice 96.7 25 32.2 128.9 240138
Maize 19 20 4.8 23.8 29450
Sugarcane 348.2 20 87.1 435.3 70667
Rapeseed- mustard 5.8 20 1.5 7.3 26100
groundnut 9.2 15 1.6 10.8 25165
Other oilseeds 14.7 15 2.6 17.3 35851
Pulses 14.8 15 2.6 17.4 43551
Coarse cereals 17.9 10 2.0 19.9 11933
Wheat 78.9 5 4.1 82.7 41368
Total/average 17.5 863884
Production and MSP fixed by GOI for 2007-08, are adopted from anonymous (2010)

6. Consumption of pesticides by different crops (%)

7. Objective of IPM
1. Reduced Crop loss.
2. Minimize environmental pollution.
3. Reduced chemical contamination of food and the environment.
4. Maintain ecological balance with minimum disturbance to ecosystem.
5. Reduce management cost.
6. Reducing Pesticide Use.
7. Maximum crop production.

8. IPM Option for sustainable
agriculture
IPM Options may be considered Proactive or Reactive.
Proactive option such as crop rotation, creation of habitat for beneficial
organisms and permanently lower the carrying capacity of the farm for the
pest.
Cultural controls are generally considered to be proactive strategies.
The second set of option is more reactive.
Reactive option generally include biological, mechanical & physical
controls and chemical controls.

10. IPM Continuum

11. IPM System
IPM can be applied wherever pests are found: on and in farms, schools,
homes, hospitals, restaurants, golf courses and home gardens.
• IPM system is designed around six basic components
1. Acceptable pest levels - IPM programmes first work to establish
acceptable pest levels, called action thresholds, and apply controls if those
thresholds are crossed.
2. Preventive cultural practices
3. Monitoring
4. Physical and Mechanical controls
5. Biological controls
6. Responsible Pesticide Use (Chemical controls)

12. Control Methods Used in IPM
Cultural control: using crop rotation, cultivation, sanitation, habitat
control
modification, or removal of sources of pest infestation.
Physical control: using barriers, traps, trap crops; planting, fertilization,
control
tillage, or harvest times.
Biological control: conservation or introduction of predators, parasites,
control
and diseases that suppress or attack pests.
Chemical control: select and use the least toxic, environmentally
control
suitable pesticides in the lowest effective amounts to
control pests.
Genetic control: using plant varieties that are resistant to pest injury.
control

13. IPM = Sustainable Pest Management?

14. Biological control
Increase of predatory
populations
 Each pest has natural predators, parasites and competitors.
 Bring equilibrium predator-prey below the economic threshold of pest.

15. Techniques used to monitor pest populations
YELLOW STICKY CARD PHEROMONE TRAPS

16. Technology for Pest management
• Biological control
• Cultural control
• Legal control
• Synthetic pesticides

17. Case study
In Tamil Nadu (2012) Integrated pest management practices in sericulture

18. IPM Non-IPM

19. Benefits/Advantage of integrated pest management
 IPM protects the environment and our health.
 IPM is less damaging to essential soil health and nutrient cycling.
 Better plant health giving improved quality and production.
 Decreased use of chemical application may result in a financial savings.
 Ecological sustainability by conserving natural enemy species, biodiversity, and
genetic diversity.

20. Future IPM Research
1. Biotechnological approaches for pest management
• Marker-assisted selection
• Exploitation of wild relatives for resistance to insect pests and diseases
• Genetic engineering of crop plants for resistance
2. Characterization and diagnosis of plant pathogens and insect pests, and
environmental biosafety of transgenic crops.
3. Host plant resistance and integrated pest management
• Introgression of resistance genes into high yielding varieties and hybrid
parents
• Strategic research to improve the efficiency of genetic enhancement
• Integrate IPM components and validate their effectiveness for insect pest

21. IPM technology can provide green and eco-friendly
alternatives for environment and agricultural management
without harming the nature by the help of pest controlling
methods.
Many case studies concluded that Benefit Cost Ratio (BC
Ratio) was more for IPM farm, compared to Non-IPM farms.

22. THANK
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