Peripheral vascular disease is caused by narrowing or blockage of blood vessels outside the heart due to conditions like atherosclerosis. It can affect arteries, veins or lymphatic vessels. Risk factors include smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, and family history. Symptoms vary depending on location but may include leg pain with walking or at rest, skin changes, and ulcers or gangrene in severe cases. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, procedures like angioplasty, or surgery depending on severity. Nursing care focuses on wound care, exercise, monitoring for complications, and health education.
whom that have sx of swelling leg, painful when walking and raise up leg, redness of leg skin, have history of accident or long journey u are suspected had deep vein thrombosis.
Peripheral vascular disease is the disease that involves narrowing of blood vessels including artery , vein and lymphatic vessels. Here introduction, definition and Types of peripheral vascular
disease are well classified in flowchart. Types of arterial , venous and lymphatic disease described . All the diseases are explained with their definition, risk factors, causes, sign and symptoms,diagnostic evaluation,medical management, surgical management with diagramatic presentation, nursing management is explained. Youtube link of procedures is also available in ppt. Nursing diagnosis of PVD is included .
A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs.
Peripheral vascular disease is a sign of fatty deposits and calcium building up in the walls of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Risk factors include ageing, diabetes and smoking.
Symptoms may include leg pain, particularly when walking.
Tobacco cessation, exercise and a healthy diet are often successful treatments. When these changes aren't enough, medication or surgery can help.
whom that have sx of swelling leg, painful when walking and raise up leg, redness of leg skin, have history of accident or long journey u are suspected had deep vein thrombosis.
Peripheral vascular disease is the disease that involves narrowing of blood vessels including artery , vein and lymphatic vessels. Here introduction, definition and Types of peripheral vascular
disease are well classified in flowchart. Types of arterial , venous and lymphatic disease described . All the diseases are explained with their definition, risk factors, causes, sign and symptoms,diagnostic evaluation,medical management, surgical management with diagramatic presentation, nursing management is explained. Youtube link of procedures is also available in ppt. Nursing diagnosis of PVD is included .
A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs.
Peripheral vascular disease is a sign of fatty deposits and calcium building up in the walls of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Risk factors include ageing, diabetes and smoking.
Symptoms may include leg pain, particularly when walking.
Tobacco cessation, exercise and a healthy diet are often successful treatments. When these changes aren't enough, medication or surgery can help.
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2. Definition
•Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a slow
and progressive circulation disorder caused
by narrowing, blockage, or spasms in a
blood vessel
•PVD may involve disease in any of the blood
vessels outside of the heart including the
arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels
3. ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
Primarily caused by atherosclerosis
Embolism
Thrombosis
Trauma
Vasospasm
Inflammation
Family history
Sedentary lifestyle
Stress
Autoimmunity
Smoking
Hypertension
obesity
4. Pathophysiology
Risk factors
↑ Blood cholesterol
Plaque formation on intimal wall that causes partial or
complete occlusion
Calcification of medial layer and gradual loss of elasticity
Weakening of arterial wall
Predisposes to aneuryms, dilation or thrombus formation
Unable to transport adequate blood & O₂ to tissues during
exercise and rest leading to appearance of symptoms
9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF
THROMBOANGITIS OBLITERANS
Intermittent claudication
Pain during rest
Coldness
Paresthesia
Weak or absent pulse in posterior tibial, dorsalis
pedis
Extremities are cyanotic
Ulceration and gangrene
10. INTERVENTIONS
Advise patient to stop smoking
Avoid trauma
Emotional support
Avoid injuries to feet
Amputation of leg is done only when
Gangrene extends well into foot
Pain is severe
Severe infection
11. RAYNAUDS DISEASE
Intermittent episodes during which small arteries of
left or right arm constrict causing changes in skin
color & temperature
Symmetric bilateral involvement & may affect only
1or 2 fingers
May occur after exposure to cold, trauma
Characterised by reduction of blood flow to fingers
manifested by pallor
14. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF
RAYNAUDS DISEASE
During arterial spasm-sluggish blood flow occurs
Following the spasm the area becomes reddened
with tingling & throbbing sensation
With longstanding raynaud’sdisease-ulcerations
can develop on fingertips & toes
16. ANEURYSM
•Is a localized or diffuse enlargement of an
artery at some point along its course
•Can occur when the vessel becomes
weakened from trauma, congenital vascular
disease, infection or atherosclerosis
17. TYPES OF ANEURYSM
•Saccular aneurysm–involves only part of the
circumferenceof the artery
•Fusiform aneurysm –spindle shaped, involves the
entire circumferenceof the arterial wall
•Dissecting aneurysm –involves hemorrhage into a
vessel wall, which splits and dissects the wall
causing a widening of the vessel
•caused by degenerative defect in the tunica media
and tunica intima
18.
19. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
•CHEST & ABDOMINAL X-RAYS–helpful in
preliminary diagnosis of aortic aneurysm
•ULTRASOUND –is useful in determining the
size, shape and location of the aneurysm
•CT & MRi
20. THORACIC AORTIC ANEURYSM
Aneurysm in the thoracic area
Can develop in the ascending, transverse or
descending aorta
S/Sx
•Chest pain
•Cough
•Dyspnea
•Hoarseness
•Dysphagia
21. ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM
Abdominal aorta below the renal arteries
S/Sx:
•Pulsatile abdominal masson palpation
•Pain or tenderness in the mid-or upper abdomen
•The aneurysm may extend to impinge on the renal,
iliac, or mesenteric arteries
•Stasis of blood favors thrombus formation along the
wall of the vessel
22.
23. COMPLICATIONS
•Rupture of the aneurysm –most feared
complication
can occur if the aneurysm is large
•can lead to death
• Tx: Surgery –resection of the lesion and
replacement with a graft
24. Arterial Embolism
•Blood clots floating in the circulating arterial
blood
•The embolus is frequently a fragment of
arterioschleroticplaque loosened from the
aorta
•Emboli will tend to lodge in femoral or
popliteal arteries, blood flow is impaired and
ischemia develops
25.
26. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
•Abrupt onset of severe pain
•Muscular weakness and burning, aching pain
•Distal pulses are absent and extremity becomes
cold, numb and pale
•Symptoms of shock may develop
27. DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
•Tends to occur at the deep veins due to stasis
of blood
• A major risk during the acute phase of
thrombophlebitis is dislodgment of the
thrombus
•Pulmonary embolus –is a serious
complication arising from DVT of the lower
extremities
28.
29. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
•Pain and edema of extremity
•(+) Homan’s sign
•Do not check for the Homan’s sign if DVT is already
known to be present risk of embolus formation
•If superficial veins are affected redness, warmth,
tenderness will occur, the veins feel hard and
thready& sensitive to pressure
30.
31. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• Requires hospitalization
• Bed rest with legs elevated to 15-20 degrees
• Application of warm moist heat to reduce pain
• Elastic stocking or bandage
• Anticoagulants, initially with IV heparin then Coumarin
• Fibrinolytic
• Vasodilator if needed to control vessel spasm
32. Assessment
• Condition of the skin: shiny, taut, absence of hair gro
• Ulcerations/ necrotic tissues
• Extremely cold to touch
• Peripheral pulses: diminished, weak, absent, bilatera
• Grading 0 -absent
1 + weak & thready
2 + normal
3 + full & bounding
33. • • Prolonged(> 3 secs) or absent capillary refill
of nailbeds
• • Loss of muscle tone or weakness
36. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
•Weight reduction
•Exercise
•Stop smoking
•Blood lipid reduction
•Statins,Nicotinicacid, fibricacid derivative, bile acid
resins
•Promote arterial flow-Pentoxifylline
•Cilastazol –vasodilator & anti platelet
•Trendelenbergposition
37. Surgical interventions
• Embolectomy
• Endartectomyis removal of a blood clot and stripping of
atherosclerotic plaque along with the inner arterial wall
• Arterial by-pass surgery-an obstructed arterial segment
may be by passed by using a prosthetic material( teflon) or
patient’s own artery or vein(saphenous vein)
• Percutaneous TransluminalAngioplasty-the balloon tip of
the catheter is inflated to provide compression of the
plaque
• Amputation
38. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
•Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion
•Activity intolerance related to poor blood flow to
the lower extremities
•Ineffective health maintainancerelated to smoking
and lack of information about disease
•Risk for impaired skin integrity related to ischemic
tissues of legs and feet
39. FOOT CARE FOR PATIENTS WITHPERIPHERALATHEROSCLEROSIS
1. Keep legs & feet clean, dry & comfortable
oClean with warm water & mild soap
oPat dry using soft towel
oApply cream after drying
oWear a pair of cotton socks everyday
2. Prevent accidents and injuries to health
oAlways wear shoes
oWalk on ground levels
o Don’t go barefoot
oReport if there is any foot problems
40. 3. Improve blood supply to legs & feet
oDon’t cross legs
oDon’t wear knee stockings
oDon’t swim in cold water
41. preventions
Do passive exercise of legs
Walk for atleast30 minsdaily
Avoid cold water for bathing
Stop smoking
If edema occurs, then elevate the legs
Dorsiflex legs at regular intervals to prevent venous
pooling
Avoid massaging the affected extremity
Keep extremity warm but do not heat
Use elastic stockings on affected leg