The document provides an overview of key punctuation marks and their proper uses, including periods, commas, question marks, quotation marks, apostrophes, hyphens, dashes, exclamation points, colons, semicolons, parentheses, brackets, ellipses, and slashes. It also defines phrases and clauses, describing noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and adverb phrases. Finally, it distinguishes between independent and dependent clauses, and describes the three types of dependent clauses: noun clauses, adjectival clauses, and adverbial clauses.

1. “Commit to the
Lord whatever you
do, and your plans
will succeed.”
Proverbs 16:3

2. PUNCTUATIONS
&
SYNTAX Group 3
Adra, Noela
Lique, Princess Arden
Lomibao, Sherilyn
Mapagdalita, Lea
Mercado, Alyssa
Nantes, Jedalin
Suriaga, Jessa Mae

3. Objectives:
• to learn the proper use of punctuation; where and
when to use it.
• to know the difference between clauses and
phrases
• to learn the types of clauses.
• to learn the types of phrases

4. PRE-ASSESSMENT

5. PUNCTUATION
• Punctuation fills our writing with silent intonation. We pause, stop,
emphasize, or question using a comma, period, and exclamation point
or a question mark. Correct punctuation adds clarity and precision to
writing; it allows the writer to stop, pause, or give emphasis to certain
parts of a sentence.
• The most common punctuation mark in English are: capital letters
and full stops, question marks, commas, colons, and semi-colons,
excalamation marks and quotation marks.

6. • In speaking, we pauses and the pitch of voice to
make what we say clear. Punctuation plays similar
role in writing, making it easier to read.
• Symbols that aid the clarity and comprehension of
the written language.

7. PERIOD .
• We use capital letters to mark the beginning of a sentence
and we use full stops to mark the end of a sentence.
• The period is used to mark the end of two types of
sentences.
DECLARATIVE SENTENCES- gives information
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES- shows command or requests.

8. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES
• a declarative sentence is a sentence that makes a
statement, provides a fact, offers an explanation, or
conveys information.
EXAMPLE:
a. She came to see you.
b. She loves books.

9. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
• imperative sentence addresses an implied second
person with a request, command, instruction, or
invitation.
EXAMPLE:
a. Please be quiet.
b. Kindly bring the book to me.

10. COMMA ,
• We use commas to seperate a list of similar words
or phrases.
• Seperate items on a list.
EXAMPLES:
a. It was a bright, sunny, warm day.
b. I went to the store to buy milk, eggs and breads.

11. • Seperate words that are not part of the
sentences.
EXAMPLES:
a. Elizabeth, please close the door.
b. Sadly, I discovered the truth.

12. QUESTION MARK ?
• We us question mark to make clear that what is said is a
question. When we use question mark, we do not use full
stop.
• The question mark is used to mark the end of the
question.
EXAMPLES:
a. What makes you happy?
b. How are you today?

13. QUOTATION MARKS “ ”
• Quotation marks are when you want to use someone
else’s words in your writing.
• For example, Mae said “I really hate it when it’s hot
outside.”
• The quoted text is capitalized if you’re quoting a complete
sentence and not capitalized if you’re quoting a fragment.
• Quoatation marks always come in pairs. Do not open a
quotation and fail to close it at the end of the quoated
material.

14. • This can be a direct speech or when quoting
someone else’s speech.
EXAMPLE:
 Miss Anna said that “Make sure you finished your
homework by tomorrow.”

15. Single quotation marks ‘’
• Are used instead of double quotation marks
when the sentence or part of it is already in
double quotation marks.
Example:
“He always telling me, ‘You should learn
how to cook,’” she said sadly.

16. APOSTROPHE ‘
• An apostrophe has two very important uses. Firstly,
it can be used in contractions in place of omitted
letters. Secondly, it can show possession.
• Apostrophe rules for possession.
1. Use an apostrophe + “s” (‘s) to show that one
person/thing owns or is a member of something.
Example: Mia’s umbrella.

17. 2. Use an apostrophe before the “s” (‘s) at the end of a
plural noun to show possession.
Example: The parent’s bedroom.
3. If plural noun doesn’t end in “s” add an apostrophe + “s”
to create the possessive form.
Example: The children’s playground.

18. • Apostrophe rules for contractions.
1. When you combine two words to make a contraction,
you will always take out some letter in their place, you
add an apostrophe.
Example:
They + have = They’ve (you took out “ha”)
Are + not = Aren’t (you took out the “o”)

19. HYPEN -
• Even though it looks very similar to a dash, a hypen has
very different uses. It’s most commonly used to create
compound words.
• A hypen is used two or more words than together from an
adjective, where this adjective is used before the noun it
describes.
Example: “This is a one-way street.”
an up-to-date account
a last-minute

20. DASH - －
• Dash is a punctuation marks consisting of a long horizontal line. It is similar in
appearance to the hypen but is longer and sometimes higher than from the
baseline.
• There are two types of dashes: en dash and em dash.
En dash
• The en dash is shorter, named after the width of the letter “n”
• Use the en dash for ranges numbers and to connect two terms in relationship.
Example: 2001-2003
• May-October

21. Em dash
• We use an em dash, the longer dash named after
the width of letter “m” in a different way essentially
it’s a form of pause punctuation that can take the
place of comma, semi-colon and ellipsis.
Example: You are friend−my bestfriend─in the
world.

22. EXCLAMATION MARKS !
• We use exclamation marks to indicate an exclamative
clause or expression in informal writing. When we want
to emphasis something in informal writing, we
sometimes use more than exclamation mark.
Example:
Close that door for me!

23. COLON :
• A colon is punctuation mark you will come across very
often in different circumstances. It can introduce an
example, a list, an explanation, or a quotation.
Example:
• Lists:
Mother instructed me to get three items from the
supermarket: onion, tomato and egg.

24. SEMI-COLON ;
• A semicolon is a punctuation mark that creates a
loner pause than a comma but a shorter pause than
a full stop. So, it can be used to create a pause
between two independent clauses that are still
closely realted to each other.
Example:
I assumed it was fun; he assumed it was boring.

25. PARENTHESES ()
• Parentheses are a pair of punctuation marks that are most often
used to add additional non-essential information or an aside to
sentence. Parentheses resemble two curved vertical lines: ( ) A
single one of these punctuation marks is called Parenthesis. It is
considered grammatical error only use a single parenthesis;
parentheses are always used in pairs in proper grammar.
Example:
My family is getting a new dog from the shelter (we are going
to name him Bruno)

26. BRACKET []
• Bracket are in a way similar to parentheses, however they are
mostly used in academic writing and when presenting quotes. For
instance, the writer can add extra information or fix mistakes in
brackets, without changing the original quotation.
• Parentheses generally add extra information in the sentence.
Example: Philip studied (all day) for the grammar test.
I went the museum with Becky (my best friend).

27. • Square brackets show that words have been added to a direct
quotation.
Example: “We went and had a brilliant time.”
“We went [to the theme park] and had a brilliant
time.”
• If punctuation is required within the brackets then this should be
included before closing bracket.
• If punctuation is required in the surrounding sentence then place
these outside the bracket.
Example: After lunch (a tuna sandwich), Ali ate an apple.

28. ELLIPSIS ...
• An ellipsis creates an intriguing and mysterious atmosphere in
the text. In addition, it can be used to show that some letters or
even words are omitted.
• Show omission or a pause in a sentence.
• Used informal and fictional writing.
Example:
“Umm... I’m not sure.”
“Sam, I’m very sorry... i hope you can forgive me.”

29. SLASH /
• You might need to write a fraction, a measurement, or to suggest
alternatives in you text. These are just three of the instances where
you will have to use a slash.
• To seperate words in asentence.
Example: I need to buy a new top and/or return this shoes.
• To indicate ‘or’
Example: The teacher noticed that a student had left his/her
bag in class.

30. • Indicate connecting and conflicting ideas.
Example: I took part in the pro-life/pro-choice debate.
• To seperate lines in a poem, play or song.
Example: Mary has a little lamb/little lamb, little
lamb/ Mary has a little lamb.
• To indicate a fraction
Example: 3/4

31. • To indicate ‘per’ in a measurement.
Example: He was paying $1000/month
• Used in abbreviation.
Example: She turned the a/c (air conditioning)
• To seperate the day, month and year,
Example: 13/05/2022

32. Short Story
Once there were two cats. They had been living together for many
years. However, when it came to sharing food, they were inveterate rivals.
Once they were prowling around a human settlement for food, they found
a big piece of discarded cake. No sooner had they seen the cake, they ran
towards it claim a bigger share. In the bid to secure the bigger chunk, they
began fighting with eac other. The cake lay untouched while they attacked
each other with their sharp claws and paws.
A monkey sat on a tree watching all this drama. Hungry as he was, he
scampered down the tree, came up to the cake, grabbed it, and ate it up!
When the cats saw it they stopped fighting! The monkey smiled at them
and said, “If you don’t solve your differences amicably, others will definitely
take advantage of your conflicts.”
The cats learned a lesson. They decided they would never fight with
each other.

33. Revised version of the story
Once there were two cats. They had been living together for
many years. They were rivals. They don’t share foods with each
other. One day, the two cats found a piece of discarded cake. Then
they began to argue about the bigger chunk of the cake. A monkey
sitting on a tree saw the two cats fighting. The hungry monkey
scampered down the tree and ate the cake. The two cats saw the
monkey and stopped fighting. The monkey smiled and said, “If you
don’t solve your differences amicably, other’s will definitely take
advantage of your conflicts.”

34. SYNTAX
PHRASES
AND
CLAUSES
Lique and Suriaga

35. What is Syntax?
• the grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence.
• the patterns and rules for order of words.
• the relationship between the parts of a sentence.
 The term “syntax” came from the greek that means
“arrange together”. The term is also used to mean the
study of the syntatic properties of language.

36. Simple Syntax Instruction
• Sentence consist of words in a specific order to communicate
meaning.
For example:
The family watched quietly at the living room.
﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀
who what how where

37. The siblings played happily early in the morning.
﹀ ﹀ ﹀ ﹀
who what how when

38. PHRASE
•It is a sequent of words arranged in a
grammatical construction, and function
as a unit in a sentence..
•Here the commonly occuring types of
phrases;

39.  NOUN PHRASE: refers to a phrase that built upon a
noun which function as the headword of the phrase.
Example: Singing in the bath relaxes me.
I know the backstreet.
She was the devil in disguise.
 ADJECTIVE PHRASE: refers to a phrase that modifies a
noun.
Example: She had extremely blue eyes.
She used a very expensive perfume.

40.  VERB PHRASE: refers to a phrase that composed of at
least one verb and the attendants of the verb.
Example: Lee ate the pie.
Lee was eating the pie.
 ADVERB PHRASE: refers to a phrases that often plays a
role of telling us when, where, why or how an event
occured.
Example: We wll escape in the morning.
He lost his double chin due to avoiding chocolate.

41. What is “Clause”?
• A clause is a group of words with a subject-
verb unit.
• It can be a sentence.
• A clause is a group of words that contains a
subject and predicate, and functioning as a
member of a sentence.

42. CLAUSE
Main Clause
(Independent
Clause)
Subordinate
Clause
(Dependent
Clause)

43. What is independent clause?
• Main Clause
•An independent clause include subject and
verb and can stand it’s own sentence and
express complete thought.
• Also known as a simple sentence
Example: Joana broke my cellphone.

44. What is dependent clause?
• Subordinate Clause
• Dependent clause depends on another clause to give it’s
meaning. The idea isn’t actually complete, that is why it is
called dependent.
• A clause that add the additional information to the main
clause, but it cannot stand alone as a sentence.
• A subordinate clause modifies the main clause of a
sentence or serve as a component of it.

45. The subordinate clause (dependent clause)
is divided into three (3) types:
1. Noun Clause
2.Adjectival Clause (relative clause)
3.Adverbal Clause

46. 1. NOUN CLAUSE
• A noun clause is a clause that contains a finite verb, and
functioning like a noun within a sentence.
• Common types of noun clause in English may include:
 Noun Clause with “that”
 Noun Clause with “if/whether”
 Noun Clause with “wh-words”

47. Examples:
1. I believe that everything happens for a reason.
2. I don’t know if my sister is at home.
3. I want to know what makes you laugh.
4. Tell me who came to the party.
5. I know that the students studied their assignment.

48. • A noun clause has its own subject and predicate.
I know where he lives, for instance, “he” is the
subject of the noun clause; and “lives” is the predicate (in
verb category) of the noun clause.
S P
I know where he lives.
S P Noun Clause

49. 2. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE
• An adjectival clause is a clause that modifies a noun, It
describes or gives information about a noun.
• Relative pronoun (who, that, which and whose) or a relative
verb (where and when)
• There are two (2) basic types of adjective clause:
1. Nonrestrictive (nonessential) adjective clause
2. Restrictive (essential) adjective clause.

50. 1. Nonrestrictive adjective clause:
The clause that simply gives extra information about the noun.
Example: ‘My older brother’s car, which he bought two years ago, has
already needed many repairs.’
2. Restrictive adjective clause:
The clause that offers essential information and is needed to
complete the sentence’s thought.
Example: ‘The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready.’

51. • In addition, when who/that (as subject pronoun) is used
as an adjectival clause in a sentence, it cannot be omitted.
CORRECT:
The pretty lady who sits next to me is friendly.
INCORRECT:
The pretty lady sits next to me is friendly.

52. • However, when whom/that (as object pronoun) is
used as an adjectival clause in a sentence, it can be
omitted.
Example:
The pretty lady whom I met yesterday was
friendly.
The pretty lady I met yesterday was friendly.

53. 3. ADVERBAL CLAUSE
• An adverbial clause functions like an adverb in giving
information about the reason, manner, time, place,
concession, condition or purpose of an action that
occurred.
• The name “adverbial” suggests that adverbial clauses
modify verbs; but they modify whole clauses.

54. Examples:
1. He ate as if he were starving for months.
(Manner)
2. Before you go, bring me some water. (Time)
3. Put it where we can see it. (Place)
4. We need to eat so that we may live. (Purpose)

55. What is a subordinator?
• When we use subordinator at the beginning
of a clause, the clause becomes dependent (or
subordinate clause) and can no longer stand
alone as a sentence.
•Subordinate (of a clause) is unable to stand
alone syntactically as a complete sentence.

56. Some common subordinators and their meanings:
Cause/
Effects
Comparis
on/
Contrast
Possibility
Place/
Manner
Relation Time
• because,
since, so
that.
• although,
even
though,
though,
whereas,
while.
• if,
whether,
unless.
• how,
however,
where,
whenever.
• that,
which,
who.
• after, as,
before,
since,
when,
whenever
, while,
until

57. Here are some example of dependent clauses
with subordinators underlinded;
 when the child went to the dentist.
 because his girlfriend is upset
 although she will buy new shoes.

58. I had to go get another phone, because
Jessa broke my phone
Dependent clause + independent clause =
complete sentence.

59. THANK
YOU!!!