1. The document compares several policy frameworks and theories, including Easton's systems theory, Ostrom's IAD framework, Sabatier's ACF, Kingdon's multiple streams approach, and others.
2. It evaluates the frameworks based on criteria like types of actors, units of analysis, variables and relationships between actors, levels of analysis, and scope.
3. The frameworks are also compared in terms of how they model individuals, collective action, institutions, and conceptualize policy change. The institutional analysis and development framework provides the most comprehensive approach.
REDD policymaking in Nepal: business as usual or transformational change?CIFOR-ICRAF
Nepal is recognised for its participatory conservation and community-based forest governance policies and programs. But in recent years, government officials and forestry bureaucrats have attempted to restrict the autonomy of forest communities and capture more economic value from forests. This presentation examines whether the current process of REDD policy formation – and the actors involved – will reinforce existing centralised forest governance, or forge more cooperative institutions capable of producing effective, cost-efficient and equitable outcomes for REDD.
Bryan Bushley, of the University of Hawaii and East-West Center, gave this presentation on 18 June 2012 at a panel discussion organised by CIFOR and partners at the ISEE 2012 Conference at Rio, which convened under the topic "Ecological Economics and Rio+20: Challenges and Contributions for a Green Economy". The panel was titled ‘National strategies for reducing emissions from avoided deforestation and degradation – how much transformational change is possible in current political and economic realities? Part II – A policy network perspective’. The research forming the basis of this presentation was conducted collaboratively with Dil Bahadur Khatri and others at ForestAction Nepal.
Political economy embraces the complex political nature of decision making to investigate how power and authority affect economic choices in a society. Political economy analysis offers no quick fixes but leads to smarter engagement.
It is probably fair to say that public administration scholarship has been more successful in demonstrating the need for theories of bureaucratic politics than in actually producing those frameworks. It has been more than half a century since scholars such as Waldo and Gaus exposed the rickety foundations of the politics administration dichotomy and made a convincing brief that administrative theory had to share common ground with political theory.
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-3: Public Policy Formulation in PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 3 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation.
This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps.
It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
William N. Dunn Associate Dean and Professor University of Pittsburg
Dr. Dunn is a scholar, educator, and academic administrator. His most well-known publication is Public Policy Analysis, 4th ed.,which is one of the most widely cited books on the methodology of policy research and analysis in print.
REDD policymaking in Nepal: business as usual or transformational change?CIFOR-ICRAF
Nepal is recognised for its participatory conservation and community-based forest governance policies and programs. But in recent years, government officials and forestry bureaucrats have attempted to restrict the autonomy of forest communities and capture more economic value from forests. This presentation examines whether the current process of REDD policy formation – and the actors involved – will reinforce existing centralised forest governance, or forge more cooperative institutions capable of producing effective, cost-efficient and equitable outcomes for REDD.
Bryan Bushley, of the University of Hawaii and East-West Center, gave this presentation on 18 June 2012 at a panel discussion organised by CIFOR and partners at the ISEE 2012 Conference at Rio, which convened under the topic "Ecological Economics and Rio+20: Challenges and Contributions for a Green Economy". The panel was titled ‘National strategies for reducing emissions from avoided deforestation and degradation – how much transformational change is possible in current political and economic realities? Part II – A policy network perspective’. The research forming the basis of this presentation was conducted collaboratively with Dil Bahadur Khatri and others at ForestAction Nepal.
Political economy embraces the complex political nature of decision making to investigate how power and authority affect economic choices in a society. Political economy analysis offers no quick fixes but leads to smarter engagement.
It is probably fair to say that public administration scholarship has been more successful in demonstrating the need for theories of bureaucratic politics than in actually producing those frameworks. It has been more than half a century since scholars such as Waldo and Gaus exposed the rickety foundations of the politics administration dichotomy and made a convincing brief that administrative theory had to share common ground with political theory.
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-3: Public Policy Formulation in PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 3 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation.
This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps.
It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
William N. Dunn Associate Dean and Professor University of Pittsburg
Dr. Dunn is a scholar, educator, and academic administrator. His most well-known publication is Public Policy Analysis, 4th ed.,which is one of the most widely cited books on the methodology of policy research and analysis in print.
Some Reflections on Agricultural Innovation Systems Methodological FrameworkILRI
Presentation by Kebebe Ergano, Alan Duncan and Alemayehu Belay to the NBDC Workshop on Baselining Changes in Planning, Implementation and Collective Action, Addis Ababa, Nov 8-11, 2010
Governing Low Carbon Transitions Presentation given by Adrian Smith at the BSA Climate Change Study Group Conference on 17 January 2011 at the British Library Conference Centre, London, UK.
Typology of board strategic involvement EGOS 2021Sadegh Hashemi
Thanks to my amazing co-authors, Amin Moeinian, Prof. Taieb Hafsi, and Dr. Mahdi Ebrahimi, I’m delighted to have the chance to present our recent paper on “Board’s strategic involvement climate” at the European Group for Organizational Studies’ annual meeting. Despite the current Covid situation that has forced all conferences to be held virtually, EGOS 2021 was phenomenal in gathering scholars with “really” similar research interests and giving them a “meaningful” stage for discussing and sensemaking their recent works. Among 80 well-defined sub-themes, we targeted our research at sub-theme 17: “Boards Interaction and Decision-making: Inside the Black Box of Board Performance.” We proudly presented our findings besides 22 other impressive studies. If you are interested, please take a look at our presentation file.
Theory-Based Approaches for Assessing the Impact of Integrated Systems Research - Brian Belcher, Royal Roads University. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Advanced EC seminar on decentralisation and local governance
European Commission EuropeAid
2-5 July 2012, Brussels
The seminar reviewed the country context and the evolving international development framework and considered how to manage the political dimensions of decentralisation. It also looked at using decentralisation as a trigger to foster better development outcomes and governance and what all this means for future EU engagement in decentralisation and local governance. Jean Bossuyt, ECDPM, was the lead facilitator of this meeting. Alisa Herrero, ECDPM, was also one of the experts facilitating this seminar.
Competing facts and contested values: navigating science and policy interactionsCPWF Mekong
By John Ward, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia
Presented at the Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy Phnom Penh, Cambodia December 7-9, 2011 Session 6a: The role of research: How does research influence the ways in which water, food and energy development decisions are made?
After reading the articles and viewing the videos in this weeks r.docxnettletondevon
After reading the articles and viewing the videos in this week's resources, prepare a paper in which you address the following: Demonstrate your understanding of decision-making.
· Evaluate the role that personal ethics plays in making decisions.
· Analyze the decision-making techniques that can be applied in different types of organizations.
· Select an organization where unethical decision-making resulted in negative consequences.
· Using two decision-making techniques, compare and contrast how using the techniques may have resulted in a positive consequence.
Support your paper with minimum of three (3) scholarly resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included.
Length: 5-7 pages not including title and reference pages.
Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity Policy.
Article
Leader Ethical Decision-Making in Organizations: Strategies for Sensemaking
Chase E. Thiel • Zhanna Bagdasarov • Lauren Harkrider • James F. Johnson • Michael D. Mumford
Published online: 4 April 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012
Abstract Organizational leaders face environmental challenges and pressures that put them under ethical risk. Navigating this ethical risk is demanding given the dynamics of contemporary organizations. Traditional models of ethical decision-making (EDM) are an inadequate framework for understanding how leaders respond to ethical dilemmas under conditions of uncertainty and equivocality. Sensemaking models more accurately illustrate leader EDM and account for individual, social, and environmental constraints. Using the sensemaking approach as a foundation, previous EDM models are revised and extended to comprise a conceptual model of leader EDM. Moreover, the underlying factors in the model are highlighted—constraints and strategies. Four trainable, compensatory strategies (emotion regulation, self-reflection, forecasting, and information integration) are proposed and described that aid leaders in navigating ethical dilemmas in organizations. Empirical examinations demonstrate that tactical application of the strategies may aid leaders in making sense of complex and ambiguous ethical dilemmas and promote ethical behavior. Compensatory tactics such as these should be central to organizational ethics initiatives at the leader level.
Keywords Cognitive strategies Ethical behavior Ethical decision-making Leadership Sensemaking
Corporate and financial misconduct amidst the recent world financial crises, such as the predatory subprime lending practices of Ameriquest, Goldman Sachs, and IndyMac Bank, have left few wondering whether ethics in leadership should be of greater focus mov.
Transferring knowledge into policy and the role of WikiprogressWikiprogress_slides
This is a presentation made for the QoLexity Masters course, given at the Universita degli Studi, Florence by Kate Scrivens, manager of the knowledge-sharing site Wikiprogress on November 6 2014.
Dance of democracy or descent into mockocracyShantanu Basu
Briefly discusses the role of small parties that do not participate in elections in India but are errand boys of the larger ones in criminality like cash and drugs distribution during elections in India.
Briefly registers my protest against the proposed implementation of NYAYA by the Indian National Congress. It opposes the very idea of unsustainable cash handouts to the indigent.
Telecom Revolution, Governnace and Elections in IndiaShantanu Basu
Briefly discusses the telecom and media revolutions in India. The article concludes that a large part of voting in India's next General Election in 2019 would be decided from homes and that such choices would make voters much more conscious of seeking accountability of their elected representatives.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
3. The Pioneer Model – David Easton
Policy
Environment
Structural Social Economic Political
Government
Transfer paytts National
Parties Demographics
Tax expend. mood
Legislature
4. Easton’s Systems Theory
THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
or The Black Box
Translates inputs to outputs.
Inputs Environments influence
Election results policy making and politics
Public opinion
Communications to elected
officials
Media coverage of issues
Personal experiences of Outputs
decision makers
Laws
Regulations
Decisions
Adapted from Birkland, Thomas, A. (2005): Introduction to the Policy Process. ME Sharpe, New York. P. 202
5. The Policy Models
Elinor Ostrom
Institutional Analysis and
Development Framework (IAD)
Paul A. Sabatier
Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF)
John Kingdon
Multiple Streams Metaphor (MS)
Frank A. Baumgartner & Bryan D. Jones
Punctuated Equilibrium
William D. & Frances Stokes Berry
Policy Innovations (PI)
Richard I. Hofferbert
Elite Behavior
6. The Policy Stages
Issue emergence Agenda setting
F
e
e Alternative selection
d
b Implementation
Enactment
a
c
k
Evaluation
Adapted from Birkland, Thomas, A. (2005): Introduction to the Policy Process. ME Sharpe, New York. P. 225
7. Inputs and Outputs
Inputs
1. Voting Decisions
2. National opinion
1. Rational
3. Communications Comprehensive
4. Mass Media 2. Incrementalism &
Bounded Rationality
5. Interest Groups
3. Garbage Can
4. Organizational
Process &
Governmental
Outputs
Politics 1. Laws
2. Oversight
3. Evaluation
8. The Importance of Models
Edella Schlager
Emphasis on unfolding than on
decision, i.e. process rather than
decision
Attention to structure
Context and constraints of processes
Actual decisions and events
= Policy process analysis
9. The Criteria for Comparison
CRITERIA
Types Units of
of actors Analysis
Variables and
Levels
relationships Scope
of Analysis
between actors
10. Types of Actors
Unit of analysis in frameworks
remains the individual
IAD framework most clearly specifies
individual as actor and provides general
variables that structure the individual
ACF structures individual by a
hierarchically ordered set of beliefs, goals
and ability to process information
PI variables for individual are motivation
and obstacles to innovate and resources
to overcome obstacles
Hofferbert does not identify variables for
elite behavior
11. Variable Development Between FWs
IAD most clearly specifies individual as
actor and provides general variables that
structure the individual
Action arena most developed though
not action situation
No variables for analyzing community
features (Easton’s environments?)
ACF structures individual by a
hierarchically ordered set of beliefs,
goals and ability to process information
ACF’s developed variables include
forums
12. Variable Development Between FWs
PI variables for individual are
motivation, obstacles in innovation
and resources to overcome obstacles
Hofferbert’s elite behavior does not
identify variables
Hofferbert well-developed except for
elite behavior and govt. institutions
Poorly specified variables = ad hoc
theorizing and model building
13. Units of Analysis
IAD & Hofferbert FWs leave
unit of analysis choice to
analyst
Both FWs are flexible
ACF and PI specify units of
analysis
But units are flexible for
application
14. Levels of Analysis
Changing alignments of individual actors
Graduating to collective-choice actions
Only IAD FW pays explicit attention to
levels
Other FWs pay implicit attention
ACF & PI’s primary focus is on collective-
choice action only & individual by
implication
Hofferbert by implication collective choice
for govt. institutions and elite behavior –
the rest is historical-geographic conditions
and socio-economic composition
15. Scope of Framework
General variables and the relations between
them not developed for any policy stage
IAD alone encompasses all stages primarily
due to attention to levels of action
Interactive policy stage action situations
dovetail into collective-choice that, in turn,
fits into implementation with constant
feedback between levels that again, would
affect operational-level rules
ACF focused on initiation, estimation and
selection, i.e. policymaking
PI and Hofferbert relate primarily to policy
adoption or selection, i.e. policy adoption
17. Comparison of Theories
COMMON
COMMON
POOL
POOL
MULTIPLE
MULTIPLE ADVOCACY
ADVOCACY
THEORIES
THEORIES COALITION
STREAMS
STREAMS COALITION
PUNCTUATED
PUNCTUATED
EQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM
18. Criteria for Comparison
BLOMQUIST
Boundaries and
Institutions
scope of enquiry
Model of the
Collective Action
individual
Policy change
19. Model of the Individual - I
Each theory uses rationality models
Individuals assumed to be goal-oriented and
boundedly rational
Contexts of policy making drive bounded
rationality
Uncertainty, complexity & weak selective
pressures characterize those contexts (Ostrom
and Zahariadis)
Major variations in theories – updater
(Ostrom), selective attender (B&J), belief-er
(Sabatier), satisficer (Zahariadis)
20. Model of the Individual-II
CP
Complexity of situations determines behavior in
common pool resource setting
Results in poorly defined problems and poor
reactive preferences that cannot eliminate
uncertainties
Situational variables are therefore all-important
than assumptions about internal calculation process
(Ostrom)
PE
Similarity with IAD in that preferences relatively
fixed and slow to change; therefore change is large
Decisions grounded in situational factors than
21. Model of the Individual-III
AC
Belief systems, instead of information,
determines individual choice and action
Results in incremental change as
belief systems act as information filters
MS
Grounded in garbage can model of choice
= Interesting twists on
boundedly rational model
22. Collective Action -I
MS
Least attention to collective
action
Focus on policy entrepreneurs
and conditions for change
PE
Policy makers plus collective action
make for change
Emphasis on consequences of such
organization & activity, not modes of
organization
23. Collective Action -II
AC
High degree of coordination not always present
Outcome result of congruence of various common
interests rather than conscious coalition (Sabatier &
Jenkins-Smith)
Empirical measures of action not developed – existing
measures not adequate
CP
Supports collective action and inhibits free-riding
behavior
Focuses on characteristics of physical world,
community and the rules-in-use to explain collective
action
24. Institutions - I
MS
Focus on individual behavior
Institutional implication indirect in policy entrepreneurs –
affects only political stream
Needs more attention to institutions for greater structure and
consistency
This is required to facilitate comparison across policy
communities
PE
Structure sets policymaking context
Multiple venues that influence decision-making
Conceptualized as one whole institution – micro-level
processes and macro-level outcomes overlooked
Identify rule configuration using IAD and replace venues with
changes in rules (Schlager)
25. Institutions - II
AC
Emphasis on individuals in institutions
Roles and structures of institutions need to be spelt
out – present framework only gross like PE
Required to establish link between institutions and
belief systems of coalitions to assess relative influence
of individual actors
Emphasis shift required to institutions
CP
Emphasis on individuals using institutions
Micro-level analysis creates individual rules
Rules too many and configurations difficult to
determine
Absence of any meta rules – good judgment only
possible for analyst
26. Policy Change
AC, MS & PE : Major policy change
No guarantee of policy change
Ambiguity over what is major and minor policy
change
Major change for one subsystem could be minor
for another – definition of subsystem loose
How does the secondary core of a belief system
become the core of another – nested systems?
Catalysts required for action
Not possible to predict specific issues on which
there would be policy changes
CP : Incremental policy change
Substantial change to come thorough series of
incremental changes
27. Boundaries & Scope of Inquiry - I
MS
• Limited to explaining pre-decision processes in
policy making process
• Primary DVs are agenda-setting and specification of
policy alternatives
• Uses exogenous variables to explain DVs without
explaining the policy stream content and context –
Why do we see the types of policies or ideas that we
do in the policy stream?
PE
• Uses DV of agenda setting and explains by using IVs
such as interest group activity, mass mobilization,
media images, etc.
28. Boundaries & Scope of Inquiry - II
AC
• Focuses on both decision and pre-
decision
• Based primarily on case study and
difficult to generalize
• Sabatier & Jenkins Smith
approach using DVs as advocacy
coalitions and IVs of policy actors,
coordination, types and venues
29. Boundaries & Scope of Inquiry - III
CP
Explains specific action situation with
reference to rules implemented
DVs are outcomes of situation and IVs are
rules-in-use, resource, community and
individual characteristics
CP can also explain origins of rules-in-use by
reversing IVs and DVs.
IVs remain the same except for rules
(collective and constitutional choice) that
structure operational-level rulemaking
activities
30. Why Institutional?
INSTITUTIONAL INDIVIDUALS
Permanent and Uncertain preferences
representative entities
Unpredictable behavior
Similar subsystems
No predefined rules
Function within FW of
specified rules No orgn. culture
Predictable forward and Std. rules not possible
backward integration with Wide interest group
policy by rules variations
Possible to devise No fixed time frame
common micro and macro
measures Fluidity of human
relations– therefore cross
Theories generalizable generalizations may not
across geog. boundaries always be possible