Fibroadenosis
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Fibroadenosis is a common benign breast condition in women ages 25-35 that results from aberrations in the normal development and involution of breast tissue influenced by changes in sex hormones over the menstrual cycle. It presents with breast pain and lumps and is characterized by fibrosis, adenosis, epitheliosis and cyst formation seen on biopsy. Investigations like mammogram, ultrasound, FNAC and biopsy are used to diagnose fibroadenosis which generally has no significant risk of malignancy except in the case of atypical ductal hyperplasia.
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Failure to thrive is defined as weight gain that is below the 5th percentile or crosses two major percentile lines on a growth chart. It can be caused by defective intake, absorption, increased loss of nutrients, or intrinsic illness. Defective intake includes issues with breastfeeding or artificial feeding, emotional deprivation, infection, or vitamin deficiencies. Defective absorption may involve problems with fats, carbohydrates, or proteins. Increased nutrient loss can occur through vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, or parasites. Intrinsic illnesses include inborn errors of metabolism, organ diseases, or chronic infections. The causes can be organic relating to physiological issues, or non-organic involving defective intake. A thorough history and physical exam is needed to
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Pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs. Common causes include deep vein thrombosis in the legs or pelvis, or clots forming in the right ventricle after a heart attack. Risk factors include recent surgery, leg injuries, prolonged bed rest, cancer, pregnancy, birth control pills, and previous pulmonary embolisms. Symptoms can include dyspnea, chest pain, coughing up blood, dizziness, and fainting. Diagnosis is made through blood tests, chest x-rays, and electrocardiograms. Treatment involves anticoagulant drugs like heparin and warfarin to prevent further clotting.
Pneumothorax
This document discusses the causes and clinical features of pneumothorax. Pneumothorax can be caused by spontaneous factors like being a young thin man, or medical conditions and procedures like COPD, asthma, positive pressure ventilation, or biopsy. The clinical features include dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hypoxia, reduced lung expansion, hyperresonance on percussion, and diminished breath sounds on the affected side.
Pleural effusion
Pleural effusion is fluid in the pleural spaces that can be caused by blood, pus, chyle or protein-rich exudates from conditions like infection, inflammation, malignancy or heart failure. Symptoms include dyspnea and chest pain. Signs include decreased breath sounds and chest expansion on examination. Chest x-ray can detect fluid levels while ultrasound guides diagnostic aspiration. Fluid analysis helps determine the cause and management involves drainage, pleurodesis or surgery for persistent collections.
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Fibroadenosis
- 2. Introduction • Aberration of normal development and involution (ANDI) • Severe form of cyclical changes • Take place in the woman's breasts monthly • Influences of sex hormones which varies with menstrual cycle • Common in reproductive age (25-35 years old) • No significant risk of malignancy • Except one subtype • Atypical ductal hyperplasia
- 3. Clinical features • Breast pain • Lump in the breast • Indurated area is found in surgery • Biopsy = autopsy finding in normal women • fibrosis, adenosis, epitheliosis and cyst formation
- 4. Investigations • Mammogram • Ultrasound • FNAC • Core needle biopsy • Excision